Plant kingdoms basics

4. Eicher - 1883

11. Classification of plants
Plants
Do not have differentiated
body parts
Have differentiated
body parts
Thallophyta
Without vascular
tissue
Bryophyta
Bear naked seeds
Do not produce seeds
(Cryptogams)
Pteridophyta
Produce seeds
(Phanerogams)
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Bear covered seeds
With vascular tissue
One cotyledon Two cotyledons
Monocots Dicots

13. 5) Classification of plants (Plantae) :-
Plants are divided into five groups. They are :-
i) Thallophyta ii) Bryophyta iii) Pteridophyta iv) Angiosperms
v) Gymnosperms
i) Thallophyta :-
In this group the plants do not have well differentiated body parts.
The plants are called algae. They are mostly aquatic. Eg :- Spirogyra,
Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara etc.
Spirogyra Ulothrix Chladophora Chara

14. Thallophyta
. Thallus - Plant body not well differentiated into root, stem or
leaves.
ALGAE:
. Autotroph, have photosynthetic pigment - chlorophyll,
carotenoids, xanthophyll
. cellulosic cell wall
. Reproduction - Asexual - Fragmentation, spore formation
Sexual - simple sex organs, no embryo formation after
fertilization
. Gamete producing haploid phase called gametophytic phase -
dominant, short spore bearing diplodnphase called sporophytic
phase not attached to gametophyte

16. Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Oedogonium, Ulothrix, Ulva,
Cladophora
Eg.
Eg.
Eg.
Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus
Gelidium, Gracillaria, Polysiphonia

17. REPRODUCTION
1) Fragmentation - eg.
Spirogyra
2) Fission - Unicellular
algaes
3) Asexual spores -
Zoospores
4) Sexual - Isogamy(fusion
of same gametes
Anisogamy (fusion of
disimilar fametes
Oogamy - male and
female gametes

18. ii) Bryophyta :-
In this group the plant body is differentiated into stem and leaf like
structures but there are no specialised structures for the conduction of
water and other substances from one part of the plant body to the other.
These plants are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Eg :- Moss (Funaria), Marchantia, Riccia etc.
Moss
Marchantia Riccia

19. Bryophyta
. Bryon - moss, Phyton - plants
. First true plants
. Amphibians of the plant kingdom
(requires water for fertilization) and live
on land too
. Plant body thalloid - flat(Riccia), liver
shaped (Marchantia)
. have uni/multicellular root like
structures called rhizoids for attachment
to soil
. No vascular bundles containing xylem
and phloem
. Mosses - higher form in bryophytes
contains stem and leaf like appendages
.

20. Reproduction - Asexual -
Fragmentation, Gemmae from
gemma cup
Sexual - Male antheridium,
female archegonium sex organs
embedded in thallus, so
gametophyte independent,
sporoohyte dependent on
gametophyte
. Main plant body is
gametophyte of gametophyte
phase is dominant.
.
Bryophyta

21. eg. Riccia, Marchantia
Eg. Anthoceros
Eg. Funaria, Sphagnum

22. iii) Pteridophyta :-
In this group the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and
leaves and has vascular tissue for conducting water and other
substances from one part of the plant body to the other. No xylem
vessels, sieve tubes and companion cells. Epiphytes and terrestrial
group Ferns Marselia

23. iii) Pteridophyta :-
. Alternation of generation - the dominant
sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. The
gametophyte generation forms gametes by mitosis.
independent gametophyte and sporophyte
. Most species got extinct in jurassic period
. Spore producing leaf called - Sporophyll -
Megasporophyll (Male ) and microsporophyll (female)
. Ferns - used as ornamental plant
Eg. 1) Selaginella, Horse tail (Equisetum), Lycopodium
2) Ferns - Marsilea, Adiantum(Maiden hair fern)
3) Dryopteris, Pteris, Pteridium

24. iv) Gymnosperms (Cryptogams) :-
The plants of this group bear naked seeds (gymno – means naked
and sperma means seed). They are usually perinneal, evergreen and
woody.
Eg :- Pines (Pinus), Cycas etc. Produce male and female cones.
Pines Cycas

25. iv) Gymnosperms (Cryptogams) :-
. Commonly called conifers
- grow in cool climate of hills
. woody trees - great timber
value
. climbring shrubs - Ephedra
and Gnetum (Higher group)
. well developed vascular
system - but no xylem vessels
and companion cells
. Sporophyte is dominant
Examples - Cycas, Pinus,
Cedrus, Ginkgo and Gnetum

26. v) Angiosperms (Phanerogams) :-
The plants of this group bears covered seeds (angio –
means covered and sperma – means seed). They are also
called flowering plants. The plant embryo in the seed have
cotyledons.
Angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of
the number of cotyledons. Plants with seeds having single
cotyledon are called monocots. Eg :- rice, wheat, maize etc.
green gram, peas, tamarind etc. Plants with seeds having
two cotyledons are called dicots. Eg :- green gram, peas,
tamarind etc.

27. . well developed vascular system with xylem
vessels and companion cells
. widely adpated varieties - trees, shrubs and
herbs
. sporophyte dominant
. Ovary develops intro fruit, ovules develop into
seed
v) Angiosperms (Phanerogams) :-

29. Dicots. Eg :- 1) Pea- Pisum
sativum 2) Neem - Azadirachta
indica 3) Mango - Mangifera
indica 4) Rose - Rosa indica
5) _Shoe flower - Hibiscus
rosasinensis 6) Banyan -
Ficus benghalensis 7) Potato
- Solanum tuberosum 8)
Brinjal - Solanum melongena
Monocots. Eg 1) Rice - Oryza
sativa 2) Wheat - Triticum
vulgare 3) Onion - Allium
cepa 4) Garlic - Allium
sativum 5) Maize - Zea mays