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Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances , including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco.
The presentation covers all the basic aspects of Kingdom Fungi including its salient features, cell wall structure, nutrition, spore forms, and reproduction.
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances , including "mature fruits and vegetables", jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco.
This is a presentation about the class Phycomycete of Kingdom fungi. It includes their general characteristics, reproduction and classification in detail.
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*Critics are very welcomed*
fungi: heterothallism, heterokaryosis, parasexuality,fungi sex hormones, Mycorrhizae, Types of mycorrhizae, Defence mechanism in plants- structural and biochemical.
Organisms are classified by humans for convenience of reference. In the scheme of classification, mycologists may not give equal importance to the criteria available. And therefore, we find different schemes of classification
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Introduction
Class Zygomycetes
General characters of Zygomycetes
Order Mucorales
Order Entomophthorales
Order Zoopagales
Life cycle of zygomycetes in Rhizopus stolonifer
This is a presentation about the class Phycomycete of Kingdom fungi. It includes their general characteristics, reproduction and classification in detail.
This maybe of help for UG+PG Botany students studying mycology. It's about the general account of class Chytridiomycetes. Good for quick revision and information.
*Critics are very welcomed*
fungi: heterothallism, heterokaryosis, parasexuality,fungi sex hormones, Mycorrhizae, Types of mycorrhizae, Defence mechanism in plants- structural and biochemical.
Organisms are classified by humans for convenience of reference. In the scheme of classification, mycologists may not give equal importance to the criteria available. And therefore, we find different schemes of classification
Fungi are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Introduction
Class Zygomycetes
General characters of Zygomycetes
Order Mucorales
Order Entomophthorales
Order Zoopagales
Life cycle of zygomycetes in Rhizopus stolonifer
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of FungiKrutika Pardeshi
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
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This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Mycology5 converted
1. MYCOLOGY
Welcome to :
Chytridiomycotina & zygomycotina:
Characteristics & Ecology
By
N.Sannigrahi, associate professor
Deptt. Of botany, nistarini college,
purulia (w.B) India
4. CHYTRIDIOMYCOTINA & ZYGOMYCOTINA
HABITAT
Mostly found to grow in water, soil, wind, estuaries & sea,
Saprophytic or biotrphic parasites of vascular plants like
Synchitrium endobioticumm on potato and Olpidium brassicae
in the roots of mustard
Some are pathogen to mosquito larvae
THALLUS
Unicellular without mycelium with branching extension called
rhizomycelium
Holocarpic
Either monocentric or polycentric
Coenocytes with many nuclei
5. REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Zoospores produced in zoosporangium, spherical or pear
shaped like structure
The whole cell may develop to the zoosporangium or in
eucarpic, a part of the thallus may develop into zoosporangium
Sporangium is full of protoplasm and nuclei
Zoospores uninucleate with single posterior whiplash flagellum
Zoosporangium bears one or more discharge tubes either by
breakage of the tip or by papillae
Zoospores generally develop a cyst around it , germination
either by monopolar or bipolar.
7. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction takes place mostly either planogametic
copulation where conjugation takes place between isogametes,
Two morphologically similar but physiologically dissimilar
gametes unite in water- gametogamy
Oogamy very often takes place between much larger non-
flagellate globose egg with active motile gamete
Somatogamy may occur fusion of undifferentiated hyphae
(Chytrimyces hyalinus)
Nuclear fusion leads the formation of diploid zygote, resting
body continues to enlarge and develops a thick wall,
Diploid resting spore , after a period of maturation acts as
prosporangium and then thin walled meiospores develop, gives
rise to the thallus after germination
9. ZYGOMYCOTINA
A true fungi having non-motile aflagellate spores
in asexual reproduction and zygospores after
fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction.
The most common are Mucor, Rhizopus,
Blakeslea, Mortierella etc.
