Ker/Kair or karira or kerda (Capparis deciduas, Family - Capparaceae / Caparidaceae, Genus - Capparis) is an important indigenous leafless shrub or small tree with dense thorny branches It provides food (pickle and vegetable), medicinal products, cosmatics, fodder, carving wood, and fuel. Fruits (berry) are valuable integral source of nutrition and income for the rurals.
Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit cultivation.
Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard. Higher and quality production is achieved from densely planted orchards through judicious canopy management and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
Carnation- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
fOOT KAKDI LOCALLY KNOWN kACHA, KACHRI, KACHRIYA IS UNDER UTILISED PLANT BUT IT HAS BEST FOOD QUALITIES. iT PRODUCTION, POST HARVEST AND VALUE ADDITION GIVEN
Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit cultivation.
Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard. Higher and quality production is achieved from densely planted orchards through judicious canopy management and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
Carnation- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
turmeric cultivativation , production technology of turmeric Arvind Yadav
TURMERIC.Scientific Name : Curcuma longa.
Family :Zingiberaceae,
2n = 3X=63.
Origin place : South East Asia.
Economic part :- dried rhizome.
Curcuma longa an herbaceous perennial herb.
Curcumin (4 -7 %) is the principle colouring pigment in turmeric .
Essential oil content :- 2.5 -7.2 %.Area and production :-
India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.
Area :- 180.96 lakh hectares.
Annual production of 7.92 lakh metric tonnes.
Andhra Pradesh stood first contributing 30% of the production followed by Orissa, Tamilnadu.
The productivity of turmeric is 4,400 kg/hectare.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
fOOT KAKDI LOCALLY KNOWN kACHA, KACHRI, KACHRIYA IS UNDER UTILISED PLANT BUT IT HAS BEST FOOD QUALITIES. iT PRODUCTION, POST HARVEST AND VALUE ADDITION GIVEN
SINGHARA - WATER CHESTNUT (Trapa natans L.) PRODUCTION -PROOCESSING AND VALUE...jaisingh277
Singhara / Waterchestnut , an aquatic crop, can be a source of income and employment generation in rurals through scientific production, processing and value addition
PAPAYA – SOIL, CLIMATE, WATER AND NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT, PAPAIN EXTRACTION, USES,
PESTS AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT
Sharad Bisen
courtesy: open Source Study Material
Passion fruit -an underutilized fruit cropkaviyakodai
passion fruit is a valuable fruit crop but it is underutilized,it will be a future food crop.It is better to know much more about it to enjoy good taste, benefits and economical value.
Bottle gourd plants are great houseplants with good yielding character. This plant is categorized under vegetable, outdoor & home garden plant
COMMON NAME: Bottle gourd plant
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lagenaria siceraria
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae
SOIL: Grows well in sandy loamy soil rich in organic content
SUNLIGHT: Requires plenty of sunlight of about 6 to 8 hours per day.
PLANT HEIGHT: 5 to 8 inches
Similar to KAIR (Capparis decidua) – A TREASURE HOUSE FOR INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION (20)
Mechanical harvesting and processing of tropical grass seedsjaisingh277
Presentation includes Some Important Tropical Grasses – Crops, Spikelets and Seeds physical characteristics, mechanical seed harvesting tools and machines, and processing for establishment of grasslands.
