This document provides information on rose production technology. It discusses the classification of roses, their importance and uses, propagation methods including cutting, layering and budding, climate requirements, soil requirements, planting methods, aftercare including manuring, use of plant growth regulators, irrigation, weeding, mulching and pruning. The key aspects covered are the different types of roses, their propagation through cuttings and budding, climate and soil needs for rose cultivation, and maintenance practices like manuring, irrigation, weeding and pruning.

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR ROSES
Submitted by
Athira Rajan
CB.AG.U4AGR20015
Submitted to
Dr.S.Kumeresan
Assistant Professor
AMRITA SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES​
(Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham)​
Arsampalayam(PO),Coimbatore​

2. INTRODUCTION
• The rose is one of the oldest flowers in cultivation
and most popular of all garden flowers.
• The rose is an ornamental shrub with upright or
climbing stem.
• Roses can be one of the more profitable flower
crops to grow, but also one of the most difficult

3. CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES
• Hybrid tea:- (Hybrid perpetual x Tea roses) ,First variety:- La France
created in1867
• Floribunda:-(H.T. x Poliantha)
• Hybrid perpetual First hybrid:- Princess Helene
• Tea Roses(Tea scented china roses)
• Grandifiora:-(H.T. x Floribunda) ,First variety:-Buccaneer in 1952
• Polyantha:-(R. multiflora x R.wichuriana) x R. indica ,First cultivar :-
La paquerette (1875)
• Miniature rose :- popular as baby roses with small flowers.
• Climbers and ramblers:- clusters of small, single or double flowers
China roses:- (R.chinensis)
• Damask Rose:- (R. damascena)
• Bourbon rose:- (china rose x damask rose)
• Cabbage rose:-(R. centifolia)
• Musk rose:- (R.moschata)
• R. rugosa:-cold resistant

4. IMPORTANCE AND USES
➢ Cut flowers
➢ Garden display
➢ Pot plants
➢ Perfume and allied productslike
• Rose water
• Rose oil
• Gulkand
• Pankhuri
• Gulroghan

5. PROPOGATION
a) Cutting
Scented roses are mainly propagated
through cuttings. Hard wood Cuttings in
case of polyanthas, climbers, ramblers
and soft or semi hardwood cuttings for
miniatures are used. Cuttings are
collected from healthier plants with 15-20
cm length and 3-4 nodes. Cuttings are
treated with IAA, BA 100ppm. Cuttings
are planted in mist chamber for easy and
quicker rooting.

6. LAYERING
• Usually practiced in climbing and rambling cultivars
• Practiced in early monsoon or early spring.
• Not good due to the fibrous root.
GRAFTING
• Inarching is another method of propagating roses, but has
many disadvantages.
• Failure is common
• Flowering wood is sacrificed.
• The cost of grafted plant is costlier than budded plants.
• Not popular due to above drawbacks.

7. b) Budding
When a rose plant comes into flower small swellings are
visible between the stem and stalk of the leaf. Select the
eyes which are plump and not started to elongate and grow.
Cut off the portions of the branch with the eyes selected is
called as 'bud wood' with a budding knife remove a shield
shaped piece of the bark and the eye. The Root stock
should be kept ready by cutting the branches and side
shoots which are not required. Make a sharp horizontal cut
at a suitable height in the stock and then make a vertical ' T
' shaped cut in the stem of the stock. The 'eye 'should point
towards the top and is tied with fibre.

8. CLIMATE
• TEMPERATURE : The temperature should be maintained between 15-
18⁰ C and day temperature of 20 to 25°C.
• LIGHT : In general rose requires bright sunshine for the whole day.A
light duration lesser than 12 hrs leads to lower number of flowers and
the flowers are of inferior quality too.
• HUMIDITY : maintained between 50-60% in poly house during hot
summer months.In case of higher humidity in the atmosphere, water
drops accumulate on the rose leaves which if remain over there for a
longer period leads to many fungal diseases. Certain diseases like
mildews are associated with relative humidity.
• SEASON : It can be grown throughout the year. The best planting time
is between September and October in plains & in the hills it is during
October-November or February-March.
• CO₂ level of 1000ppm is ideal for quality bloom production of rose
• In open field condition ideal temperature is 15-28⁰C and humidity 75%.

9. SOIL REQUIREMENT
• Although any soil is good for rose cultivation. However, for
proper drainage, the medium loamy soil with sufficient organic
matter is essential.
• An ideal soil should be rich loose and structurally stable with a
depth of around 50 cm ensuring optimum drainage and aeration
of the roots
• Roses do not tolerate water logging and high water table
therefore an ideal soil must have a stable water table at the
active root zone.
• It grows well in a soil with a pH of 6.0 to 7.5
• The soil should have a fine tilth up to a depth of 50 cm and
should have a good drainage facility
• The soil should be free from gravel, stones, brick pieces and
other foreign material and exposed to sun for at least a week.
• If the soil is deficit of organic matter then 10-12 per cent of
additional organic matter may be added to it.

