This document provides information on the papaya plant. It discusses that papaya is native to Mexico and is a tropical fruit plant that can be grown as a dioecious or gynodioecious species. It describes important papaya varieties cultivated in India along with their characteristics. The document also covers papaya cultivation practices such as climate requirements, soil type, planting spacing, irrigation, fertilizer use, pest and disease management, and harvesting.
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Genomic classification of marigold .African marigold(Tagetes erecta) .CN- 2n=24 .Family-Composity/Asteraceae . Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula) .CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Production technology for higher production in papaya, cultivation of papaya, hybrid papaya propagation in an open field, how to papaya cultivation in India, high production growing papaya, different varieties of papaya ,red lady papaya,Pusa delicious, pusa nanha,co-1,pusa gaint,sex forms,
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold .African marigold(Tagetes erecta) .CN- 2n=24 .Family-Composity/Asteraceae . Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula) .CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Production technology for higher production in papaya, cultivation of papaya, hybrid papaya propagation in an open field, how to papaya cultivation in India, high production growing papaya, different varieties of papaya ,red lady papaya,Pusa delicious, pusa nanha,co-1,pusa gaint,sex forms,
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
PAPAYA – SOIL, CLIMATE, WATER AND NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT, PAPAIN EXTRACTION, USES,
PESTS AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT
Sharad Bisen
courtesy: open Source Study Material
Passion fruit -an underutilized fruit cropkaviyakodai
passion fruit is a valuable fruit crop but it is underutilized,it will be a future food crop.It is better to know much more about it to enjoy good taste, benefits and economical value.
All about production technology of Papaya (Climate, soil, varieties, propagation, planting & spacing, nutrient management, irrigation and fertigation, training and pruning, intercultural operations, papain extraction, harvesting and yield, major diseases, major pests, major disorders)
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4. Introduction
Papaya has 4 genera and 30 species.
It is naturally a dioecious plant, but gynodioecious cultivars have been developed in
papaya through breeding.
The leaves are palm like with long talks.
Flowers are borne in axillary position and solitary and fragrant with variety of sex
forms.
Fruit : fleshy berry.
Numerous round wrinkled black seeds.
8. Climate
It is a tropical fruit plant best grown in warm areas, plenty of
sunlight.
It needs adequate moisture and even distribution of rainfall
throughout the year and cannot withstand strong winds.
Temperature range of 21 C to 33 C is ideal for sturdy growth.
It grows well at altitude 1200m MSL.
Very much sensitive to frost.
9. Soil
Papaya grows best in light, well-drained soil rich
in organic matter.
Deep clayey soils that are prone to water-logging
should be avoided.
Papaya grows best at pH 6.0 to 6.5 but can tolerate
pH up to 5.8 to 7.0.
10. Varieties
Solo: It is a table purpose variety. The fruits are small with deep pink pulp and a
sweet taste. Excellent for kitchen garden.
Ranchi: It is a variety from Bihar and popular in south India. The fruits are
oblong with dark yellow pulp and sweet taste.
Pusa Delicious: It is a gynodioecious variety with 100% productive plants with
good fruit yield and quality having excellent taste and good flavor.
Pusa Majesty: This is also gynodioecious variety with high productivity and
better keeping quality of fruits. This is also one of the highest papain yielders.
Pusa Giant: This is a vigorous variety and is dioecious in nature. The fruits are
suitable for tooty-fruity and candies like petha.
11. Pusa Nanha- An extremely dwarf variety. It is suitable for kitchen gardens,
pot and roof cultivation. It is developed through mutation breeding.
Coorg Honey Dew: A selection from Honey Dew, it is a gynodioecious.
Pink Flesh Sweet: It is a selection with excellent-quality fruits. Fruits are
medium sized with pink flesh, The TSS is 12-14° Brix. It is a good dessert
variety.
CO-1 (1972): It is developed by sib mating Ranchi type over a period of eight
years. The plants are dwarf in stature and dioecious. There is no papain in the
fruit. It is a good table variety with good keeping quality.
CO-2 (1979): It is pureline selection from a local type. A dioecious type with
good Papain yield (4-6g per fruit).
12. CO-3 (1983): It is a hybrid derivative of the cross between CO-2 (female parent) and
Sunrise Solo (male parent). It is a gynodioecious variety.
CO-5 (1985): It is a selection from Washington type. It is a dioecious type suitable
exclusively for papain production giving 14.45g of dry papain per fruit.
CO-6 (1986): It is a selection from a giant papaya. The plants are dwarf. First harvest
can be had in 8 months of planting. It is suitable for papain (7.5 to 8.0g of dry
papain/fruit) and also for table purpose. Plants are dioecious.
CO-7 (1997): This variety (culture CP81) is gynodioecious in nature developed through
multiple crosses. The parents are Pusa Delicious, CO-3, CP.75 and Coorg Honey Dew.
Washington: It is a table purpose variety. Male and female plants are seperate.
17. FLORAL BIOLOGY
Dioecious papaya produces male and female flowers separately on
different plants while gynodioecious produces both male and female
flowers on the same plant.
The peak anthesis observed between 5-6 am. The receptivity of stigma was found
on day of anthesis and remains receptive for 6 days.
Three types of flowers ;
Female
Male
Hermophrodite
22. Propagation
Sexual Method -propagated by seeds
Seed germinates in 2 weeks.
