importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.

1. CASHEW

2. CASHEW
 Scientific Name : Anacardium occidentale
 Family - Anacardiaceae
 Origin - Brazil
 Chromosome non - 42

3. Types of cashew
 There are mainly 20 species of
Anacardium known to exist in Central &
South America.
 Some other species are A. excelsum
(wild cashew), A. giganteum(medicinal
cashew, caja acu), A.spruceanum.
(NRCC, 1995)
 But only A. occidentale is the only
species available outside the world (Nath
et al., 2009).

4. History
 It was introduced to India by the
Portuguese in the 16th century from brazil
(de Costa, 1578).
 In India, cashew was first introduced in
Goa from where it spread to other parts of
the country.
 Earlier-cultivated for soil conservation

5.  Commercial cultivation began in the early
1920s .
 From India it spread to Vietnam and other
south east Asian countries.
 Presently cashew cultivation is present in
Brazil, India, Vietnam, Indonesia tropical
Asian and African countries

6. CULTIVATION IN THE WORLD
COUNTRY PRODUCTION (MT)
Vietnam 1,110,800
Côte d'Ivoire 950,000
India 753,000
Nigeria 450,000
Benin 180,000
World Total 4,439,960

7. Cashew Cultivation in India
• India is one of the leading producers
(processed) and exporters of cashews in the
world
• Currently, India has approximately 0.97 million
hectares under cashew cultivation with
productivity of 770 kilograms per hectare.
• Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka are the
primary producers of cashew along the western
coast of the country.

8.  Andhra Pradesh (AP), Odisha, Tamil Nadu (TN)
and West Bengal (WB) are primary producers
along the eastern coast.
 Maharashtra is ranking first in area, production
and productivity in country

9. State Wise Statistics
States 2013 2014
Area Productio
n
Area Productio
n
Maharashtra 184.2 224.6 184.2 236.2
Andhra Pradesh 184.0 118.5 185.0 100.4
Odisha 163.9 100.8 116.9 85.7
Kerala 84.9 77.0 84.9 80.1

10. Export
 The country accounts for about 65 per cent of the
world's total exports
 India exports kernels to more than 60 countries
across the world
 In 2013-14, India's exports of cashew and cashew-
based products were worth US$ 0.82 billion

12. NUTRIONAL STATUS
 Cashew kernels contain 47% fat, 21% protein and
22%carbohydrates. Oleic acid – 73.4%
 Protein efficiency ratio of kernel=3.2
 Cashew apple is vey rich in vitamin C and ascorbic
acid.
 Phenols and flavonols are present in apple
• (Nath et al., 2009)

13. BOTANY
 Cashew is a low tree with a prominent tap root system.
 Leaves are alternate, simple, round and pinnately
veined.
 Inflorescence is an indeterminate panicle. Bisexual
and staminate occur in same inflorescence

14.  Pollinated by bees, flies and ants.
 Cashew fruit is kidney shaped drupaceous fruit.
Weight (3to 20g), shelling % (15-20).
 Out of 85% pollinated flower only 4-6 grow into a fruit

16. Climate and Soil
• Can tolerate wide range of ecological factors.
• Latitude – grow up to latitudes 270N and
280S.
• Altitude- grows well below 700m MSL.
• Best suited to lower elevations and near
coastal tracts.

17. TEMPERATURE
 Can survive well between 290 C to 490
 It does not thrive below 20°C temperature for long period
and very high temperature 39 to 42°C during the movable
stage of fruit development cause fruit drop.
 Heavy rains and cloudy weather adversely affect the
yield in cashew

18. Rainfall
 Requires a annual rainfall range of 600mm- 2500mm.
 Requires high temperature and humidity for growth.
Sunshine
 It is a sun loving tree and therefore, does not tolerate
excessive shade.
 It needs minimum of 6-8 hours of sunshine per day.

19. SOIL
 It is generally grown on a waste lands of low fertility also.
 Being hardy plant, cashew can grow in Warkas land on
top slope of the hills, red sandy loams arid light coastal
sandy soils as well.
 It requires a well drained soil.
 It can be grown on almost all types of soil from sandy
sea coast to laterite hill slopes upto an elevation of 700 m
above sea level.