जैविक खाद्य गोंद - उत्पादन, प्रसंस्करण और मूल्यवर्धन परिचय और सारांशjaisingh277
इस प्रस्तुति में आईसीएआर अनुसंधान संस्थानों द्वारा प्राप्त अनुसंधान और विकास परिणामों के आधार पर खाद्य गोंद के प्रकार, इसके उत्सर्जन के स्रोत, उत्पादन प्रक्रिया, सफाई, ग्रेडिंग, प्रसंस्करण और मूल्य वर्धित उत्पादों को सरल भाषा में समझाया गया है।
जैविक खाद, कीटनाशक, खरपतवारनाशी - प्रकृति की ओर लौटने की तकनीक - कृषि पारिस्...jaisingh277
इस इस प्रस्तुति में प्रमुख फल वाली फसलें, आम, अमरूद, आंवला, सेब, खुबानी, आड़ू, पीयर, पाम, लसोड़ा, स्ट्रॉ बेरी आदि जैविक उत्पादों से संबंधित जैसे जैविक खाद की आवश्यकता, कीट, रोग और उनके जैविक उपचार मिट्टी के गुणों, सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों और उपज की गुणवत्ता पर चर्चा की गई है।
Organic spices.docभारतीय मसाले - पोशक ऊर्जा गृह - जैविक उत्पादन और प्रसंस्करण...jaisingh277
इस प्रस्तुति में भारत में उगाए जाने वाले प्रमुख मसाले काली मिर्च, सफेद मिर्च, इलायची, अदरक, हल्दी और मिर्च, जीरा, शाहजीरा, सौंफ. मेथी, कसूरी मेथी, धनिया, चिरोन्जी कब्र, , दालचीनी. लौंग. कबाब चीनी, कोकम, अदरक, सोंठ, कलौंजी, जावित्री, लहसुन, प्याज, अजवायन, डिल आदि
जैविक उत्पादन से संबंधित इनपुट जैसे जैविक खाद की आवश्यकता, कीड़े, कीट, रोग और उनके जैविक उपचार, तेल मात्रा और उसका निष्कर्षण, प्रसंस्करण और खाद्य उपयोग पर चर्चा की गई है।
LIBRARY SUPPORT IN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTjaisingh277
Research is a systematic observation of processes and experiments The researcher proceeds to generate new knowledge that it might use to create new technology, products, services, or systems to help meeting demands for new and better products / technology that can solve existing and or futuristic problems more quickly, safely and easily. Library acts as a guide at this starting point of technology research
पुस्तकालय - विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी अनुसंधान में संरचना और दिशा के लिए एक शक्...jaisingh277
प्राचीन काल से, पुस्तकालयों को ज्ञान, विद्या, साक्षरता, शिक्षा, रचनात्मकता और नवीनता के प्रवेश द्वार के रूप में पहचाना जाता रहा है। भारत में प्राचीन पुस्तकालयों के प्रमाण 2500-1500 ईसा पूर्व के मिलते हैं। शोधकर्ता अवधारणा की परिकल्पना करता है और लक्षित समस्या का समाधान लाने की दिशा में एक दृढ़ पथ पर आगे बढ़ने के लिए विचार उत्पन्न करता है।इस प्रस्तुति में पुस्तकालय द्वारा विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी अनुसंधान में संरचना और दिशा के लिए सशक्त सहायक मार्गदर्शिका को स्पष्ट करने का विनम्र प्रयास किया गया है।
MILK - BASED FRUITS AND VEGETABLE ENRICHED PRODUCTS – OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL...jaisingh277
The object of the present mini review paper was to elucidate the importance of fruits and vegetables and their by products in enriching the traditional milk and milk products with regard to human nutrition, research on development of various fruits and vegetable enriched products, processes and technologies required and in – turn resulting in opening newer avenues for rural entrepreneurship development at household, cottage, small and medium level giving employment and income generation opportunities.
चोलाई hindi चोलाई (AMARANTHUS tricolour L) - एक पोषक ऊर्जा गृह - ग्रामीण रोजग...jaisingh277
चौलाई (AMARANTHUS tricolour L) - पत्तेदार सब्जी और अनाज खाद्य पौधा है ।उष्णकटिबंधीय और उपोष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु के अनुकूल है, पूरे भारत में साल भर उगाया जाता है। दक्षिण भारत में सबसे लोकप्रिय है ।यह पौधा, आवश्यक पोषक तत्वों का संयोजन करता है।
स्वास्थ्य को बढ़ावा देने वाले पोषक तत्वों की अपार क्षमता है और अनेक औषधीय गुणों से भरपुर है