10. ➢ PLANTING DISTANCE
Normally roses are planted at 60 x 60 cm spacing.
Protected cultivation: 60x30 cm, 30x20 cm, 30x30 cm
Outdoor cultivation: 75x75 cm for Hybrids, 60x60 cm for other varieties.
➢THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PLANTING SYSTEMS
• Pit system: 45 cm3 (Length x Breadth x Depth)
• Trench system:
60 - 75 cm wide
30-45 cm height
Any length depending upon availability.
60-90 cm pathway

11. PREPARATION OF BEDS AND PITS
• The beds or pits for planting are prepared at least a month
before the date of planting. The preparation of beds may
be taken up during May or June.The beds are prepared to
a depth of 60-75 cm and a trench of 45-60 cm across is
dug to 30 cm depth.The trench is again dug and forked.
While forking a basketful of well-rotten cow dung
manure and a double handful of bone meal may be mixed
in the soil.If the soil of the bed is heavy clay with poor
drainage, the beds are raised to a level of 5 - 10 cm above
the ground. To improve the heavy clay soil, hydrated lime
@ 1.5 kg/sq.m is forked 30 cm deep into the soil at the
bottom of the bed. Gypsum @ ½ kg /sq.m can also be
applied. If the soil is light or sandy, plenty of compost or
FYM can be added to improve the water-holding capacity.
Pits of size 45 cm 3 can be dug while planting in pits.

12. BED
PREPARATION
• Width : 1m
• Length : 21m
• Height : 30 to 40 cm
• Pathway :60 cm

13. BASAL NUTRIENTS
• KNO3 - 420g / bed (21m2)
• CaNO3 - 420g / bed (21m2)
• DAP - 270 g / bed (21m2)
• MgSO4 -525 g/ bed (21m2)
• SOP -210 g/ bed (21m2)

14. SELECTING PLANTS
• Plants may be pruned lightly by removing the suckers and the dead, unhealthy and diseased twigs. Plants
selected for plantingshould have at least three strong canes.
PLANTING
• Before planting, the top 30 cm soil from the pits should be removed. The plant along with the earth ball may be
gently lowered into the pit, keeping the main stem in the centre of the pit. The bud union point where the scion
joins the stock is kept just above the ground level. Generally, in temperate countries the bud union point is kept
below the ground level. While planting it is necessary to spread out the roots evenly. The soil is returned to the
pit and firmed towards the center. The plant must be watered copiouslyimmediately after planting
AFTER CARE
• The newly planted roses require frequent watering in the beginning. After that they may be watered once in
five days during summer, and once in ten days during winter. If the soil is sandy, more frequent watering may
be necessary. On the other hand if the soil is heavy and retentive of moisture the watering interval may have to
be increased. Care should be taken to avoid ‘wet feet’, i.e. to avoid stagnation of water too long in the beds or
near the base of the plants as it is harmful to the roots. Suckers originating from the root stock must be removed
frequentlyto prevent the loss of vigour of the plants.

15. MANURING
• After pruning basins formed around the plant sand manures
are applied 10-15 cm depth.
• 6:6:12 g NPK/plant - Edward and Red rose
• 8:8:16 g NPK/plant - HT/Polyanthas/FB
• Application in 3 stages
1. 15 DAP
2. After first flush of bloom
3. After second flush of bloom
• Dose/plant - FYM 10 kg, Urea 65 g, Super phosphate 25 g,
MOP 50 g
• Foliar feeding - micro-nutrients - 20 g MnSO4+ 15 g
MgSO4+ 10 g FeSO4+ 5 g Boron @ 2g/l of water results in
bright coloured flowers.
• Organic manures- oil cakes and bone meal are excellent
sources of N and P respectively and may be applied after
pruning.

16. PLANT GROWTH
REGULATORS
➢GA 3 @ 250 ppm sprayed during the
flushing if found very effective to,
• Increase the length of the stem/shoot o
Increases the no. of shoots/planto
Induces early flowering o Prolongs the
flowering period o Enhancetheflower
yield
➢ CCC @ 3% results in more no. of buds
and also,
• Increase the flowering and size o
Increase the yield.

17. IRRIGATION
• Adequate soil moisture is very much
essential throughout the vegetative and
flowering stages of roses.
• In general water the rose beds once in a
week or 10 days in winter and twice a week
during the summer season.
• Flood irrigation is given at 10 days interval
depends upon the soil and climate. Avoid
irrigation immediately before and after
pruning.
• Drip irrigation is ideal for roses.