20. BEST CLIMATIC FACTORS
1. Dry spell during flowering and fruit setting.
2. No cloudy weather during flowering- less pest attack
3. Normal temperature (32-380C) during marble stage of
fruit development is good.
4. less drought period

21. PLANTING MATERIALS
 Propagated by seedlings, air layers, and softwood grafts
 Cross- pollinated crop
 Vegetative propagation is recommended to obtain true to
type progeny
 Softwood grafts which give high rate of establishment and
early flowering are recommended for planting

22. Propagation by seedlings
• Selection of mother trees
• Characteristics :
• Good health, intensive branching habit with panicles having high
% of hermaphrodite flowers
• Trees of 15-25 years of age
• Bearing nuts of medium size and weight (5-8 g/nut) with an
average yield of 15 kg nuts per annum
• Bearing 7-8 nuts per panicle

23. • Selection of nuts
Select mother trees in February
Collect seed nuts in March-April
Select good, mature, medium sized nuts, which sink in
water as seeds after drying in sun for 2-3 days

24. Spacing
• Normal density : 7mx7m to 10mx10m
(depending on soil fertility)
• Wider spacing in fertile soil and closer spacing
in less fertile soil
• High density planting : 4mx4m or 5mx5m or
8mx4m
• Season /time of planting : June-July or
September – October

25. SYSTEMS OF PLANTING
• The square system of planting or the triangular system of
planting may be adopted. Plant population at different
spacing and systems of planting are given below

26. spacing Plant population / ha
Square system Triangular system
10mx10m 100 116
8mx8m 156 180
7mx7m 204 234
7.5mx7.5m 177 204
4mx4m 625 720
5mx5m 400 460
8mx4m 312 360

27. Method of planting
• Planting is done in pits (60cmx60cmx60cm)
• Fill the pits with top soil to ¾ of the pit capacity and organic
manure (about 10 kg).
• While planting the graft union should remain 2.5 cm above
the ground level
• Remove the polythene tape and staking should be done
immediately after planting to protect the graft from wind
damage

28. MANURING
• An integrated approach consisting of growing leguminous green manure/
cover crops, recycling of crop residues, application of organic mixtures
and bio-fertilizers is to be followed.
• Leaf litter and cashew apple residue could be effectively used for
vermicomposting which will be ready in 95 days.
• Growing of leguminous cover/ green manure crops are highly beneficial
in young plantations.
• Cover cropping prevents soil erosion and conserves water; also
suppresses weed growth in early years.
• When organic manures are used, around 25 kg poultry manure, 60 kg
FYM or 30 kg vermicompost may be used per adult tree.

29. Irrigation
 Newly planted grafts should be irrigated
regularly during summer periods.
 Drip irrigation or pitcher irrigation is
adopted.
 For adult plants about 200 liters of water
per tree are applied at an interval of 15
days during summer months.

30. Soil and water conservation
 In sloppy lands pits of
60cmx60cmx60cm or trenches of
50cm width, 50cm depth and
convenient length are taken in
between rows (along the contour) to
conserve soil and water
 This conserve soil and water but also
enhance the growth of cashew
 Mulching with cashew waste is also

31. Weeding
 Manual weeding can be done within 2 m
radius of the trunk.
 In large plantations weeding in the
interspaces can be done effectively and
economically using tractor-mounted
rotary weed slashers.
 The slashed materials and weeds can be
used for mulching, which reduces further
infestation.

32. Intercropping
 Pineapple is the most profitable intercrop in
cashew plantation in the early stages of
growth.
 It can be planted between two rows of
cashew in trenches opened across the slope.
 Paired row of pineapple suckers can be
planted in each trench at 60 cm between
rows and 40 cm between two suckers within
the row.
 Ginger, lemongrass and tapioca are also
suitable as intercrops and the intercrops are

33. VARITIES OF CASHEW
VARIETY PARENTAGE YIELD
(kg)
NUT WT. SHELLING %
BPP1 HYD No.1 X T.No 273 17 5 27.5
BPP2 HYD No.1 X T.No 273 19 4 26.0
BPP3 Clonal selection 16 6 28.0
BPP4 Clonal selection 12.5 6 23.0
BPP5 Clonal selection from T.No.1 42 5.2 24.0
BPP6 Clonal selection from T.No. 56. 42 5.2 24.0
Varieties released for cultivation in AP
CASHEW RESEARCH STATION, BAPTLA

34. • First varieties are released from cashew
research station at Anakkayam and rest from
Madakkathara
VARIETY PARENTAGE YIELD
(kg)
NUT WT. SHELLING %
Anakkayam -1 Selection from T.No 139 12 5.95 28
Sulabha selection from open pollinated
var.
21.90 9.80 29.40
Mridula PTR 1-1
Madakkathara
-1
selection from open pollinated
var.
13.80 6.20 26.80
Madakkathar
a -2
selection from open pollinated
var.
17.00 7.25 26.00
Priyaka Hybrid 17.03 10.80 26.57
Kanaka Hybrid 12.80 6.80 30.58
Dhana Hybrid 10.66 8.20 29.80

