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The document discusses computer memory units. It describes three types of memory: internal processor memory, primary memory (RAM and ROM), and secondary memory (magnetic tapes, disks, and optical disks). Primary memory handles data, with RAM being volatile and ROM being non-volatile. Secondary memory stores output and installed software. The document also defines common units for measuring computer memory capacity, such as bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and terabytes.
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Computer memory
The document discusses the history and types of computer memory. It describes how early memory in the 1940s had a capacity of only a few bytes. The ENIAC was the first electronic, general-purpose computer capable of being reprogrammed. Delay line memory was an early form that stored data as acoustic waves in mercury delay lines. Magnetic core memory, developed in 1947, allowed memory to be retained after power loss and became the dominant memory technology of the 1960s. Modern computers use semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and flash memory. RAM allows random access and comes in dynamic and static varieties, while ROM is read-only and flash memory is non-volatile.
Computer storage devices
This document discusses different types of computer storage devices. It begins with a brief history of storage technologies like punch cards and magnetic tape. It then categorizes storage devices as either primary or secondary. Primary storage includes RAM and ROM, while secondary storage includes hard disks, CDs, DVDs, and other removable media. The document focuses on hard disks, describing their components like platters, arms, heads, and how data is stored in tracks and sectors. Other modern storage discussed includes diskettes, flash memory cards, and USB devices.
Internal components of PC
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra.
Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik
Date: 17/01/2011
Session-3: Internal Components of PC
Secondary memory
Secondary memory is where programs and data are kept on a long-term basis. Common secondary storage devices are the hard disk and optical disks. The hard disk has enormous storage capacity compared to main memory. The hard disk is usually contained inside the case of a computer.
Primary memory (main memory)
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is the memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It holds the data and instructions currently being processed. Primary memory is generally made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is removed, while ROM retains its data permanently. There are different types of RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR that have evolved over time. ROM includes mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash ROM, which have different characteristics regarding read/write capabilities and whether they need power to retain data.
magnetic and optic based storage devices
The document describes different types of storage devices used to store data on computers. It discusses magnetic storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks which use magnets to write binary data to an iron oxide coated disk. Optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs use lasers to read and write data by detecting lands and pits on the disk's surface. The document provides details on how each type of device works, common formats and capacities, as well as newer technologies like recordable CDs and DVDs.
Types of memory in Computer
This document discusses different types of computer memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary storage (hard drives, CDs, DVDs, etc.), and cache memory. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage of data and programs needed to run the computer. ROM is non-volatile and holds the operating system bootstrap loader. Cache memory improves performance by storing frequently used data and instructions closer to the processor. Secondary storage devices include hard drives, optical discs, USB drives, and solid state drives which are used for long-term and offline storage of data.
TYPES OF MEMORIES AND STORAGE DEVICE AND COMPUTER
Memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs and data in a computer. Main memory is divided into RAM and ROM. RAM is read-write memory that uses transistors and capacitors to store each bit. There are two types of RAM: static RAM which does not need refreshing but is expensive, and dynamic RAM which needs refreshing but has higher density. ROM is read-only and stores permanent instructions. There are also programmable ROMs like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM that can be programmed and erased in different ways. Caches and secondary storage supplement main memory and improve performance. Common secondary storage devices include magnetic disks, tapes and optical discs.
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Computer memory
The document discusses the history and types of computer memory. It describes how early memory in the 1940s had a capacity of only a few bytes. The ENIAC was the first electronic, general-purpose computer capable of being reprogrammed. Delay line memory was an early form that stored data as acoustic waves in mercury delay lines. Magnetic core memory, developed in 1947, allowed memory to be retained after power loss and became the dominant memory technology of the 1960s. Modern computers use semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and flash memory. RAM allows random access and comes in dynamic and static varieties, while ROM is read-only and flash memory is non-volatile.
Computer storage devices
This document discusses different types of computer storage devices. It begins with a brief history of storage technologies like punch cards and magnetic tape. It then categorizes storage devices as either primary or secondary. Primary storage includes RAM and ROM, while secondary storage includes hard disks, CDs, DVDs, and other removable media. The document focuses on hard disks, describing their components like platters, arms, heads, and how data is stored in tracks and sectors. Other modern storage discussed includes diskettes, flash memory cards, and USB devices.
Internal components of PC
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra.
Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik
Date: 17/01/2011
Session-3: Internal Components of PC
Secondary memory
Secondary memory is where programs and data are kept on a long-term basis. Common secondary storage devices are the hard disk and optical disks. The hard disk has enormous storage capacity compared to main memory. The hard disk is usually contained inside the case of a computer.
Primary memory (main memory)
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is the memory that is directly accessible by the CPU. It holds the data and instructions currently being processed. Primary memory is generally made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is removed, while ROM retains its data permanently. There are different types of RAM such as SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, and DDR that have evolved over time. ROM includes mask ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash ROM, which have different characteristics regarding read/write capabilities and whether they need power to retain data.
magnetic and optic based storage devices
The document describes different types of storage devices used to store data on computers. It discusses magnetic storage devices like hard drives and floppy disks which use magnets to write binary data to an iron oxide coated disk. Optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs use lasers to read and write data by detecting lands and pits on the disk's surface. The document provides details on how each type of device works, common formats and capacities, as well as newer technologies like recordable CDs and DVDs.
Types of memory in Computer
This document discusses different types of computer memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary storage (hard drives, CDs, DVDs, etc.), and cache memory. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage of data and programs needed to run the computer. ROM is non-volatile and holds the operating system bootstrap loader. Cache memory improves performance by storing frequently used data and instructions closer to the processor. Secondary storage devices include hard drives, optical discs, USB drives, and solid state drives which are used for long-term and offline storage of data.
TYPES OF MEMORIES AND STORAGE DEVICE AND COMPUTER
Memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs and data in a computer. Main memory is divided into RAM and ROM. RAM is read-write memory that uses transistors and capacitors to store each bit. There are two types of RAM: static RAM which does not need refreshing but is expensive, and dynamic RAM which needs refreshing but has higher density. ROM is read-only and stores permanent instructions. There are also programmable ROMs like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM that can be programmed and erased in different ways. Caches and secondary storage supplement main memory and improve performance. Common secondary storage devices include magnetic disks, tapes and optical discs.
Report-computer hardware,system, and software
This document discusses computer hardware, software, and systems. It provides details on:
1) The basic components of a computer including the CPU, memory, motherboard, power supply, hard disk, and peripherals.
2) The two main parts of a computer being hardware (physical components) and software (programs and instructions). It describes different types of software.
3) Types of computers defined by their use including personal, server, and processing computers.
4) Various computer input and output devices like mice, keyboards, displays, scanners, and storage devices. It also discusses computer networks and communication.
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Memory is an essential component of computers that is used to store programs and data. Computers typically have three levels of memory: main memory, secondary memory, and cache memory. Main memory is fast memory that stores programs and data being executed. Secondary memory is permanent storage for programs and data used less frequently. Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for faster access. Memory is also classified by location, access method, volatility, and type. The different types include registers, main memory, secondary memory, cache memory, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
Types of Storage Devices
This document discusses various types of external storage devices, including hard disk drives, solid state drives, flash memory, optical discs, and future technologies. It provides details on how hard disk drives use spinning disks and magnetic heads to read and write data. Solid state drives have no moving parts and use integrated circuits for memory. USB flash drives are small, removable flash memory devices. Optical discs like CDs and DVDs store data in spiral tracks of tiny bumps burned by a laser onto the disc's surface. Future storage technologies may use helium instead of air in hard drives for higher capacity and kinetic drives that interface over ethernet.
Processors and its Types
The document discusses different types of processors including budget, mainstream, dual core, and Intel Pentium and Core 2 processors. It provides details on the architecture and features of Pentium, dual core, and Core 2 processors. Pentium was introduced in 1993 and was a breakthrough as it had 3.1 million transistors. Dual core processors have two separate cores on the same die to allow parallel processing. Core 2 processors were introduced in 2006 and improved on previous designs with dual or quad cores, larger caches, virtualization support, and 64-bit capabilities.
External memory
This document discusses four main types of external memory: magnetic disks, optical disks, magnetic tape, and disk drives. Magnetic disks store data on circular platters coated with magnetic material and use read/write heads to access data. Optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays use lasers to read and write digital information to coated discs. Magnetic tape stores data on magnetic tape housed in cartridges and uses similar reading and writing techniques as disks. Disk drives, like hard disk drives, store large amounts of data on spinning magnetic platters that are read and written to by heads positioned very close to the disk surface.
