The document provides an overview of a plant diversity lecture and lab activities, including: 1) A quiz, lecture on plant diversity terms, and cladistics exercise to be completed. 2) A lab practical on plant phyla to study for. 3) Background on the evolution of early land plants and their adaptations to terrestrial environments. 4) A classification of the kingdoms and phyla of plants from green algae to seed plants.

1. Origin of Plants 1.) Quiz 1 2.) Abstract & graphs Due now 3.) Lecture on Plant diversity (have diversity terms handout ready) 4.) Cladistics exercise -- turn in worksheet 5.) Lab practical next week – study plant diversity slides on bioviewer & names of phyla, orders, etc.

2. Principal Biological Concepts A. Charophytes as probable ancestors to terrestrial plants. B. Terrestrial adaptations. C. Alternation of generations. D. Archegonia/ antheridia. E. Vascular tissues. F. Seeds. G. Characters and synapomorphies of plant clades

3. Cyanobacteria

4. Marine life was already diverse (~550 Ma) before the rise of the land plants (~450 Ma) why didn’t plants evolve earlier and colonize the land?

5. CO2 today is ~380 ppm Why?

6. CO2 today is ~380 ppm Cyanobacteria -- 2.7 billion 1 st land plants 425 million yrs ago

7. Paleozoic = 542 to 251 million years ago

8. http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2009/02/the_evolution_of_life_in_60_se.php

9. Million years of evolution: Plant adaptations? Kingdom PLANTAE Land Plants (embryophytes)

10. Million years of evolution: Plant adaptations? Adaptations to land

11. Adaptations to terrestrial existence 1. Support - rigid tissues, weight no longer borne by water. 2. Water transport and conservation - need to protect against desiccation. Characteristics... a. vascular tissues - xylem and phloem b. apical meristems stems, roots, leaves - with vascular tissues (except Bryophytes) d. waxy cuticle e. stomata in leaves

12. Kingdom Chlorophyta Photosynthetic life moves onto land – What did this look like? Non-vascular plants Vascular Plants (no seeds) Vascular seed Plants Flowering Plants Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Horsetails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Conifers Gnetum Angiosperms Green Algae Next week

13. One of the most important events in the history of the Earth: The complete plant colonization to the land Occurred between the Ordovivian – Silurian ~450 – 440 Ma Cooksonia – now extinct

14. http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/earth/ab_menu_earth.htm Cooksonia – now extinct

15. 10 m tall!! Early land plants did not have roots – formed symbiotic associations with fungi from 420 mya

17. Kingdom Chlorophyta Chlorophytes (Ancestors to vascular plants.) 1. Starch as a storage product - deposited within chloroplasts. 2. Have chlorophyll a and b , and carotenoids. 3. Cell wall of cellulose . 4. Similar chloroplast structure - thylakoids stacked as grana.

18. Kingdom Chlorophyta Non-vascular plants Vascular Plants (no seeds) Vascular seed Plants Flowering Plants Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Horsetails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Conifers Gnetum Angiosperms Green Algae

19. Phylum CHLOROPHYTA - green algae 1. Mostly freshwater, some marine. 2. About 7,000 species. 3. Wide diversity of forms a. Single celled b. Filamentous c. Sheets, aggregates, colonies d. True multicellularity 4. Sexual and asexual reproduction. 5. Not important commercially. 7. In lab: a. Volvox (no. 19-1) b. Ulva - wet c. Acetabularia - wet Volvox

20. Phylum CHAROPHYTA - Charophyceans or stoneworts Distinct from other Chlorophytes and are thought to be most closely related to true plants. Differentiated from other green algae by ultrastructural differences in cell plate formation during cell division. Charophytes form a " phragmoplast " - a perpendicular orientation of the spindle relative to the cell wall. This feature is common to all land plants. 3. In lab: Spirogyra (no. 19-2) and Chara

21. Within charophyceans there is increase in body complexity that is thought to have given risen to early land plants

22. Spirogyra - conjugating alga

23. Charophyceans: Chara (top) Coleochaete: orbicularis (bottom)

24. Kingdom PLANTAE Land Plants (embryophytes) 4 groups 1. Bryophytes - non-vascular plants 2. Pteridophytes - non-seeded vascular plants 3. Gymnosperms - seeded vascular plants 4. Angiosperms - flowering plants

25. Kingdom Chlorophyta Non-vascular plants Vascular Plants (no seeds) Vascular seed Plants Flowering Plants Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Horsetails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Conifers Gnetum Angiosperms Green Algae

26. Some definitions: Gametophyte: gametophyte is the multicellular structure, or phase, that is haploid, containing a single set of chromosomes. The gametophyte produces male or female gametes (or both), by a process of cell division called mitosis Sporophyte: the plant in which meiosis occurs and produces spores Monoecious: male and female gametes produced on the same plant Dioecious: male and female gametes produced on separate plants Antheridia: the male sperm-bearing organ Archegonia: the female egg-bearing organ

27. Gametangia: Archegonium of Marchantia (left) Antheridium of a hornwort (right)

28. Alternation of generations Diploid Haploid

29. Alternation of generations 1. Alternation between sporophyte (spore-producing) and gametophyte (gamete-producing), diploid and haploid . 2. Transitions of generations marked by meiosis and syngamy (fertilization) . 3. Evolutionarily important - haploid genes in plant gametophytes are transcribed (unlike those in animals). Gives the possibility of rapid selection.

