Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit cultivation.
Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard. Higher and quality production is achieved from densely planted orchards through judicious canopy management and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
Guava : Psidium guajava has tremendous medicinal properties is also called "Apple of the tropics". Many recipes are made in daily life across the globe in Brazil, Chile, India, etc. It shows anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-spasmodic, anti-bacterial and many more properties.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
Guava : Psidium guajava has tremendous medicinal properties is also called "Apple of the tropics". Many recipes are made in daily life across the globe in Brazil, Chile, India, etc. It shows anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-spasmodic, anti-bacterial and many more properties.
Slides for presentation on Google Guava I gave at the Near Infinity (www.nearinfinity.com) 2013 spring conference.
The associated sample code is on GitHub at https://github.com/sleberknight/google-guava-samples
An introduction to early context of interactive fiction and some of the tools that can be used to create interactive fiction games. Links and more can be found at: http://www.realityisagame.com/archives/2963/getting-started-with-some-interactive-fiction/
The Guava project contains several of Google’s core libraries that we rely on in our Java-based projects: collections, caching, primitives support, concurrency libraries, common annotations, string processing, I/O, and so forth. There will be the slides presenting most useful and interesting features of Guava (v.12) that makes stuff simpler, better and code cleaner. We will cover most of the com.google.common.base.* classes and basic use of functions in collection and Google collections and few other features that are part of Guava and I find them very useful. Some of you will think that there is an overlap with Apache commons – and it’s true, but Guava is built with expectation that there is a Function and a Predicate class as well as various builders which makes it really cool and simple for many use cases.
For over coming the problem of unproductive and uneconomic orchards existing in abundance, large scale uprooting and replacement with new plantations (rehabilitation) will be a long term and expensive strategy. Therefore research efforts were initiated to standardise a technology for restoring the production potential of existing plantations by a technique called Rejuvenation.
HDP in Fruit Crops (Sanjay Cherty).pptxsanjaychetry2
Accommodation of the maximum possible number of the plants per unit area to get the maximum possible profit per unit of the tree volume without impairing the soil fertility status is called the high-density planting. HDP orchards were first planted in Europe at the end of the 19th century and since then there is a decline in traditional orchards with low densities. The underlying principle of a HDP is to make the best use of vertical and horizontal space per unit time and to harness maximum possible return per unit of inputs which means “planting of more number of plants than optimum through manipulation of tree size”. UHDP or Meadow Orchard System is a new concept of planting which has been developed in guava for the first time in India at CISH, Lucknow. The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of various fruit cultivation using small or dwarf tree with modified canopy. Fertilizer dose, spacing, growth regulation by the training and pruning, use of the mechanical devices etc. may also be tried either singly or coupled with other crop management practices for a successful adoption of this concept. It also promotes rate of photosynthesis that leads to high yield per unit area.
Planting densities:
Low HDP <250 trees/ha
Moderate HDP 250 to 500 trees/ha
High HDP 500 to 1250 trees/ha
Ultra HDP >1250 trees/ha
Super HDP 20,000 trees/ha
Meadow Orchard >70,000 trees/ha
Advantages:
Efficient utilization of inputs (seeds, plants, manures, fertilizers, chemicals, pesticides, machineries, tools, labours etc.) and resources (soil, water, solar radiation etc.).
Higher yield
Higher economic return
Easy canopy management
Convenient farm mechanization
Easy harvest
Improved quality of harvest
Disadvantages:
Higher establishment cost
Professional and scientific approach
Less life spans
Labor intensive
Maintenance of plant architecture becomes a tedious job
Key aspects of High-Density Planting:
Use of dwarfing rootstock and scion cultivars
Clonal rootstock
Training system
Pruning of plants
Use of Growth retardants
Light interception
Planting density
Canopy management
Dwarfing Rootstock
Apple M27, M9, M26, M4, M7, MM106
Mango Vellaikolumbun, Olour
Guava Pusa srijan, P. friedrichsthalianum, P. pumilum
Ber Z. nummularia
Citrus Alemow, Trifoliate orange, Flying dragon
Pear Oregon 211, Oregon 249, Quince C
Plum St. Julien, Pixy
Dwarfing Scion
Apple Red Spur, Starkrimson, Gold Spur, Well, Spur, Oregon Spur, Silver Spur, Red Chief, Mango Amrapalli
Papaya Pusa Nanha
Peach Red Heaven
Sapota PKM 1 and PKM 1
Training and Pruning:
Training and pruning are important orchard operations. It is part and parcel of high-density planting without which HDP cannot be successfully followed. Both the processes form an indispensable operation having direct bearing on growth and vigour of plants besides on yield and quality of fruits. A properly trained and pruned plants sustain heavy crop load and produce bounteous harvest of quality.