Computer Hardware
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes the data according to stored instructions, and provides output. It can store, process, display, and print a variety of data. Computers range in size from microcomputers like personal computers to larger mainframes and supercomputers. They have various components including a microprocessor, memory, storage devices, input devices like a keyboard, and output devices like a monitor.
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Computer Memory
A full ppt about computer memory.It will contain all data about computer memory like types of memory,ram and rom, types of ram and rom and cache memory.
Computer hardware
A computer is an electronic device that takes input, processes it, and provides output. It works with binary digits (0s and 1s) and stores data for further processing. The main components of a computer are the motherboard, processor, memory devices like RAM and ROM, storage devices like hard drives and optical drives, power supply, input devices like keyboard and mouse, and output devices like monitors. The processor performs calculations and logical operations. Data is stored on hard drives in tracks and sectors through magnetic encoding of bits as positive and negative polarities. Optical discs like CDs and DVDs store data as lands and pits that do or do not reflect laser light during reading.
System unit
This chapter discusses the components that make up a computer system unit. It describes the motherboard as the main circuit board that contains the processor, memory chips, and adapter cards. The processor, consisting of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU), interprets and carries out instructions through a machine cycle. Memory temporarily stores data and instructions in chips such as RAM and ROM. Various ports, buses, expansion slots allow components to interface and transfer data around the system unit. The amount of RAM needed depends on the intended applications but generally more is better for performance.
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This document covers computer hardware and the working procedure. Some simple troubleshooting is also added.
Ram rom
RAM is a form of volatile memory that is used to store data and machine code currently being used. It allows data to be read or written quickly regardless of its physical location. The two main types are SRAM and DRAM. ROM is a form of non-volatile memory that can only be modified slowly or with difficulty. It retains its data even when power is turned off. The main types are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The key differences between RAM and ROM are that RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is lost, while ROM is non-volatile and retains data without power; RAM is used for normal computer operations after startup while ROM is used in the startup process
Introduction to Basic Computer Concepts Presentation
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from early calculating aids like the abacus to modern computers. It describes inventions like the Pascaline, the first mechanical calculator, the Difference Engine, an early mechanical computer, and the ENIAC, one of the first general-purpose electronic computers. It then discusses the development of personal computers starting in the 1970s and the introduction of devices like the Apple I, IBM PC, and early netbooks.
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This presentation provides an overview of motherboard components and functions. It describes the main components including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, BIOS, expansion slots, and input/output ports. It explains that the motherboard connects the central processing unit and other internal components to enable communication within the computer. Form factors like ATX and microATX determine the motherboard size and compatibility. Selecting a motherboard involves considering the CPU, case, expansion needs and warranty.
Computer storage & type of storage.
In this presentation, we describe the computer storage.
The basic unit of data storage,
Memory hierarchy
CPU register
Cache memory
Types of storage
Primary Memory
RAM
ROM
Secondary Memory
Magnetic memory
Optical storage
Bios
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is low-level software that controls hardware and provides an interface between the operating system and hardware. It consists of device drivers stored in read-only memory on the motherboard and some expansion cards. The BIOS performs essential startup tasks like power-on self-tests and loading the operating system bootloader from disk. It provides an abstraction layer so operating systems and applications do not need device-specific knowledge.
secondary storage devices
Secondary storage devices are non-volatile memory that stores large amounts of data at lower costs than primary memory. There are two main types of secondary storage devices: sequential access devices like magnetic tapes that are very fast for sequential data but slow for random access, and direct access storage devices (DASDs) like hard disks that allow for high-capacity random access storage. Magnetic disks are the most widely used secondary storage, offering high storage capacity, reliability, and the ability to directly access stored data.
Computer memory
Computer memory comes in a memory hierarchy from fastest and smallest to slower and larger. At the top are CPU registers for temporary storage, followed by cache memory for faster access. Main memory (RAM) is volatile storage inside the computer. Secondary storage devices like hard disks and optical disks provide non-volatile storage of large amounts of data. Memory and storage technologies use electrical charges, magnetic fields, or pits and lands on optical media to store binary data representing 0s and 1s.
Computer hardware presentation
This document provides an introduction to basic computer hardware components, including the processor, RAM, motherboard, hard disk, cards, ports, BIOS, peripherals, and cabinet. It describes the processor as the brain of the computer and lists common types. It defines RAM as volatile random access memory that comes in static and dynamic varieties. It also briefly outlines hard disks, video cards, sound cards, network interface cards, ports, the BIOS, and various peripherals that connect to the computer, concluding with form factors for computer cabinets.