30. Land plants: Apical meristems of shoots and roots shoots roots

31. " BRYOPHYTES " - non-vascular land plants A. Gametophyte dominant – sporophyte reduced B. Often with separate sexes ( dioecious ). C. Antheridia - produce flagellated sperm. D. Archegonia - produce egg and house developing embryo (sporophyte). E. Antheridia and archegonia, or modifications thereof, are found in all early plant groups (through ferns). F. Water required for sperm transfer. Sperm are flagellated (i.e., motile). This is true of all primitive plants. Hornwort Liverwort Moss Moss

32. Kingdom Chlorophyta Non-vascular plants Vascular Plants (no seeds) Vascular seed Plants Flowering Plants Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Horsetails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Conifers Gnetum Angiosperms Green Algae

33. Two phyla 1. Phylum Hepatophyta - liverworts a. antheridia and archegonia borne on gametangiophores - antheridiophores and archegoniophores , respectively. asexual reproduction with gemmae cups . 2. Phylum Bryophyta - mosses NO VASCULAR TISSUE - therefore - small size (limits of diffusion), moist habitats, close to ground.

34. Liverworts Liverworts Marchantia polymorpha Gemmae cups Archegoniophore Antheridiophore Asexual

35. The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss Diploid Haploid

36. Moss life cycle

37. VASCULAR PLANTS "TRACHEOPHYTES" A. Vascular tissues 1. Xylem a. transport of water and dissolved minerals. b. tracheids and vessel elements - lignified, spiral thickenings of cell wall - dead at maturity. c. also provide support for the plant body. 2. Phloem a. transport of photosynthate (product of photosynthesis). b. sieve-tube cells - elongate, tapered with sieve area in cell plate, living. c. companion cell - controls movement of food through seive tubes. B. Sporophyte dominant - gametophyte becomes increasingly diminutive.

38. Kingdom Chlorophyta Non-vascular plants Vascular Plants (no seeds) Vascular seed Plants Flowering Plants Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Horsetails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Conifers Gnetum Angiosperms Green Algae

39. SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS Lycophyte (top left), whisk fern (top right), horsetail (bottom left), fern (bottom right)

40. Phylum LYCOPHYTA - club mosses and quillworts 1. True stems, roots, and leaves. 2. Leaves are small and scalelike with traces of vascular tissue = microphylls . 3 . Strobilus = cluster of sporophylls (specialized leaves bearing sporangia ), at tips of branches ( Lycopodium ) or along branches ( Selaginella ). 4. Free-living gametophyte.

41. Lycophyte

42. Lepidodendron - Ancient Lycopds (club mosses)

43. Phylum PTEROPHYTA ferns and fern allies 1. Whisk ferns ( Psilotum ) a. Well developed xylem and phloem in stem. b. No true roots or leaves - secondarily lost . c. Rhizome (underground stem - absorptive) with rhizoids and with myccorhizae. d. Sporangia borne on shoots - unique character. e. Gametophytes are free-living, nonphotosynthetic, saprophytes with associated mycorrhizae.

44. Psilotum nudum

45. Horsetails ( Equisetum ) a. Ribbed, jointed (nodes) stems with silica crystals = "scouring rushes." b. Leaves are non-photosynthetic microphylls . c. Underground rhizomes - asexual reproduction. d. True roots. e. Terminal strobili on reproductive shoots. f. Equisetum is only living genus.

46. Horsetails

47. This is how a forest of Calamites and Asteroxylon may have appeared just about anywhere on the Earth 390 million years ago. The Calamites are the slender "Christmas tree" shaped plants. They grew as tall as many of today's conifers, though they are the ancestors of the much smaller modern horsetails. The snake-like curlicue plants in the foreground are the now-extinct Asteroxylon, which emerged at the beginning of the Devonian period about 417 million years ago http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/earth/earth_02_paleozoic_111.htm

48. Ferns a. Sporophyte dominant but dependent on gametophyte at first. b. Independent (free-living, photosynthetic) gametophyte ( prothallus or prothallium ) - without vascular tissues. Has antheridia and archegonia. c. True roots and stems (underground rhizomes) and leaves (megaphylls called fronds ). d. Sporangia clustered in sori , often protected by indusium . e. In lab: i. Cyrtomium (no. 5) ii. fern prothalium (no. 6) iii. fern sporophyte (no. 7) iv. live fern

49. The life cycle of a fern Haploid Diploid Homosporous (mostly)

50. Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production Indusium

51. Life cycle of a fern: mature sporangium

52. Fern gametophyte

53. Fern archegonia

54. Fern sporophytes growing out of fertilized gametophytes

55. Mature fern sporophyte – produces spores

56. Ferns

57. Carboniferous forest – ferns abundant

58. SEED PLANTS " SPERMATOPHYTES " A. Seed = plant embryo protected by integument (“seed coat”). B. "GYMNOSPERMS" - "naked seeds"- seeds without protection of ovary. C. Sporophyte dominant - gametophyte reduced to very small size. 1. Megagametophyte - multicellular archegonium. 2 . Microgametophyte - pollen grains - 3 or 4 cells. No antheridia. 3. “Mega” and “micro” are used in higher plants to denote the larger female structures and the smaller male ones.