Presenter: B.C. Barah, C. Ramasamy and K. N. Selvaraj, V. Ratna Reddy, and G. Nagaraj, Scientific inputs from T. M. Thyagarajan
Institution: National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (ICAR), Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University and University of Agricultural Sciences, India
Subject Country: India
Multilayer Cropping : Ideal approach for better yield and increasing farm incomeAntaraPramanik
In India mostly farmers (about 85%)comes under small and marginal farmers. In near future, availability of land for cultivation will be reduce with increasing population and rapid urbanization, degradation of land due to soil erosion and soil salinity.
As per estimate, in India more than 95% holding will be under the category of small and marginal holders by 2050 (Agrawal R.L., 1995) .
For solution of this problem, multi storied cropping system will be a potential and efficient option to provide food, nutritional and income security to the growing population of India (Awasthi O.P. et.al., 2008) . This has possible because of the diverse agro climatic condition, enormous biodiversity, wide variation in soil fertility, large cultivable land area in the geographical boundary of India. Multi-layer Cropping is a system of growing crops together of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land. It is also referred as multi-storied cropping or multi-tier cropping. Multilayer Cropping is based on the principle of high-density planting and making the ultimate and efficient use of manure, water, land, labour and vertical space.
This system of cropping also works on the principles of minimization of production cost and inputs use, development of organic and sustainable farming system in order to mitigate the use of chemicals and ensuring the food and nutritional security to each household.
Multilayer system of cropping is sustainable method of cropping that is cost effective and requires less labour . Therefore, people should be made aware of this type of farming system.
We know that many farmers in different countries are unwillingly killing themselves because they work hard in their land but they don’t get good production.
Farmers who are willing to do work are deprived of different resources like irrigation and good area of agricultural land. In this scenario, they can be motivated to do multi-layer system of cropping which can ultimately solves all these problem.
This system of cropping can helps to uplift the economic condition of farmer. The Multilayer Cropping System is indeed a boon to small & marginal farmers.
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.pptxGANGARAM RANA
advances in different cropping system in plantation crops.ppt,
cropping system of plantation crop by gangaram rana ppt,
gangaram rana recent advances in cropping system of plantation crop, Cropping system of plantation crop ppt by gangaram rana
Horticultural practices likes as pruning, training, staking, mulching, PGRs and pollination found effective for achieving significant higher yield with improved quality.
Situation of land holding in India….
Problems….
Solution….
-Multi layer farming….
Project introduction
Selected crop information
Project description
Basic principle of multi-layer farming
Benefits of multi layer farming
Conclusion
Scope Of Vegetable Seed Production Under Protected Cultivation.pptxAnusha K R
Protected cultivation provides many-fold advantages over open field seed production of vegetables. The beauty of vegetable hybrid seed production under protected conditions is that it could be implemented at a micro or macro level depending upon the need, space, and seed crop requirements. This technology is highly productive, amenable to automation, conserves water, fertilizer, and land, and provides the required environment to overcome the biotic and abiotic stress and enhance yield as well as the quality of seeds. Protected cultivation offers a very congenial environment for producing healthy, virus-free, and genetically pure hybrid seed with higher seed yield per unit area.
Presenters: Jia-guo Zheng, Xin-lu Jiang, and Zhong-zhi Chi, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Presented at the Workshop on the System of Rice Intensification, Exchanging Experience in China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Internationally., held in Hangzhou, China, February 28-March 2, 2010
(Organized and hosted by the China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI) with support from The Asia Foundation)
Presenter: A. Satyanarayana
Presented at: 1st National SRI Symposium
Institution: Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
Subject Country: Tamil Nadu, India
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
3. INTRODUCTION
Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical
regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and
prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
Its cultivation requires little care and inputs. But, of late, this
crop has exhibited a paradigm shift in the production system,
from subsistence farming to commercial production.
