This document discusses molds and mycotoxins, which are toxic byproducts of fungal growth affecting food and animal feed, leading to health issues in livestock and humans. It covers the types, effects, and control measures of mycotoxins, highlighting their biochemical interactions and harmful consequences. Mycotoxin contamination is prevalent in agricultural commodities, particularly in warm, humid climates, necessitating surveillance and management strategies to mitigate risks.

1. MOLDS & MYCOTOXINS
Dr. Rachana Choudhary
Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya Junwani Bhilai

2. SYNOPSIS
1. Introduction
2. Molds
3. Mycotoxin
4. Effect of mycotoxin
5. Discovery
6. Toxigenic fungi
7. Chemical nature of mycotoxin
8. Mode of action of mycotoxin
9. Natural occurrence of mycotoxin
10. Common mycotoxin
11. Control of mycotoxin
12. Harmful effect of mycotoxin
13. Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
Fungal disease are common in plants and animals.
When fungi grow on a living organisms or on stored
food material that we consume.
These metabolites are referred as mycotoxin which
literally means “fungus- poison”. The effect of
poisoning by mycotoxin is referred to as
‘Mycotoxicoses’.

4. MOLDS
Mold is a term used to describe various fungi that grow in animal feed
and degrade the quality of that feed.
•Growth
-Low moisture
-Wide Range of pH
-Mesophilic (25~40°C; 77~104°F) and
-Psychrotrophic (can grow 0 ~7°C)
-Most aerobic
•
•Significance
-Spoilage
-Sanitation index
-Health issues
-Produce foods

5. MICRO-ORGANISMS
Viruses
0.02-.2 µm
Bacteria
0.5 - 5 um
Fungi
2- 10 µm*
Protists
10-20+ µm

6. SOME SIGNS OF MOLDS IN FEED
•Dustiness
•Caking of feed
•Poor feed flow out bins
•Feed refusal by animals for no apparent reason
•Moldy, mildew smell of food grains
•Darkening of feed and grains
EFFECT OF MOLD AND MYCOTOXIC ON FEED
VALUE AND PERFORMANCE:
•Destruction of nutrients
•Reduced palatability

7. MYCOTOXIN
A mycotoxin is a highly toxic by product of mold growth in
feed and grain. Myco means fungus and toxin means poison.
They represent a broad spectrum of acute and chronic disease
in livestock. Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals (secondary
metabolites) produced by molds.
Examples: Aspergillus, the mold which produces aflatoxins
grow in warm, dry conditions

8. Ideal characteristics of mycotoxins’ detoxification processes applied
to food commodities.

9. Types of
Mycotoxin

11. EFFECT OF MYCOTOXIN
Mycotoxin can have a very wide range of effects on
animals depending on quantitative aspects of their
production in animal feed stuff.
Mycotoxin act with in animals to-
 Modify nutrient quality, absorption and metabolism
 Alter endocrine and neuroendocrine functions
 Depress the immune response

12. DISCOVERY
•Mycotoxicoses has been known for hundreds of years (9th
and 18th century) due to death of thousands of people in
Europe caused by food borne and toxins.
•In 1978 Ethiopian epidemic occurred due to consumption
of C.purpurea infected grains.
•In India, a similar case was reported in 1984.

13. TOXIGENIC FUNGI
• Mostly all the fungi are equipped with toxin producing
ability depending on environmental conditions
• Few of them associated with food and feed. Material
pose a great hazards for-
Examples: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Claviceps, Fusarium,
Penicillium, Agaricus, Amantia, Boletus etc.

14. Chemical Nature of Mycotoxin
•Chemically mycotoxins are non-antigenic compounds of
low molecular weight
•Depending upon concentration these may be
carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic or oestrogenic with
the result of reduced immune response.
Different food material contaminated by mycotoxin:-
Milk, Corn, Cheese, Cotton seeds, Copra, Almonds,
Spices and other food and feeds.

15. MODE OF ACTION
•Mode of action involves the biochemical reaction of
mycotoxin with molecular receptors like DNA, RNA,
functional protein, enzyme, Co-factor and membrane
constituent.
•The reaction between mycotoxin and their receptor
may be either covalent irreversible or non- covalent
reversible.

16. Effect of Mycotoxin
•Effect on energy production
•Inhibition in synthesis of DNA, RNA, proteins and immune
system.
E.g. Ochratoxin A.
•Effect on nervous system-
e.g. Trichothenes etc.
•Carcinogenic effect-
e.g. Aflatoxin B, G, M.
•Effect on reproductive system-
e.g. Zearalenone.

17. NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF MYCOTOXIN

18. MAJOR MYCOTOXIN
Aflatoxins
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus parasiticus
Zearalenone (F-2 Toxin)
Fusarium graminearum
Trichothecenes
[Vomitoxin (DON)]
Fusarium graminearum
Ochratoxin A
Aspergillus ochraceous
Penicillium spp.

19. Control of Mycotoxin
• Continued surveillance of feed and food supply for mycotoxin
contamination using chemicals analyses, surveys and epidemiologic
studies is necessary to minimize the risk to human and animal health.
• Mycotoxin management system is important for detection, prevention
and detoxification of these compounds.
Mycotoxin Fungus
Aflatoxin A.flavus
Ochratoxin A.ochraceous
Ergot Claviceps parpuria
Zearalenone Fusarium oxysporum
Trichothenes Fusarium tricinetum

20. Harmful effects of Mycotoxicoses
• Vomiting
• Lesion of hand and foot
• Diarrhoea
• Endocrine inbalance
• Related with foetal disturbance
• Contractile effect of uterus and circulatory s

21. Conclusion
Mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary
metabolites of fungi that are contaminants of
agricultural commodities, foods & feeds.
Fungi that produce these toxins do so both prior to
harvest and during storage. Although contamination of
commodities by toxigenic fungi occurs frequently in
areas with a hot and humid climate, they can also be
found in temperate conditions.

22. REFERENCES
•Food Microbiology By William, C. Frazier & Dennis,
C.Westhoff
•Microbiology By P. Chakarborty
•Microbiology By Anantnarayan & Paniker
•Microbiology By Dubey & Maheshwari
•Food Microbiology By M. R. Adams & M.O.Moss

23. Thank you