05 Internal Memory
This document summarizes different types of semiconductor memory, including dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), RAMBUS RAM, cache DRAM, and error correction techniques. It describes the basic structure and operation of DRAM and SRAM memory cells, as well as advanced organizations like SDRAM that can improve memory performance.
Memory units
The document summarizes the different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary storage. RAM is volatile and temporarily stores active data and programs, while ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent instructions. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM, while ROM types are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage is non-volatile and stores long-term data at a lower cost than primary memory.
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This document discusses computer hardware, software, and systems. It provides details on:
1) The basic components of a computer including the CPU, memory, motherboard, power supply, hard disk, and peripherals.
2) The two main parts of a computer being hardware (physical components) and software (programs and instructions). It describes different types of software.
3) Types of computers defined by their use including personal, server, and processing computers.
4) Various computer input and output devices like mice, keyboards, displays, scanners, and storage devices. It also discusses computer networks and communication.
Memory organisation ppt final presentation
Memory is an essential component of computers that is used to store programs and data. Computers typically have three levels of memory: main memory, secondary memory, and cache memory. Main memory is fast memory that stores programs and data being executed. Secondary memory is permanent storage for programs and data used less frequently. Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for faster access. Memory is also classified by location, access method, volatility, and type. The different types include registers, main memory, secondary memory, cache memory, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
Types of Storage Devices
This document discusses various types of external storage devices, including hard disk drives, solid state drives, flash memory, optical discs, and future technologies. It provides details on how hard disk drives use spinning disks and magnetic heads to read and write data. Solid state drives have no moving parts and use integrated circuits for memory. USB flash drives are small, removable flash memory devices. Optical discs like CDs and DVDs store data in spiral tracks of tiny bumps burned by a laser onto the disc's surface. Future storage technologies may use helium instead of air in hard drives for higher capacity and kinetic drives that interface over ethernet.
Processors and its Types
The document discusses different types of processors including budget, mainstream, dual core, and Intel Pentium and Core 2 processors. It provides details on the architecture and features of Pentium, dual core, and Core 2 processors. Pentium was introduced in 1993 and was a breakthrough as it had 3.1 million transistors. Dual core processors have two separate cores on the same die to allow parallel processing. Core 2 processors were introduced in 2006 and improved on previous designs with dual or quad cores, larger caches, virtualization support, and 64-bit capabilities.
External memory
This document discusses four main types of external memory: magnetic disks, optical disks, magnetic tape, and disk drives. Magnetic disks store data on circular platters coated with magnetic material and use read/write heads to access data. Optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays use lasers to read and write digital information to coated discs. Magnetic tape stores data on magnetic tape housed in cartridges and uses similar reading and writing techniques as disks. Disk drives, like hard disk drives, store large amounts of data on spinning magnetic platters that are read and written to by heads positioned very close to the disk surface.
Computer Hardware
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes the data according to stored instructions, and provides output. It can store, process, display, and print a variety of data. Computers range in size from microcomputers like personal computers to larger mainframes and supercomputers. They have various components including a microprocessor, memory, storage devices, input devices like a keyboard, and output devices like a monitor.
Computer storage
Computer storage refers to components and media that retain digital data. There are three main categories of computer storage: primary, secondary, and tertiary (offline). Primary storage includes processor registers, cache, RAM, and ROM. Secondary storage includes hard disks, CDs/DVDs, tapes, and other removable media. Tertiary storage uses robotic mechanisms to access removable media. [/SUMMARY]
Bios
The document discusses the motherboard BIOS and CMOS. It describes how the BIOS is used to control and troubleshoot hardware before an operating system loads. It contains information on BIOS chips, updating the BIOS, using the BIOS setup utility to modify settings stored in CMOS, and troubleshooting hardware issues using BIOS beep codes.
Computer Memory
A full ppt about computer memory.It will contain all data about computer memory like types of memory,ram and rom, types of ram and rom and cache memory.
Computer hardware
A computer is an electronic device that takes input, processes it, and provides output. It works with binary digits (0s and 1s) and stores data for further processing. The main components of a computer are the motherboard, processor, memory devices like RAM and ROM, storage devices like hard drives and optical drives, power supply, input devices like keyboard and mouse, and output devices like monitors. The processor performs calculations and logical operations. Data is stored on hard drives in tracks and sectors through magnetic encoding of bits as positive and negative polarities. Optical discs like CDs and DVDs store data as lands and pits that do or do not reflect laser light during reading.