3
8. Strength
The country is endowed with climatic condition for large
cultivation.
Number of cultivars and their adoption in different agro climatic
condition make the guava produce available.
Network research infrastructure to support the development.
Different season of availability of guava crop.
Changing dietary habit with rise in income would need more
guava produce.
8
9. Weakness
9
Inadequate database in guava.
Inadequate supply of quality plant material of improved
cultivars.
Inadequate trained human resource for technology
dissemination.
High incidence of pest and guava wilt (most destructive disease)
Lack of adoption of improved technology.
10. Why Meadow Orcharding ?
The traditional system of cultivation has often posed problems
in attaining desired levels of productivity due to large tree
canopy hence a need arose to improve the existing
production system, besides increasing its productivity.
Currently, there is a worldwide trend to plant fruit trees at high
density to control tree size and maintain desired architecture for
better light interception and ease in operations such as pruning,
pest control and harvesting. Meadow Orcharding enhances
production and quality of fruits.
10
11. Non intensive, age old planting system, trees planted at wide
spacing, accommodating about 100-250 plants/ha.
Less input and care intensive, holds popularity among
growers.
Output from orchard during early 5-10 years is less.
Pruning done at minimal level, orchard raised so as to
favour maximum development of trees.
.
Trees acquire commercial production potential after 7-10
year of planting.
1) Low density planting:
Different types of planting
11
12. Highly minimized distance covering 250-500 plants/ha.
Lead in output reliable growers to produce amenable fruit
crops like pomegranate, citrus, guava, papaya, banana, etc.
Proper pruning undertaken to manage tree in desirable shape.
More care intensive, labour requirement is more, obtained
yield is also more.
2) Medium density planting
Different types of planting
12
13. Very condensing planting with 500-5000 plants/ha.
Required heavy pruning. Yield as well as expenses per unit
area is high.
Ultra-high density:– 2,000-5,000 plants/ha.
Medium high density:– 500-1,000 plants/ha.
Optimum high density:– 1,000-2,000 plants/ha.
3) High density planting
Different types of planting
13
14. Meadow-grassland, also known as Ultra-high density
planting.
Heavy use of growth regulators as well as pruning
Plants intended to produce yield after 2 years age.
5,000-1, 00,000 plants/ha in order to maintain tree form
Sever top pruning is practiced similar to mowing of
grassland.
4) Meadow Orchard
Different types of planting
14
15. Planting system Spacing (meter) Density of plant /ha
Low density
8×8
156
Medium density
6×6 277
High density 3×3 1111
Ultra-High density
3×1.5 2222
Meadow
Orcharding
2×1 5000
Table 1. Different spacing and density of plants/ha of guava
15
17. The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit
cultivation.
There is a shift in farmers' perception from production to
productivity and profitability.
Achieved through high density planting.
Concept of Meadow Orchard
17
18. Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer
spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard.
Higher and quality production is achieved from densely
planted orchards through judicious canopy management
and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
A comparison between meadow orchard system and the
traditional system of fruit growing is necessary to evaluate
the potentiality of this technique.
Concept of Meadow Orchard
18
19. Attributes Traditional system Meadow system
Bearing After two years From first year
Production
Average yield is 12-20 t
ha-1 Average yield is 40-60 t ha-1
Management
Difficult to manage due to
large tree size
Easy to manage due to small tree
size
Labour
requirement
Requires more labour Requires less labour
Production cost
Higher cost of production Lower cost of production
Quality
Large canopy, poor
sunlight penetration and
poor quality fruits
Small canopy better air and
sunlight penetration ,minimum
disease incidence and high
quality fruit with good colour
development.
19
Table 2. Comparison between traditional system and meadow orchard
system of guava
Singh (2010)CISH, Lucknow
20. Maximum fruiting branches.
Minimum structural branches.
Better utilization of solar radiation.