35. Variety Yield Bearing habit
Amrutha 18.35 Mid
Anagha 13.73 Mid
Akshaya 11.78 Mid
Damodar 13.36 Mid
Raghav 14.65 Mid
Poornima 14.08 Mid
Sree (selection from
Anakkayam-1)
23.78 Early

36. NURSERY TECHNIQUES

37. Raising seedlings
 Raise seedlings in polythene bags during May
 Use polythene bags of size 20cm x15cm and fill the bags with garden
soil, leaving a gap of 1-1.5 cm above
 Soak seed nuts in water for 18-24 hrs to hasten germination
 Sow the pre-soaked seed nuts in polythene bags filled with garden soil
at a depth of 2-3cm with the stalk end up
 Seeds germinate in 7-10 days

38. PROPAGATION BY AIR LAYERING
 Prepare air layers during February- March, so that they will be
ready for planting in June –July
 Select 9-12 months old pencil thick terminal shoots
 Remove carefully a strip or ring of bark, 0.6- 1.2cm thick by
using a sharp knife.
 Wind a string around the cut area and cover it with moist potting
mixture and wrap round with 150- 200 gauge polythene film of

39.  Secure loose ends of film with jute fibre
 When roots emerge from the ringed portion in 40-60 days, give a
‘V’ cut a lower end of treated shoot.
 After about 15 days, deepen the cut slightly.
 Pot the layers immediately after separation from tree into
containers of size 15 x 15 cm made from coconut husk and keep
them in shade

40. Softwood grafting
 Selection of nuts
 Seed nuts collected during peak period of harvest (feb- march)
and sun dried for 2-3 days
 Quality seed nuts are selected by immersing in water. Seeds
which sink in water may be selected.
 Medium sized nuts (7-9g) selected to get vigourously growing
seedlings

41. • Raising rootstocks
• AS SIMILAR AS RISING SEEDLINGS
Selection of rootstock
• Select 50-60 days old seedlings having single main stem
grown in the centre of polythene bag as rootstock

42. Selection of scion
• Select 3-5 month of old non –flowering lateral shoots of
current seasons growth.
• Selected scion should be 10-12cm long, straight, and
pencil thick with brown colour having dormant plumpy
terminal bud. Top 4-5 leaves should be green in colour

43. • Preparation of root stock
• Retain two pairs of bottom leaves and remove others from
the selected seedlings using a sharp knife.
• Give a transverse cut on the main stem , 15 cm above
ground level.
• A cleft of 4-5 cm deep is made in the middle of the
decapitated stem of the seedling by giving a longitudinal
cut.

44. • Preparation of scion
• Select a matching scion stick ( same thickness that of
rootstock)
• Cut end of scion is shaped to a wedge of 4-5cm long by
chopping the bark and wood from two opposite sides

45.  Grafts are to be watered regularly using rose
can or micro sprinkler.
 Remove new sprouts emerging from
rootstock at frequent intervals.
 Grafts should be placed on polythene sheets
spread on the ground to prevent rooting.

46.  Raising of rootstock seedlings, grafting of
rootstocks and maintenance of grafts is done
inside the polyhouse.
 These polyhouses give protection to seedlings
and grafts during heavy rains and reduce
mortality.
 During summer months the seedlings/ grafts
can be maintained in these polyhouses by
covering with HDPE shade nets(35-50% shade)

47.  Older cashew plantations- criss- cross
branches, dried and dead wood, water shoots
etc are removed at least once in 2-3 yrs.
 Allows proper growth of canopy and receipt
of adequate sunlight on all branches.
 Pruning of cashew plants done during
May/June.

48.  Technique recommended for enhancing the productivity of cashew
plantations.
 Technique involves planting more number of grafts per unit area and
thinning at later stages.
 Instead of normal planting density of 64-177 plants (spacing- 7.5 to 10 m
in square system of planting), 312-625 grafts will be planted per
ha(spacing 4mx 4m or 8mx4m)

49.  Per tree nut yield will be more or less same as that of normal density
but per ha yield is more for high density planting.
 Substantial quantity of firewood is obtained during thinning .

50. Plant protection
• Maintenance of hygiene
• Timely pruning can keep the tree in a hygienic manner and
there by avoids the incidence of pests and diseases.
• Regular burning of the residues of the plantation at periodic
intervals from the flushing time to harvest can
systematically eliminate many of the insect pests especially
that of caterpillars, thrips, leaf and plant hoppers as well as
some of the bug and beetle species.
• They are positively attracted to light or bonfires and thus
get killed.

