The document provides an overview of a plant diversity lecture and lab activities, including: 1) A quiz, lecture on plant diversity terms, and cladistics exercise to be completed. 2) A lab practical on plant phyla to study for. 3) Background on the evolution of early land plants and their adaptations to terrestrial environments. 4) A classification of the kingdoms and phyla of plants from green algae to seed plants.

1. Origin of Plants 1.) Quiz 1 2.) Abstract & graphs Due now 3.) Lecture on Plant diversity (have diversity terms handout ready) 4.) Cladistics exercise -- turn in worksheet 5.) Lab practical next week – study plant diversity slides on bioviewer & names of phyla, orders, etc.

3. Cyanobacteria

4. Marine life was already diverse (~550 Ma) before the rise of the land plants (~450 Ma) why didn’t plants evolve earlier and colonize the land?

5. CO2 today is ~380 ppm Why?

6. CO2 today is ~380 ppm Cyanobacteria -- 2.7 billion 1 st land plants 425 million yrs ago

7. Paleozoic = 542 to 251 million years ago

8. http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2009/02/the_evolution_of_life_in_60_se.php

9. Million years of evolution: Plant adaptations? Kingdom PLANTAE Land Plants (embryophytes)

10. Million years of evolution: Plant adaptations? Adaptations to land

13. One of the most important events in the history of the Earth: The complete plant colonization to the land Occurred between the Ordovivian – Silurian ~450 – 440 Ma Cooksonia – now extinct

14. http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/earth/ab_menu_earth.htm Cooksonia – now extinct

15. 10 m tall!! Early land plants did not have roots – formed symbiotic associations with fungi from 420 mya

21. Within charophyceans there is increase in body complexity that is thought to have given risen to early land plants

22. Spirogyra - conjugating alga

23. Charophyceans: Chara (top) Coleochaete: orbicularis (bottom)

27. Gametangia: Archegonium of Marchantia (left) Antheridium of a hornwort (right)

28. Alternation of generations Diploid Haploid

30. Land plants: Apical meristems of shoots and roots shoots roots

34. Liverworts Liverworts Marchantia polymorpha Gemmae cups Archegoniophore Antheridiophore Asexual

35. The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss Diploid Haploid

36. Moss life cycle

39. SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS Lycophyte (top left), whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom left), fern (bottom right)

41. Lycophyte

42. Lepidodendron - Ancient Lycopds (club mosses)

44. Psilotum nudum

46. Horsetails

47. This is how a forest of Calamites and Asteroxylon may have appeared just about anywhere on the Earth 390 million years ago. The Calamites are the slender "Christmas tree" shaped plants. They grew as tall as many of today's conifers, though they are the ancestors of the much smaller modern horsetails. The snake-like curlicue plants in the foreground are the now-extinct Asteroxylon, which emerged at the beginning of the Devonian period about 417 million years ago http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/earth/earth_02_paleozoic_111.htm

49. The life cycle of a fern Haploid Diploid Homosporous (mostly)

50. Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production Indusium

51. Life cycle of a fern: mature sporangium

52. Fern gametophyte

53. Fern archegonia

54. Fern sporophytes growing out of fertilized gametophytes

55. Mature fern sporophyte – produces spores

56. Ferns

57. Carboniferous forest – ferns abundant

60. Seed fossil

61. From ovule to seed

63. Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba Heterosporous

64. Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba 1945 http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/hiroshima.htm

65. Ginkgo has free swimming sperm! Ginkgo and the cycads are the only living seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that have motile or free swimming sperm – discovered in 1896 in a botanical garden in Tokyo

66. Chlorophyta Charophyta Liverworts Hornworts Moss Lycophyta Pterophyta Ginkgophyta Cycadophyta Coniferophyta biflagellate sperm multiflagellate sperm pollen Flagellae

68. Cycads

69. Cycads haven’t changed too much since the Paleozoic (origin) This Antarcticycas grew in Antarctica during the Triassic Period ~250 Ma

71. The oldest conifer fossil so far discovered is Swillingtonia denticulata , which dates from the Carboniferous of c.310 Ma.

72. http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/earth/earth_03_mesozoic_160.htm Conifers dominant

73. Sequoia Sempervirens ( Cupressaceae ) Tallest redwoods over 300 feet

74. Over 4,000 years old

76. Pine female strobili

77. Staminate pine cones

78. The life cycle of a pine

79. Spores developing in male cones Turn to page 99 in your lab manual

80. Pine pollen

83. Chlorophyta Charophyta Liverworts Hornworts Moss Lycophytes Monilophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms chlorophyll a and b/ Starch as a storage product/Cell wall of cellulose phragmoplast Cuticle, multicellular gametangia, embryo, multicellular sporophyte BRYOPHYTES Gametophyte dominant Gametophyte vs. sporophyte dominance

84. STUDY for Practical A. Charophytes as probable ancestors to terrestrial plants. B. Terrestrial adaptations. C. Alternation of generations. D. Archegonia/ antheridia. E. Vascular tissues. F. Seeds. G. Characters and synapomorphies of plant clades. Slides - Chap 7 Lab model - Marchantia Recommended Bioviewer activities