Increase the photosynthetic efficiency.
Due to the dwarf tree minimum operation cost.
More trees per unit area leading to higher income.
Advantage of Meadow Orcharding
20
21. Component for meadow orchard system
21 Singh (2013)CISH, Lucknow
Dwarf
Suitable to
market
Varieties
Root stock
Plant utilize
maximum
light
Suitable to
guava
well fertile
Near to
source
Water
INM
IPM
True to type
Healthy
Free from
disease &
pest
Plant
trained for
making
dwarf
canopy
22. 22
Establishing Meadow Orchard
Meadow Orchard System is a
new concept of guava planting
which has been developed for
the first time in India at Central
Institute for Subtropical
Horticulture , Lucknow
Planting
The planting is done at 2.0 m
(row to row) x 1.0 m (plant to
plant), which gives a density of
5000 plants ha-1.
23. 23
First pruning
The tree are pruned and trained three time in a year to allow
maximum production of quality fruit during the first year.
A single trunk tree with no interfering branches up to 30-40 cm
from the ground level is desirable to make dwarf tree architecture
After a period of 1-2 month of planting all the tree are topped at a
uniform height of 30-40 cm from the ground level initiation of
new growth below the cut and no side shoot or branch should
remain after topping.
This is done to make a single trunk straight up to 40 cm height.
25. 25
Second pruning
After 15-20 days of topping new shoot emerge. In general, 3-4
shoot are retained from below the cut point after topping .
As shoot mature generally after a period of 3-4 month, they are
reduced by 50 percent of their total length so that new shoot
emerge below the cut Point.
This is done to attain the desirable tree canopy architecture and
strong frame work.
27. 27
Third pruning
The emerged shoot are allow to grow for 3-4 month before they
are again pruned by 50 per cent. After pruning, new shoot emerge
on which flowering take place.
It is emphasized that shoot pruning is done thrice a year. This
leads to desired canopy development. Though fruiting starts in the
same year.
Pruning is continued so that plants remain dwarf. After a year,
pruning operation is done especially in May-June, September-
October and January-February.
35. Continue shoot pruning (50%) on tree every year
Shoot initiate and flowering take place
Further Prune the shoot after 3-4 month of emergence (cutting back to 50%
of their total length)
Multiple shoot emerge below the cut end
Prune the shoot after 3-4 month of emergence (cutting back to 50% of their
total length)
Retain 3 to 4 shoot only
New shoot emerge below the cut surface
Top tree height of 30-40 cm from the ground level after 1-2 month of planting
Field planting (2×1m)
Meadow Orcharding
35 Singh (2008)CISH, Lucknow
42. Varieties
No of new
shoot
Flowering
(%)
Fruit set
(%)
Yield
(kg/plant)
Sardar 18.5 86.4 54.3 7.23
Sweta 17.0 44.0 49.1 8.14
CISH-G-5 15.0 51.4 49.7 8.39
CISH-G-6 14.4 57.8 51.0 7.11
Lalit 13.6 72.4 48.7 8.51
Allahabad Safeda 13.4 64.4 48.4 7.16
Hybrid seedling 10.6 37.6 54.4 4.20
CD(0.05) 2.33 3.10 3.14 1.3
42
Table 3. Influence of topping hedging on no of new shoot, flowering, fruit set
and yield of different varieties of guava under meadow orchard.
Singh (2011)CISH, Lucknow
43. Treatment
Fruit
Weight
(g)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
width
(cm)
TSS ̊
Brix
Acidity
(%)
Ascorbic
acid(mg
100/g)
Total
sugar
(%)
Sardar 165.0 7.2 7.0 11.3 0.31 162.6 8.2
Sweta 142.6 6.9 6.9 12.0 0.29 180.0 8.3
CISH-G-5 126.0 6.2 6.3 10.90 0.34 169.3 8.6
CISH-G-6 138.5 6.8 6.9 12.1 0.27 165.0 8.4
Lalit 113.0 5.5 7.2 11.4 0.31 171.3 8.4
Allahabad
Safeda
150.0 6.8 6.7 9.9 0.34 169.3 7.5
Hybrid seedling 91.0 4.9 4.6 10.0 0.34 189.2 7.4
CD (0.05) 2.92 0.38 0.22 0.78 0.05 11.03 0.37
43
Table 4. Influence of topping and hedging on fruit quality of different varieties
under meadow orchard.