59. Kingdom Chlorophyta Non-vascular plants Vascular Plants (no seeds) Vascular seed Plants Flowering Plants Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Horsetails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Conifers Gnetum Angiosperms Green Algae

60. Seed fossil

61. From ovule to seed

62. Phylum GINKGOPHYTA ginkgo A. Only one species living ( Ginkgo biloba ). Common ornamental - tolerant of pollution. B. Branches made up of long shoots and short shoots (= spur shoots). Leaves and fruits on spur shoots. C. Fan-shaped leaves. D. Dioecious . Female ovules fleshy - foul smelling. E. Flagellated sperm in pollen tube.

63. Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba Heterosporous

64. Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba 1945 http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/hiroshima.htm

65. Ginkgo has free swimming sperm! Ginkgo and the cycads are the only living seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that have motile or free swimming sperm – discovered in 1896 in a botanical garden in Tokyo

66. Chlorophyta Charophyta Liverworts Hornworts Moss Lycophyta Pterophyta Ginkgophyta Cycadophyta Coniferophyta biflagellate sperm multiflagellate sperm pollen Flagellae

67. Phylum CYCADOPHYTA - cycads A. Tropical and subtropical. B. Palm-like with large, pinnate leaves. C. Terminal cones - plants are dioecious . Strobili and seeds may take 10 years to mature. D. Sperm are multiflagellated, wind-blown to female cone or some carried by beetle pollinators. Enters fluids secreted around micropyle. Pollen tube carries sperm nuclei to egg. E. In lab: 1. live Cycas 2. live Zamia - only cycad native to United States.

68. Cycads

69. Cycads haven’t changed too much since the Paleozoic (origin) This Antarcticycas grew in Antarctica during the Triassic Period ~250 Ma

70. Phylum CONIFEROPHYTA 500-600 species "evergreens” pines, firs, larches, spruce, etc. Tallest = redwood 372 feet Oldest = bristlecone pine >4,900 years Most massive = Sequoia 102.6 feet circumference at base.

71. The oldest conifer fossil so far discovered is Swillingtonia denticulata , which dates from the Carboniferous of c.310 Ma.

72. http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/earth/earth_03_mesozoic_160.htm Conifers dominant

73. Sequoia Sempervirens ( Cupressaceae ) Tallest redwoods over 300 feet

74. Over 4,000 years old

75. A. Monoecious B. Strobili = cones - borne on spur shoots 1. Staminate cones - male - microsporangia on microsporophylls . 2. Ovulate cones - female - ovules on ovulate scales with woody bract. a. Ovule = female gametophyte (haploid) surrounded by nucellus and integument (both diploid). Mature ovule = seed. C. Wind-blown pollen enters the ovulate cones when they are very small. Pollen tubes (immotile sperm) grow very slowly. So - fertilization may not occur for many months, even years, until the seed cones and the megagametophytes have matured. 1. Two sperm nuclei in pollen tube but only one is functional; the other degenerates. D. Reproduction does not depend on water . E. Well over 1 year passes between pollination and fertilization. Seeds usually not mature until 2nd summer. F. Fire very important to many of these species. "Fire Ecology"

76. Pine female strobili

77. Staminate pine cones

78. The life cycle of a pine

79. Spores developing in male cones Turn to page 99 in your lab manual

80. Pine pollen

82. Kingdom Chlorophyta Non-vascular plants Vascular Plants (no seeds) Vascular seed Plants Flowering Plants Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes Horsetails Ferns Cycads Ginkgo Conifers Gnetum Angiosperms Green Algae

83. Chlorophyta Charophyta Liverworts Hornworts Moss Lycophytes Monilophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms chlorophyll a and b/ Starch as a storage product/Cell wall of cellulose phragmoplast Cuticle, multicellular gametangia, embryo, multicellular sporophyte BRYOPHYTES Gametophyte dominant Gametophyte vs. sporophyte dominance

84. STUDY for Practical A. Charophytes as probable ancestors to terrestrial plants. B. Terrestrial adaptations. C. Alternation of generations. D. Archegonia/ antheridia. E. Vascular tissues. F. Seeds. G. Characters and synapomorphies of plant clades. Slides - Chap 7 Lab model - Marchantia Recommended Bioviewer activities

85. Cladistic Analysis exercise Data sheet (Relationships of Plant Taxa), pp. 103-104. You must complete the taxon-character matrix. Complete everything except that for Magnolia and Gladiola this week. Due at the end of class today