System unit
This chapter discusses the components that make up a computer system unit. It describes the motherboard as the main circuit board that contains the processor, memory chips, and adapter cards. The processor, consisting of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU), interprets and carries out instructions through a machine cycle. Memory temporarily stores data and instructions in chips such as RAM and ROM. Various ports, buses, expansion slots allow components to interface and transfer data around the system unit. The amount of RAM needed depends on the intended applications but generally more is better for performance.
Introduction to computer hardware
This document covers computer hardware and the working procedure. Some simple troubleshooting is also added.
Ram rom
RAM is a form of volatile memory that is used to store data and machine code currently being used. It allows data to be read or written quickly regardless of its physical location. The two main types are SRAM and DRAM. ROM is a form of non-volatile memory that can only be modified slowly or with difficulty. It retains its data even when power is turned off. The main types are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The key differences between RAM and ROM are that RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is lost, while ROM is non-volatile and retains data without power; RAM is used for normal computer operations after startup while ROM is used in the startup process
Introduction to Basic Computer Concepts Presentation
The document discusses the history and evolution of computers from early calculating aids like the abacus to modern computers. It describes inventions like the Pascaline, the first mechanical calculator, the Difference Engine, an early mechanical computer, and the ENIAC, one of the first general-purpose electronic computers. It then discusses the development of personal computers starting in the 1970s and the introduction of devices like the Apple I, IBM PC, and early netbooks.
Introduction to Motherboard
This presentation provides an overview of motherboard components and functions. It describes the main components including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, BIOS, expansion slots, and input/output ports. It explains that the motherboard connects the central processing unit and other internal components to enable communication within the computer. Form factors like ATX and microATX determine the motherboard size and compatibility. Selecting a motherboard involves considering the CPU, case, expansion needs and warranty.
Computer storage & type of storage.
In this presentation, we describe the computer storage.
The basic unit of data storage,
Memory hierarchy
CPU register
Cache memory
Types of storage
Primary Memory
RAM
ROM
Secondary Memory
Magnetic memory
Optical storage
Bios
The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is low-level software that controls hardware and provides an interface between the operating system and hardware. It consists of device drivers stored in read-only memory on the motherboard and some expansion cards. The BIOS performs essential startup tasks like power-on self-tests and loading the operating system bootloader from disk. It provides an abstraction layer so operating systems and applications do not need device-specific knowledge.
secondary storage devices
Secondary storage devices are non-volatile memory that stores large amounts of data at lower costs than primary memory. There are two main types of secondary storage devices: sequential access devices like magnetic tapes that are very fast for sequential data but slow for random access, and direct access storage devices (DASDs) like hard disks that allow for high-capacity random access storage. Magnetic disks are the most widely used secondary storage, offering high storage capacity, reliability, and the ability to directly access stored data.
Computer memory
Computer memory comes in a memory hierarchy from fastest and smallest to slower and larger. At the top are CPU registers for temporary storage, followed by cache memory for faster access. Main memory (RAM) is volatile storage inside the computer. Secondary storage devices like hard disks and optical disks provide non-volatile storage of large amounts of data. Memory and storage technologies use electrical charges, magnetic fields, or pits and lands on optical media to store binary data representing 0s and 1s.
Computer hardware presentation
This document provides an introduction to basic computer hardware components, including the processor, RAM, motherboard, hard disk, cards, ports, BIOS, peripherals, and cabinet. It describes the processor as the brain of the computer and lists common types. It defines RAM as volatile random access memory that comes in static and dynamic varieties. It also briefly outlines hard disks, video cards, sound cards, network interface cards, ports, the BIOS, and various peripherals that connect to the computer, concluding with form factors for computer cabinets.
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Memory units
The document summarizes the different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary storage. RAM is volatile and temporarily stores active data and programs, while ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent instructions. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM, while ROM types are PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage is non-volatile and stores long-term data at a lower cost than primary memory.
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It's a simple power point presentation on the memory unit of the computer of class 11. Hope you will find it helpful.