खनिजों, आहार फाइबर, प्रोटीन, एंटीऑक्सीडेंट, आदि यौगिकों का कम लागत वाला स्रोत है।
Jai-Cholai.docxचोलाई (AMARANTHUS tricolour L) - एक पोषक ऊर्जा गृह - ग्रामीण र...jaisingh277
यह प्रस्तुति चौलाई चौलाई के महत्व और उपयोग; किस्मों, उत्पादन प्रौद्योगिकी प्रबंधन; पत्तियों और बीज प्रसंस्करण प्रौद्योगिकी; पत्तियों और बीज उत्पादों के विकास; बीज बोने, कटाई, सुखाने, चूर्ण बनाने के उपकरण और मशीनरी के बारे में विस्तार से बताती है।
धनिया हिन्दी.docxधनिया (Coriandrum sativum L,) उत्पादन, प्रसंस्करण और मूल्यवर्धनjaisingh277
धनिया Coriandrum sativum L, Apiaceous परिवार का एक वार्षिक हर्बल परम आवश्यक मसाला है। पौधे की पत्तियाँ और बीज दोनों ही व्यावसायिक महत्व के हैं। धनिया की फसल, धनिया के बीज और पत्ते, धनिया ताजी हरी पत्तियों की अनुमानित संरचना, धनिया के बीज की समीपस्थ संरचना , धनिया उत्पादन प्रौद्योगिकी, प्रसंस्करण और मूल्य संवर्धन, मूल्य वर्धित उत्पादों का विकास, धनिया बीज प्रसंस्करण और मूल्य वर्धित उत्पादों का विकास, धनिया के फूल का उपयोग
मिर्च (Capsicum annuum. L, - Solanaceae) मूल्य वर्धित उत्पादों के लिए प्रसंस्...jaisingh277
हरी और सूखी मिर्च दोनों ही भारतीयों के नियमित आहार के महत्वपूर्ण घटक हैं। यह व्यंजनों को आवश्यक तीखापन, रंग, और स्वादिस्ट खुश्बू प्रदान करती है। जब मिर्च को भोजन के साथ लिया जाता है, तो यह स्वाद कलियों को उत्तेजित करता है और वहां लार के प्रवाह को बढ़ाता है जिसमें एंजाइम विश्लेषण होता है जो स्टार्च या अनाज वाले खाद्य पदार्थों के पाचन में मदद करता है।
अरबी कन्द (Taro) (कोलोकैसिया एस्कुलेंटा) उत्पादन, मूल्यवर्धन और आय सृजन हेतु...jaisingh277
अरबी / अरवी / घुइयां / तारो (कोलोकैसिया एस्कुलेंटा) मुख्य रूप से एक सब्जी का पौधा है। इसे मीठे स्वाद वाले कंद के लिए उगाया जाता है। कंद, ताजी पत्तियों और तने को अच्छी तरह से पकाकर कई प्रकार से खाया जाता है।
Melon Family Seeds Underutilized Rich Source of Human Nutrition - Potential U...jaisingh277
Five fruits and vegetable crops seeds (Water melon, Musk melon, Pumpkin, Bottle Gourd, Bitter Gourd ) belonging to melon family - Cucurbitaceae, contain food and biologically active substances having beneficial effect on the vital activity of the human body. These seeds
are rich source of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, biologically active compounds, anti-bacterial, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial.
DOLICHOS BEANS (SEM KI PHALI ) PRODUCTION POST HARVEST MANAGRMRNT AND VALUE A...jaisingh277
Sem ( Lablab purpureus (Linn.) / Syn-Dolichos lablab Linn / Indian bean is a multipurpose annual or short lived wild perennial plant used as vegetable, pulse and forage. Leaves, flowers and roots , all are edible. It belongs to Fabaceae family and LabLab genus. Ayurveda calls it medicinal plant. Mostly it is home grown/ backyard / wildly grown plant. Now its demand is at increase, so commercial cultivation is growing day by day.
FORAGE SEED - PRENEURSHIP FOR RURAL EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME GENERATION FILE PA...jaisingh277
It presents GRASSES AND LEGUMES FOR PASTURES AND GRASSLANDS .Cenchrus ciliaris L.-
( ANJAN GHAS)
For grazing and hay making
Rs550./kg
Cenchrus setigerus Vahl. (DHAMAN GRASS)
For Grazing , Hay and Silage
Rs550/kg
Bothriochloa intermedia (R.Br.) A. Cam (BADA PHULVA)
For Grazing , Hay and Silage.
Rs550/kg
Chloris gayana Kunth. (RHODES GRASS)
For Grazing , Hay and Silage
Rs 650 /kg
Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. (GOLDEN BEARD GRASS (DHAWALU GHAS)
For Grazing and Haying. Rs550/kg
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.(LEMON GRASS ? OIL GRASS)
For Grazing and Haying
Rs 150 – 250/kg, etc. Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.