Singh (2011)CISH, Lucknow
46. Densities 1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year 6th Year 7th Year
1.5×3.0 m 26.0 38.0 47.0 52.0 55.0
3.0×3.0 m 18.0 26.0 30.0 35.0 38.0
6.0×3.0 m 11.0 17.0 24.0 28.0 31.0
6.0×6.0 m 6.0 12.0 15.0 19.0 27.0
2.0×1.0 m 13.0 25.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
46 Singh (2008)
Table 5. Guava yield obtained under different densities (tonnes/ha).
CISH, Lucknow
47. 47
Spacing(m)
Cost Benefit Ratio
1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year 6th year 7th year
2.0 x 1.0 2.68 3.38 3.44 3.67
3.0 x 1.5 1.56 1.72 1.95 2.16 2.34
3.0 x 3.0 1.79 1.89 1.96 2.02 2.13
6.0 x 3.0 1.18 1.46 1.86 1.88 2.02
CISH, Lucknow Singh (2008)
Table 6. Economic analysis of B:C ratio of one hectare at different spaced
planting.
47
48. Year
Total
expenditure
Production
(tonne)
Gross
return
Net income
Cost benefit
ratio
1st 161183 13 78000 0 0
2nd 40711 25 150000 109289 2.86
3rd 54686 40 240000 185314 3.38
4th 67507 50 300000 232493 3.44
5th 76945 60 360000 283055 3.67
Table 7. Economic analysis of establishment, maintaining, and return from
one hectare meadow orchard spaced at 2×1 m (5000 plant ha-1)
CISH, Lucknow Singh (2008)48
50. Treatment
Number of
flowers shoot-1 Fruit set (%)
Fruit retention
(%)
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
I0 (no pruning ) 35.47 41.67 42.02 44.03 41.09 43.22
I1(pruning of 25%
previous season growth)
47.53 54.33 42.42 44.37 41.50 43.39
I2 (pruning of 50%
previous season growth)
42.73 49.20 43.68 45.06 42.25 44.60
I3(pruning of 75%
previous season growth)
37.12 43.67 44.51 46.43 42.99 46.09
SEm ± 0.757 0.866 1.053 0.529 0.757 0.388
CD 5% 2.136 2.480 3.015 1.514 2.169 1.110
Table 8. Effect of pruning intensity on number of flowers shoot-1 ,fruit set and
fruit retention in guava under meadow orchard.
50MPUAT, Udaipur Pilania Shalini (2009)
51. Table 9. Effect of pruning intensity on number of fruit and fruit yield (q/ha) in
guava under meadow orchard.
Treatment
Number of
fruits /plant
Yield
(kg/plant)
Yield
(q/ha)
2007 2008 Pooled Pooled
I0 (no pruning ) 40.0 52.0 4.18 240.48
I1(pruning of 25% previous
season growth)
31.80 41.20 4.68 254.26
I2 (pruning of 50% previous
season growth)
37.20 45.60 3.13 256.27
I3(pruning of 75% previous
season growth)
40.87 51.0 4.94 275.71
SEm ± 0.349 0.137 0.003 0.006
CD 5% 0.781 0.349 0.009 0.044
51MPUAT, Udaipur Pilania Shalini (2009)
52. Treatment
Fruit
diameter
(polar)
(cm)
Average
fruit
weight
(g)
Ascorbic
acid (mg
100 g-1
pulp)
Total sugar (%)
Pooled Pooled Pooled 2007 2008
I0 (no pruning ) 4.45 101.36 214.83 10.68 14.827
I1(pruning of 25% previous
season growth)
4.57 106.15 218.01 10.78 14.95
I2 (pruning of 50% previous
season growth)
4.86 121.83 222.20 11.27 15.63
I3(pruning of 75% previous
season growth)
4.93 127.79 227.48 11.03 15.30
SEm ± 0.010 0.746 0.769 0.0124 0.0172
CD 5% 0.029 2.120 2.166 0.036 0.049
Table 10. Effect of pruning intensity on fruit diameter, average fruit weight,
ascorbic acid and total sugar in guava under meadow orchard.