18. WEEDING
• Manual weeding is effective.
• Hoeing and roguing is also effective.
• Chemical control is economical, convenient and
effective.
• Diuron @ 2 kg ai/hac or Oxyfluorofen @0.5 kg ai/hac
• Effective control of broad leaved weeds by spraying
with 2,4-D, at the rate of 2 kg/600 l of water/hectare
25–30 days before flowering followed by cultivation of
soil to a depth of 6-10 cm.

19. MULCHING
• It conserve soil moisture.
• Supplyhumus.
• Suppress weeds.
• It is done with paddystraw, dried leaves.
• Also promotes growth and flowering.
• It promotesphysical propertiesof the soil.
• Mulching2 to 4 inches of organic material like wood chips if
found to reduce annual weeds and make hand weeding easier

20. PRUNING
• Pruning refers to the removal of certain portion of the plant.
• To improve the floriferousness and qualityof flowers along
with vigour of roses
➢STEPS
• Remove dead, diseased or damaged wood.
• Remove branchesthat grow towards the centre of the plant
• Remove the weakest crossed branch and sucker growth
(growth coming from below the bud union)
• Shape the plant
• Make a cut at 45 degree angle ¼ inch above an outward
facing bud.

21. TYPES OF PRUNING
➢There are three types of pruning
practiced in rose
• Light pruning: Cut either at the 2nd
or 3rd eye bud immediately below
the flower bearing stalk.
• Moderate pruning: Healthy shoots
are pruned back to 45- 60cm from
the base
• Hard pruning: Pruning is done by
leaving 10-30cmfrom the bud joint.

22. SPECIAL CULTURAL
PRACTICES
Thinning: Removal of the undesirable growth like inward
growth, weak stems, blind shoots, crowded growth.
De-suckering: The operation of removal of suckers from root
stock i.e. the shoots produced below the bud union on
rootstocks is called de-suckering.
Pinching: Removal of a part of terminal growing portion of
stem is called pinching.
Disbudding: Removal of undesirable buds is known as
disbudding.
Removal of young vegetative shoots: This practice is also
known as de-shooting.
Removal of faded flowers: Cutting of faded flowers will
force to produce strong lateral shoots which will produce good
quality flowers.

23. HARVESTING
• Flowering starts from 1st year onwards. Economic yield 2nd to 10th year.
• Flowers are harvested when the flower buds are in half open stage.
• For cut flowers, they are harvested at tight bud stage with long stalks.
• The stage at which flowers should be cut, either for decoration or for cut flower
dispatch is the tight bud stage.
• When the bud shows full color but the petals have not yet started
unfolding. Harvesting at this stage will help the flower to last longer in vases or
during transportation for better retention of colour and freshness. The optimum
stage may varying slightly depending on cultivar and one has to experience to
judge the right stage for cutting.
• Because a flower bud of a red cultivar when cut at a little early stage may fail to
open later. Most pink and red cultivars should be allowed to develop a stage
where one of the two outer petals begins to unfurl at the upper point
• Loose flowers used for preparing perfumes and various other products also for
worshipping are harvested only when they are fully opened

24. YIELD
• On an average the outdoor rose
cultivation produces about 60-80
flowers/m2/year
• Loose flowers : 7.5 t/ha
• Greenhouse yield ranges from 100-
150 stems, 200-225 and 250-350
stems per m2 in large hybrid tea,
medium types and small and sprays,
respectively.

25. POST HARVESTING
• After harvesting the flowers they are dried on floor
under shade for 2-3 days. Upon drying, the seeds are
separated by hammering the flowers and the flower
straw is separated out by winnowing of the hammered
flowers. The seeds are thoroughly cleaned and graded
before packing in poly bags or cloths bags, and are
stored in cool places. The moisture contents of the
seeds must be examined before the packing.

26. • Pre-cooling:In a cold storage at the
temperature of 4.4-7.2oC the flowers have
to be kept immediately after harvesting to
remove latent heat which enhances the
keeping quality of flowers. Usually pre-
cooling is done for 6-8 hours in winter and
8-12 hours in summer.
• Pulsing:Treating of cut flowers with 2-4%
sucrose solution for 3-4 hours. This intern
makes the cut flower very hardy and turgid
to improve the quality of cut flowers, also
have lees neck bending.
• Grades:The flowers which are in uniform
stem length and developing flower buds
should be grouped together at the time of
cutting and kept them in separate
container.
• For easy handling the basal foliage and
thorns may be removed up to 20 cm at the
time of cutting of the flowers.

27. MARKETING,
DISTRIBUTION AND
TRANSPORTATION

28. THANK YOU