(SIRATRO)
For Grazing , Haying and Ensiling
Rs150 - 250/kg
Lablab purpureus (Linn.) Sweet . (LABLAB BEAN (SEM)
For Grazing and Ensiling
Rs160/kg
Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. (LUCERNE)
For For Grazing and Ensiling
Rs315 – 350/kg
Stylosanthus Scabra (STYLO)
For Grazing and Ensiling
Rs300 – 350/kg
Stylosanthes humilis
For Grazing and Haying
Rs300 -350/kg, etc. FORAGE TREES, CULTIVATED FODDER CROPS AND LEGUMES - SEED
FORAGE SEED - PRENEURSHIP FOR RURAL EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME GENERATION Part - Ajaisingh277
Seeds are the foundation of forage production. Technology facilitates in day-to-day operations for the system, but without a regular supply of quality seed in sufficient quantity, yields and crop quality can not be sustainably achieved. There is a large gap between demand and availability of forage crop seeds. With this in view, this presentation is made to augment forage – seed - preneurship at rural base. The approach is to equip seedpreneurs with desirable knowledge about product, financial and marketing aspects; higher technical skill and managerial expertise.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Cambridge International AS A Level Biology Coursebook - EBook (MaryFosbery J...
KAIR (Capparis decidua) – A TREASURE HOUSE FOR INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
1. KAIR (Capparis decidua) – A TREASURE HOUSE FOR INCOME AND
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
Dr Jai Singh (ARS)
M Tech Ph D
Former Director ICAR – CIPHET
Mob:8958463808 E-Mail:jsingh.sre@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Ker/Kair or karira or kerda (Capparis deciduas, Family - Capparaceae /
Caparidaceae, Genus - Capparis) is an important indigenous leafless
shrub or small tree with dense thorny branches widely distributed in
arid and semiarid regions of India (Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana, Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh, deccan peninsula). It provides food
(pickle and vegetable), medicinal products, cosmatics, fodder, carving
wood, and fuel. Fruits (berry) are valuable integral source of nutrition and
income for the rurals. Sami, Pilu and Karir species also referred in
Mahabharat as a treasure house of potential drugs. It is grown along farm
boundaries, orans, gochars (local grasslands) wastelands. It grows better
in sandy soils and has fair tolerance to salinity, alkalinity, drought and
heat.
Local Names: Karira in Sanskrit, Karel/Karer or Kurrel (Hindi), Kair,
Kareal, Kerro, Taint (Rajasthan), Kera/Ker / Kerada (Gujarat), Karir / Karil
(Uttar Pradesh), Dela / kair (Delhi and Punjab), Teent (Haryana), Chippuri /
Nispatige (Kannad), Nepati (Marathi), Sirakkali / Shengan (Tamil) and
Kariramu / Enugadanta (Telegu), Karimullu ( Malayalam) Caper berry
(English) and Titali (Urdu).
Variety / Accession: Named varieties not available. ICAR – NBPGR,
ICAR – CAZRI, ICAR – CIAH , SKRAU maintained 32 accessions, among
which CZJK-8, CZJK-9, CZJK-4, CZJK-15, CZJK-21, CZJK-14, CZJK-33,
CZJK-34 and CZJK-35 were assessed at ICAR – CAZRI, Bikaner.
Propagation: It is propagated by seeds or root suckers or stems.
Mature seeds are sown in nursery or in polythene bags. Nursery
raising takes about a year. Plantation is done in rainy season.
2. Planting : Pit planting is done at 3m x 3m spacing. FYM and soil 50 :
50 is filled in pits. Newly planted plants need adequate moisture for
survival.
Flowering and Fruiting: Vegetative propagated plants flower in 4 – 5
years while seedling plants take 7 – 8 years. Fruiting occurs 2 – 3
times in a year (March – April , May – July and October - November).
Fruit ripens from green to white and finally light cherry red. Harvesting
is done during driest period just before on set of monsoon (July –
August).
Health Benefits: It is treasure house of numerous health medicines
and drugs such as to cure toothache, arthritis, asthma, cough,
inflammation, intermittent fevers, malaria, rheumatism, swelling cholera,
dysentery, urinary purulent discharges, cardiac troubles, trachoma,
constipation, ulcer, piles , skin diseases, etc. The plant has antioxidant,
antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-microbial, insecticidal, termicidal, antiviral,
anti-arthritis, antiplatelets, hypolipidimic, analgesic, properties. It is also a
rich source of basic mineral nutrients, calcium and potassium, electrolytic
minerals essential minerals ( Fe and Zn).
Harvesting: Hand picking of fruits is a common practice or by beating the
crown with wooden sticks. Kair fruit are harvested at three stages
(immature, semi-mature and fully-mature).