51. • Smoking
• Smoking the plantation is found repelling
many insect species harmful to the crop.
• Smoking the plantation with organic wastes
during flushing, flowering and fruiting phases
will keep TMB infestation low.
• Mechanical
• Mechanical destruction of sluggish and
congregating stages of the insect-pest are
• advisable.

52. Tea mosquito
• Most notorious pest of cashew
• Recurring pest
• Attacks tree in every season during every
flushing, flowering and fruiting periods
• Drying of inflorescence and die back of shoots

53. Management
• Spray either neem oil (0.5-1%) or Pongamia oil (2%)
during flushing, flowering and fruiting phases. Add
teepol/soap.
• Repeated sprayings at fortnightly intervals may be
required in specific situations such as heavy infestations
or young plantations.
• Trees which harbour large populations of predator ants
and spiders being natural enemies of TMB and other
pests, can provide protection. So promote predator ant
and spider colonies.
• To manage the TMB anthracnose complex, Bordeaux
mixture (1 %) may be sprayed as prophylactic along with
the control measure for TMB. The affected plant parts are
to be removed.

54. Stem borer
• Beetle and its larvae tunnel into the tree trunk and roots.
• Female beetle lay eggs on the crevices of the bark of the collar region of
the tree trunk
• Food and water translocation is affected and tree gradually dies
• Early stages of attack are seen from cheewed wood observed at the base
of the tree
• Yellowing of leaves , drying of twigs, presence of holes at the base of
stem with exuding sap and frass

55. Management
 Removal of dead and dried branches of trees, dead trees and
trees at advanced stages of infestation at least once in six
months help in reducing the spread of stem and root borers.
 Roots should not be left exposed in the field.
 Swab mud slurry or coal tar and kerosene (1:2) for adult trees or
neem oil 5% (50 ml neem oil in 1 litre of water + 5 g of bar
soap) on the tree trunk up to 1.0 m height, thrice in a year.
 Smearing of lime on the bark crevices.
 Application of wood ash (15-20 kg/tree) and common salt at
the base reduces the pest infestation.

56. Anthracnose
• Imp. disease of cashew in Kerala. Along with tea mosquito it
inflicts severe damage and yield reduction
• To control anthracnose and tea mosquito bug
Product Dose (per litre) 50 ml
neem oil
Frequency
Neem oil (0.5-1%) +Copper
oxychloride 0.2 to 0.3%
(5 ml of neem oil in 1 litre of
water with 5 g of bar soap
or 2 ml Teepol) + 2g Copper
oxychloride
Fortnightly interval

57. Diseases affecting cashew nursery
• Damping off, seed rot, seedling blight and root rot are the
diseases that cause serious damage in the nursery.
• Can be effectively managed with integrated control
measures as given below.
• The seedling diseases could be prevented by providing
proper drainage facilities in the nursery.
• Provide enough drainage holes on the bags used for raising
seedlings.
• Raise seedlings in solarised potting mixture. Potting
mixture has to be solarised for one month using 150 gauge
transparent polythene sheets.

58.  After filling the potting mixture in the polythene bag, use
Trichoderma enriched manure for potting mixture.
 Incorporate Mycorrhiza @ 10g/kg and PGPR mix I 5g/kg
potting mixture before sowing the seeds.
 Remove and destroy the disease affected seedlings.
 Never re-use contaminated potting mixture.
 Provide sufficient spacing in the nursery to ward off
excess humidity.
 Never raise cashew nurseries in heavily shaded areas.

59. HARVESTING
 Fruits will be ready for harvest about 2 months after
fertilization of flowers
 Ripened fruits will fall down which can be collected
manually
 The nuts can be extracted from apple, dried in sun
for about 2 days and stored temporarily till
marketing

60. PROCESSING

61. Cashew oil
• Cashew oil is a dark yellow oil for cooking or
salad dressing pressed from cashew nuts
(typically broken chunks created during
processing).
• This may be produced from a single cold
pressing.

62. Cashew shell oil
• Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil
is a natural resin found in the honeycomb
structure of the cashew nutshell and is a by
product of processing cashew nuts.
• It is a raw material of multiple uses in developing
drugs, antioxidants, fungicides, etc.
• It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti-
termite treatment of timber.
• Its composition varies depending on how it is
processed.

63. Alcohol
• In Goa, the cashew apple (the accessory fruit)
is mashed, the juice is extracted and kept for
fermentation for a few days.
• Fermented juice then undergoes a double
distillation process.
• The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny.
Feni is about 40-42% alcohol.
• The single-distilled version is called urrac,
which is about 15% alcohol.

64. THANK YOU