This chapter discusses various types of external memory including magnetic disks, optical disks, and magnetic tape. It provides details on the technology behind hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray disks, tape drives, and RAID systems. The key aspects covered include disk formatting, read/write mechanisms, data organization, seek times, transfer rates, capacities, and the advantages and disadvantages of different external memory types.
This presentation gives an overview of physical storage technologies and the various ways of accessing storage on a computer or a server. Presented at School of Engineering and Applied Science, Ahmedabad University as a part of Software Engineering course.
This presentation gives an overview of physical storage technologies and the various ways of accessing storage on a computer or a server. Presented at School of Engineering and Applied Science, Ahmedabad University as a part of Software Engineering course.
Types of Devices
Sequential Access Storage Media
Direct Access Storage Devices
Fixed-Head Magnetic Disk Storage
Movable-Head Magnetic Disk Storage
Optical Disc Storage
CD and DVD Technology
Blu-Ray Disc Technology
Flash Memory Storage
Magnetic Disk Drive Access Times
Fixed-Head Devices
Movable-Head Devices
Storage devices
This lesson includes the following sections:
Categorizing Storage Devices
Magnetic Storage Devices
Optical Storage Devices
Storage devices hold data, even when the computer is turned off.
The physical material that actually holds data is called a storage medium. The surface of a floppy disk is a storage medium.
The hardware that writes data to or reads data from a storage medium is called a storage device. A floppy disk drive is a storage device.
The two primary storage technologies are magnetic and optical.
Diskettes (floppy disks)
Hard disks
High-capacity floppy disks
Disk cartridges
Magnetic tape
Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles, which can be polarized—given a magnetic charge—in one of two directions.
Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0 (off), representing each bit of data that the CPU can recognize.
A disk drive uses read/write heads containing electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the medium.
Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory
(DVD-ROM)
CD-Recordable (CD-R)
CD-Rewritable (CD-RW)
PhotoCD
*Note : Di ko na inaupload kasi ayaw daw madownload sa file share ewan ko kung bakit.but dito ko nalang sa SlideShareinaupload NOTE# nandito na ang PHILOSOPHY Lectures and Comorg Lectures.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
2. Types of External Memory
• Magnetic Disk
—RAID
—Removable
• Optical
—CD-ROM
—CD-Recordable (CD-R)
—CD-R/W
—DVD
• Magnetic Tape
3. Magnetic Disk
• Disk substrate coated with magnetizable
material (iron oxide…rust)
• Substrate used to be aluminium
• Now glass
—Improved surface uniformity
– Increases reliability
—Reduction in surface defects
– Reduced read/write errors
—Lower flight heights (See later)
—Better stiffness
—Better shock/damage resistance
4. Read and Write Mechanisms
• Recording & retrieval via conductive coil called a head
• May be single read/write head or separate ones
• During read/write, head is stationary, platter rotates
• Write
— Current through coil produces magnetic field
— Pulses sent to head
— Magnetic pattern recorded on surface below
• Read (traditional)
— Magnetic field moving relative to coil produces current
— Coil is the same for read and write
• Read (contemporary)
— Separate read head, close to write head
— Partially shielded magneto resistive (MR) sensor
— Electrical resistance depends on direction of magnetic field
— High frequency operation
– Higher storage density and speed
6. Data Organization and Formatting
• Concentric rings or tracks
—Gaps between tracks
—Reduce gap to increase capacity
—Same number of bits per track (variable
packing density)
—Constant angular velocity
• Tracks divided into sectors
• Minimum block size is one sector
• May have more than one sector per block
8. Disk Velocity
• Bit near centre of rotating disk passes fixed point
slower than bit on outside of disk
• Increase spacing between bits in different tracks
• Rotate disk at constant angular velocity (CAV)
— Gives pie shaped sectors and concentric tracks
— Individual tracks and sectors addressable
— Move head to given track and wait for given sector
— Waste of space on outer tracks
– Lower data density
• Can use zones to increase capacity
— Each zone has fixed bits per track
— More complex circuitry
10. Finding Sectors
• Must be able to identify start of track and
sector
• Format disk
—Additional information not available to user
—Marks tracks and sectors
12. Characteristics
• Fixed (rare) or movable head
• Removable or fixed
• Single or double (usually) sided
• Single or multiple platter
• Head mechanism
—Contact (Floppy)
—Fixed gap
—Flying (Winchester)
13. Fixed/Movable Head Disk
• Fixed head
—One read write head per track
—Heads mounted on fixed ridged arm
• Movable head
—One read write head per side
—Mounted on a movable arm
14. Removable or Not
• Removable disk
—Can be removed from drive and replaced with
another disk
—Provides unlimited storage capacity
—Easy data transfer between systems
• Nonremovable disk
—Permanently mounted in the drive
15. Multiple Platter
• One head per side
• Heads are joined and aligned
• Aligned tracks on each platter form
cylinders
• Data is striped by cylinder
—reduces head movement
—Increases speed (transfer rate)
18. Floppy Disk
• 8”, 5.25”, 3.5”
• Small capacity
—Up to 1.44Mbyte (2.88M never popular)
• Slow
• Universal
• Cheap
• Obsolete?