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Storage provides capacity for files and information through devices like hard disks, while memory provides working space through RAM. Primary storage includes RAM and cache for running the computer, while secondary storage is long-term storage like hard disks. RAM is volatile memory used for running programs, coming in static RAM and dynamic RAM forms. ROM is read-only memory storing basic instructions. Cache memory improves performance by storing frequently used data and instructions. Optical storage includes CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays, while magnetic storage encompasses floppy disks and hard disks. Flash memory offers portable options like USB drives and solid-state drives.
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Input Output Devices and Memory Unit
This document discusses computer input, output, processing, and memory units. It describes common input devices like the keyboard, mouse, and scanner. The central processing unit (CPU) contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit to process data. Output is presented through monitors, printers, and speakers. Memory units temporarily store data and instructions in primary memory like RAM and ROM. Larger amounts of data are permanently stored in secondary memory such as hard disks, CDs, and DVDs.
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The document discusses the history and development of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 in 1971 to Intel dual core processors in 2006. It provides details on key processors such as the 8008, 8080, 8086, 8088, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, and dual core/Core 2 processors. It describes features such as clock speed, number of transistors, cache memory, and architecture of various processors over time.
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The document summarizes the main components and block structure of a computer system. It outlines the input unit which reads data and programs into the computer. It describes the primary and secondary memory units for temporary and permanent storage. The arithmetic logic unit performs arithmetic and logical operations on data as instructed. The control unit manages the movement of data and instructions between memory and the central processing unit which executes stored programs. The output unit delivers results to the user and allows machine to human communication.
presentation on memory units.
The document provides an overview of different types of computer memory and storage. It discusses the two main types of memory - primary/main memory which is volatile and includes RAM and ROM, and secondary memory which is non-volatile such as hard disks, flash drives, and optical discs. RAM is further divided into static and dynamic RAM. ROM includes PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The document then describes the history and workings of various secondary storage technologies like magnetic tapes, disks, optical discs like CDs and DVDs, and solid state flash memory.
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This chapter discusses various types of external memory including magnetic disks, optical disks, and magnetic tape. It provides details on the technology behind hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray disks, tape drives, and RAID systems. The key aspects covered include disk formatting, read/write mechanisms, data organization, seek times, transfer rates, capacities, and the advantages and disadvantages of different external memory types.
Memory Unit For engineering
Memory units are devices that store binary information in groups of bits called words. They contain a number of words and number of bits per word. Memory units store programs and data that the CPU needs, as well as backup information not currently required by the CPU. There are two main types of memory - random access memory (RAM), where data can be accessed randomly in the same time, and sequential access memory, where access time varies. RAM can perform both read and write operations and allow random access to any location in the same time. Common types of RAM include SRAM and DRAM, while ROM is read-only memory used to permanently store programs.
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This document discusses memory characteristics including location, capacity, access methods, performance, and types. It covers the memory hierarchy from registers to external memory. Key points include that dynamic RAM needs refreshing to prevent data loss while static RAM maintains data without refreshing, and that memory performance is determined by access time, cycle time, and transfer rate. The document provides diagrams of DRAM and SRAM cell structures.
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Reliance Life Insurance is a subsidiary of Reliance Capital, which is one of India's leading private sector financial services companies. The document outlines Reliance Life Insurance's organizational structure, methods of directing employees and communication, motivational techniques, and processes for controlling sales. Key aspects of the organizational structure include hierarchical levels of managers from advisors up to national heads. Motivation is achieved through commissions, contests, career growth opportunities, and club memberships based on sales targets. Controls are also sales-focused and ensure managers monitor and report on employee routines and quotas.
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1) The document discusses different types of micro-operations including arithmetic, logic, shift, and register transfer micro-operations.
2) It provides examples of common arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement. It also describes logic operations like AND, OR, XOR, and complement.
3) Shift micro-operations include logical shifts, circular shifts, and arithmetic shifts which affect the serial input differently.
External memory - Computer Architecture
Magnetic disks remain the most important component of external memory. Data is recorded on disks through magnetic read and write heads. Disks are organized into tracks and sectors for efficient data access. RAID systems provide data redundancy or higher performance through striping and mirroring across multiple disks. Optical disks like CDs and DVDs store data through microscopic pits and lands read by lasers, and use constant linear velocity to increase storage capacity toward the disk edge.
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memory unit
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- 2. Memory unit stores data and information
- 3. TYPES OF MEMORY Internal processor Primary (main) memory Secondary memory
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- 5. Primary Memory : Is used to handle data. RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory) fall in this category. The former is volatile while the latter is non-volatile.
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