It has been divided into two classes-Zygomycetes
& Trichomycetes. Zygomycetes contain 870
species under 10 orders while Trichomycetes
have 218 species under 3 orders. Mucorale is is
the core order and Zygomycetes is the true class
in this regards. The Subdivision is a unique one
as it is the most turning point as far as the origin
and development is concerned.
10. ECOLOGY & OCCURENCE
Abundant in soil and mostly saprophytic in nature,
coprophilous grow and develop on the dung of
herbivores.
Early colonizers in fungal succession
Sometimes act as pathogens and cause rot of sweet
potatoes, fruits like apples, tomatoes, strawberries etc
and cause fruit spoilage
Rhizopus and Mucor cause human lesions
Mucor on animals cause a disease called Mucormycosis
Rhizopus is called bread mould
Members of Glomales form mutuality association with
plant as mycorrhizal association
Commensalism found with arthropods inhibiting on the
gut of the organism.
11. CHARACTERISTICS
Mycelia thallus are coarse, coenocytes with dense
branching with tapering to fine points,
Mostly aseptate and eucarpic,
Rhizoids are borne at the base of the
sporangiophores. The aerial hyphae touches the
substratum, bear rhizoids and sporangiophores
Aerial hyphae are called stolen that run parallel
to the substratum,
Mucor grows like yeast in aerobic culture but
reverts filamentous in presence of oxygen,
Cell wall complex with chitin, micro fibrils and
other polysaccharides in the cell like proteins,
pyrimidines etc,
Nuclei irregular in shape and divide by
constriction.
13. REPRODUCTION
Vegetative by means of usual fragmentation of
hyphae and each fragment grow into new thallus.
ASEXUAL
The asexual spores called sporangiospores borne on
sporangia.
The number of sporangiospores may be numerous or
reduced in number called sporangioa.
Spores are aplanospores i.e. non-motile and borne on
the globosely sporangia at the tip of the
sporangiophore.
The sporangium have distinct central columella over
arched by the spores and uninucleate in nature.
Mostly the sporangial wall ruptures and dark,
elliptical spores discharge and geminate upon a
substratum.
Very often thick walled chlamydospores may form
during the asexual method.
14. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The process of conjugation and isogamous nature
is exercised with a predominant haploid phase.
Conjugation occurs between two identical
coenogametangia to form zygote and then
becomes zygospores,
Both homothallic and heterothallic. In
heterothallic, two compatible strains rarely differ
to each other morphologically or physiologically
and may be labeled as (+) and (–) (Blakeslee,
1906).
Two compatible strains differ in mating types
A progamatangia develop followed by the
formation of Zygophores. A hormone trisporic
acid induces the process.
16. SEXUAL METHOD
The hyphal branch-like + & - strains contact to
each other, progametangia bears suspensor and
gametangium fuse together. The gametangia
called coenogametangia having mass of
undifferentiated mass of uninucleate protoplast,
The separating wall dissolves and the mixing of
the protoplasm forms zygote , then swells and
develop a dark warty outer layer to become
zygospore
The zygospores matures, breaks up gametangial
wall, zygospores germinate to form germ
sporangia having numerous spores inside it.
The spores germinate and gives rise to the new
mycelia as asexual method told earlier.
19. CONCLUSION
As per evolution is concerned, Zygomycota , in
turn probably has given rise to Ascomycota And
Basidiomycota in the passage of time. It is
believed that Zymycota emerged between 600-
1400 million years and it makes the passage of
the evolution of the higher fungi in due course.
Thus, Zygomycota is taxonomically evolutionary
and ecologically important group of fungi.
20. THANKS A LOT FOR YOUR JOURNEY
Acknowledgement:
Introduction to Mycology & Phytopathlogy by Mishra & Dash
A Text Book of Botany by Maiti, Bhattacharya & Ghosh
An introduction to Fungi- Vasistha
Many contents from WebPages
Images from Google
Declaration:
This presentation has been prepared for the academic interest virtually for UG
students of India & abroad especially in pandemic period without any financial
interest.