Yield: 1 – 2 kg tender green fruits / per bush. A tree yields 6 - 8 kg fruits.
Processing: Fruits are washed, cleaned,stalks removed and graded (small,
medium and bigger). The unripe / ripe fruits are not eaten freshdue to acrid
(unpleasant bitterness) taste. The fresh fruits are astringent due to the
presence of tannins and phenolic substances These are blanched and
cured for vegetables, pickles, punchkuta (sangria, Kair, Kachri, kumat and
mango/kamal kakri) and dehydrated products.Ker fruits are also cooked as
vegetables with the fruits of Prosopiscineraria(sangri)and seeds of Acacia
senegal (Kumat).
Blanching and Curing: Fruits harvested at immature stage (20 days after
fruit set) are blanched for 3 minutes followed by curing in salt (5%) for the
first 6.days and salt 10% + buttermilk 25% for the next 6 days for better
taste and rehydration ratio. The fruits are sun dried to 5 – 7 % moisture for
future use..
3. Processing / Value addition
Flowchart of Kair pickle
Harvesting of tender Fruits
↓
Cleaning and removal of fruit stalk
↓
Store the fruits in earthen pot
↓
Mix curd (250 g) and salt (50 g) kg-1 fruit
↓
Add water till the fruits are properly embedded
↓
Keep the pot in sunny place after closing the lid
↓
Drain the water after 4 days
↓
Repeat the process at least 4 times
↓
Taste the fruit, as it gives flat and salty taste and repeat the process once more, if
needed
↓
Ready to use
Oil :- seeds contain 20.3 % high quality edible oil.
Food Uses: Flower buds and unripe fruits as vegetable, pickle, mixed
aachar, panchmal-ka-sag or pachkuta,curry. Flower buds for food flavoring
and fruit extract as a flavor agent in the food processing industry. The
dehydrated fruits are used as off-season vegetable,
Storage:
The fruits are stored either in pots or in plastic containers. Processed dried
fruits are stored in flexible poly bags at ambient conditions of temperature
and relative humidity. Dried (5 – 7 % moisture) fruits can be stored in poly
bags without any deterioration in the quality long time (2 – 3 years).
Fodder: The fruit is relished by camels and by goats.
4. Kair / Capparis decidua – Potential Income Generation Plant in Waste Lands
Kair- C. deciduas Deserts Ravinous wastelands Deccan peninsula
Kair Propagation and Production Technology
Kair- C. Decidua seeds Kair- C. Decidua
seeds
Nursery plot Poly bags nursery
Seedlings Vegetative proogation Invitro Propagation Field with pits
Pits with water
conservation
Pit making machine 4 hole pitter Pitting machine
Kair planting Kair bush crop Kair bush crop Kair grown up bush
5. Kair tree
Kair bush in flowering Kair tree in flowering Kair flower buds
Kair fruiting Kair fruit Kair unripe fruit Kair ripe fruit
Kair fruit variation Kair unripe fruit lot Kair ripe fruit lot Kair seed
Kair ( Capparis decidua) Processed Products
Processing and Curing:
Kair fruit with stalk Kair fruit with stalk De stalked fruits Washer cleaner
Basket washer
Wirenet rinser
Kair washing cleaning
6 days curing in in 5 %
salt water
6. 6 days curing in 10 %
salt water + 25 %
butter milk
Draining excess
water Draining excess water Cured berry sorting
Sweep sorting Sun drying 5 – 6 %
moisture
Solar drying Poly house drying
Mechanical drier
Dried Kair
Dried Kair grinder Kair seed powder
Product Development
Kair fruit powder
Kair dietary fiber
Kair local aachar Kair pickle
Kair seed Kair roots Kair root bark
Kair root bark powder
8. Kair (Capparis decidua): A potential ethnobotanical weather predictor
and
livelihood security shrub of the arid zone of Rajasthan and Gujarat
Dheeraj Singh1 & Ranjay K Singh2*
1Krishi Vigyan Kendra,CAZRI, Pali-Marwar 306 401,Rajasthan; 2Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132
001, Haryana
Assessment of in-situ Variability in Kair (Capparis decidua) Germplasm for
Utilization in Genetic Improvementthrough ex-situ Conservation H.R. Mahla* and
J.P. Singh Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station,
Jaisalmer 345 001, India
Kair cultivation variety ICAR – NBPGR india