19. Winchester Hard Disk (1)
• Developed by IBM in Winchester (USA)
• Sealed unit
• One or more platters (disks)
• Heads fly on boundary layer of air as disk
spins
• Very small head to disk gap
• Getting more robust
20. Winchester Hard Disk (2)
• Universal
• Cheap
• Fastest external storage
• Getting larger all the time
—250 Gigabyte now easily available
21. Speed
• Seek time
—Moving head to correct track
• (Rotational) latency
—Waiting for data to rotate under head
• Access time = Seek + Latency
• Transfer rate
23. RAID
• Redundant Array of Independent Disks
• Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
• 6 levels in common use
• Not a hierarchy
• Set of physical disks viewed as single
logical drive by O/S
• Data distributed across physical drives
• Can use redundant capacity to store
parity information
24. Optical Storage CD-ROM
• Originally for audio
• 650Mbytes giving over 70 minutes audio
• Polycarbonate coated with highly
reflective coat, usually aluminium
• Data stored as pits
• Read by reflecting laser
• Constant packing density
• Constant linear velocity
26. CD-ROM Drive Speeds
• Audio is single speed
—Constant linier velocity
—1.2 ms-1
—Track (spiral) is 5.27km long
—Gives 4391 seconds = 73.2 minutes
• Other speeds are quoted as multiples
• e.g. 24x
• Quoted figure is maximum drive can
achieve
27. CD-ROM Format
• Mode 0=blank data field
• Mode 1=2048 byte data+error correction
• Mode 2=2336 byte data
28. Random Access on CD-ROM
• Difficult
• Move head to rough position
• Set correct speed
• Read address
• Adjust to required location
• (Yawn!)
29. CD-ROM for & against
• Large capacity (?)
• Easy to mass produce
• Removable
• Robust
• Expensive for small runs
• Slow
• Read only
30. Other Optical Storage
• CD-Recordable (CD-R)
—WORM
—Now affordable
—Compatible with CD-ROM drives
• CD-RW
—Erasable
—Getting cheaper
—Mostly CD-ROM drive compatible
—Phase change
– Material has two different reflectivities in different
phase states
31. DVD - what’s in a name?
• Digital Video Disk
—Used to indicate a player for movies
– Only plays video disks
• Digital Versatile Disk
—Used to indicate a computer drive
– Will read computer disks and play video disks
• Dogs Veritable Dinner
• Officially - nothing!!!
32. DVD - technology
• Multi-layer
• Very high capacity (4.7G per layer)
• Full length movie on single disk
—Using MPEG compression
• Finally standardized (honest!)
• Movies carry regional coding
• Players only play correct region films
• Can be “fixed”
33. DVD – Writable
• Loads of trouble with standards
• First generation DVD drives may not read
first generation DVD-W disks
• First generation DVD drives may not read
CD-RW disks
• Wait for it to settle down before buying!
35. High Definition Optical Disks
• Designed for high definition videos
• Much higher capacity than DVD
—Shorter wavelength laser
– Blue-violet range
—Smaller pits
• HD-DVD
—15GB single side single layer
• Blue-ray
—Data layer closer to laser
– Tighter focus, less distortion, smaller pits
—25GB on single layer
—Available read only (BD-ROM), Recordable
once (BR-R) and re-recordable (BR-RE)
37. Magnetic Tape
• Serial access
• Slow
• Very cheap
• Backup and archive
• Linear Tape-Open (LTO) Tape Drives
—Developed late 1990s
—Open source alternative to proprietary tape
systems
38. Internet Resources
• Optical Storage Technology Association
—Good source of information about optical
storage technology and vendors
—Extensive list of relevant links
• DLTtape
—Good collection of technical information and
links to vendors
• Search on RAID