Seedlings transplanted after 45-60 days .
Seed rate :
250-300g/h(Gynodioecious) and 400-500g/h (Dioecious) (20 seeds/g).
23. Asexual method:
Tissue culture technique using MS media
supplemented with NAA.
Shoot tip culture from seedling and laterals buds
from female plants of Coorg Honey Dew variety
was successful.
24. Land preparation
The land is ploughed and harrowed twice.
An elevated plot along the row is made by ploughing on barring
with two passes on each side. This will ensure proper irrigation
and drainage.
Organic fertilizer and manure should be spread and incorporated
in the soil during land preparation.
Land should be free from weeds before planting.
25. Planting density
1.8 m x 1.8 m = 3086 plants/ha for normally followed in most
places.
1.25 m x 1.25 m = 6400 plants/ha for Pusa Nanha is best for
HDP.
1.6 m x 1.6 m = 3906 plants/ha suitable for papain production.
A triangular 2 x 2 planting design can be adopted for non
mechanized
cultivation, and 2 x 2 x 4 in double rows for mechanized
cultivation.
26.
27.
28. Irrigation
After transplanting, make sure the plants get adequate water every 2-3
days until they are well established.
Water the papaya plants regularly especially when the climate is hot or
dry to prevent growth retardation, flower abortion and dropping of
young fruits.
We can use method of drip irrigation for efficient use of water.
Papaya requires 12 gals on water per day.
29. Manuring and fertiliser application
The nutrition for papaya differs from other fruit crops because of its quick growth,
continuous fruiting habit and higher yield.
NPK:: 250:250:500 g/plant, FYM 10 Kg/plant (UHS,Bagalkot).
Apply 20 g in each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacterium at planting and again after
six months of planting.
Deficiency of lime,zinc and boron has often been observed in papaya orchards.
Spraying of 0.5% Zinc sulphate and one spray of Borax (0.1%) may be done depending
upon the nutrient status of soil.
30. Weed control
Weeds can reduce by 25% production.
Deep hoeing is recommended during first year to check weed growth.
We avoid herbicides as much as possible since they kill microorganism in
the soil that helps enhance decomposition of organic wastes into fertilizer
and plant food.
Application of Fluchloralin or Alachlorin or Butachlorine (2kg/ha) as
preemergence 2 months after transplanting can control all weeds for 4
months.
31. Intercropping
Low-growing vegetables of short duration may be taken as inter-
crops.
An occasional thinning of fruits necessary to prevent
overcrowding .
Papaya also grows as filler or in plantations of other crops where
spacing is wide enough.
32. Removal of male plants
About 10% of the male plants are kept in the
orchards for good pollination where dioecious
varieties are cultivated.
33. Harvesting and yield
While picking fruits from the tree, care must be taken that they are not
scratched, and are free from blemishes, otherwise these are attacked by
fungus and start decaying during marketing.
On an average each plant of improved varieties bears 30-45 fruits,
weighing 40-75 kg in one fruiting season.
Average yield of 60-75 tons/ha may be expected in a season.
34.
35. Storage at :
10 oC-13 o C with Relative humidity 85-
90% for 1-3 weeks with proper handling.
Ethaphon treatment 1000 ppm increase ripening.
36. DISEASES
1. Stem rot / Foot rot:
Cause- It is caused by group of fungi but Pythium
aphanidermatu is mainly responsible for it.
Symptoms- Rotting of stem near collar region.
Control- Kavach/Rovral (2ml/litre) and Metalxyl/Mencozeb
(2g/litre) as and when required.
37.
38. 2. Powdery mildew:
Cause- Oidium caricae/ Laveilulla taurica
Symptoms-White mealy growth on leaves, petioles and
young shoots.
Control- Apply wetable sulphur ( 1g/litre ) during
September-January.
39.
40. 3. Anthracnose:
Cause - Colletotrichum gleoesporiodes
Symptoms- Dark brown depressed spots of chocolate colour.
Control- Apply Carbendazim (1g/litre) and Mencozeb (g/litre )
15 days before harvesting.
41.
42. INSECT- PESTS
1. White fly- Bemicia tabbaci
Symptoms of damage-Nymphs and adults suck the sap from under surface
of the leaves. Cause yellowing of leaves.
Control- Installation of yellow sticky traps. Spraying Imidachloprid 200SL
at 0.01% or triazophos 40EC at0.06% during heavy infestation.
43.
44. 2. Fruit flies- Bactrocera dorsalis
Symptoms of damage- Maggots puncture into semi-ripe fruits with
decayed spots. Oozing of fluid and brownish rotten patches on fruits.
Dropping of fruits.
Control- Monitor the activity of flies with methyl Eugenol sex lure
traps. Spray Malathion 50 EC 2ml/litre.
45.
46. 3. Ash weevil- Myllocerus spp.
Symptom of damage- Grub feed on the roots. Wilting
of young sapling notching of leaf margin by adults.
Control- Dust Lindane 1.3 D at 25 kg/ha
to kill grubs. Spray Carbaryl 50 WP at 2g/litre.
47.
48. Mealy bugs-
Symptom of damage- Flatten oval insects(1-4 mm long).
They can transmit a viral disease known as leaf drop and
will cause a reduced yield.
Control- Spraying Malathion at the rate of 1.5 to 3.0 tbs. per
16 liter knapsack sprayer.