52MPUAT, Udaipur Pilania Shalini (2009)
53. Table 11. Effect of pruning intensity on TSS , acidity, average pulp weight and
pulp: seed ratio in guava under meadow orchard.
Treatment
TSS
(%)
Acidity
(%)
Average
pulp
weight
(g)
Pulp: seed ratio
Pooled Pooled Pooled 2007 2008
I0 (no pruning ) 14.53 0.48 96.73 18.72 24.84
I1(pruning of 25% previous
season growth)
14.66 0.50 101.53 20.32 25.11
I2 (pruning of 50%
previous season growth)
15.32 0.43 117.93 28.39 31.68
I3(pruning of 75% previous
season growth)
15.00 0.43 123.84 29.61 33.61
SEm ± 0.012 0.006 0.741 0.369 0.576
CD 5% 0.034 0.071 2.087 1.056 1.651
53MPUAT, Udaipur Pilania Shalini (2009)
54. 54
Treatment
No of flowers/plant
Summer Season Rainy Season Winter Season
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
T1 104.44 45.00 97.31 56.63 14.25 48.75
T2 72.85 22.42 90.59 28.65 17.63 32.76
T3 74.60 25.69 102.42 23.39 18.39 32.86
T4 93.67 21.74 101.99 25.78 11.26 28.06
T5 85.63 15.85 100.35 14.56 7.72 18.42
T6 93.38 15.75 99.94 33.25 20.13 33.88
SEm 15.40 8.28 20.27 13.55 3.40 7.85
CD at
5%
NS NS NS NS 8.26 NS
Ranchi, Jharkhand Maheta Sarita et al. (2013)
Table 12. Effect of pruning on no of flower plant -1 of different season crop of
guava cv. Sardar.
T1 No pruning
T2
80%
pruning in
May
T3
60%
pruning in
May
T4
80%
pruning in
October
T5
60%
pruning in
October
T6
Pruning at
three time
in year
54
55. Treatment
Yield (t/ha)
Summer
Season
Rainy
Season
Winter
Season
Total yield
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
T1 1.76 2.92 13.58 3.29 6.92 20.06 25.76 28.26
T2 1.56 5.01 12.71 2.91 10.12 22.56 24.39 30.48
T3 1.34 4.09 9.21 3.07 10.29 20.58 20.83 27.73
T4 1.69 5.60 17.56 4.61 6.48 12.11 25.73 22.32
T5 1.37 3.55 16.86 3.18 5.62 9.25 23.85 15.98
T6 3.73 9.07 16.48 4.92 5.03 23.26 34.88 37.24
SEm 0.61 1.26 1.26 0.90 0.46 1.26 2.53 1.82
CD
at
5%
1.49 3.06 3.95 NS 1.13 3.06 6.14 4.43
Table 13. Effect of pruning on yield of different season crop of
guava cv. Sardar.
T1 No pruning
T2
80% pruning
in May
T3
60% pruning
in May
T4
80% pruning
in October
T5
60% pruning
in October
T6
Pruning at
three time in
year
55Ranchi, Jharkhand Maheta Sarita et al. (2013)
56. Treatment
Average fruit weight (g)
Summer Season Rainy Season Winter Season
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
T1 119.76 102.06 113.72 99.22 136.68 108.25
T2 130.51 108.82 117.50 107.12 157.66 122.32
T3 131.85 110.02 119.32 105.36 142.03 119.45
T4 128.59 103.36 120.21 110.20 153.57 129.94
T5 131.38 106.77 118.40 115.23 150.74 130.01
T6 135.15 117.06 117.21 105.03 106.68 110.60
SEm 4.72 7.72 2.54 6.07 8.17 3.72
CD at
5%
NS NS NS NS 19.86 9.04
Table 14. Effect of pruning on average fruit weight of different season crop of
guava cv. Sardar.
T1 No pruning
T2
80%
pruning in
May
T3
60%
pruning in
May
T4
80%
pruning in
October
T5
60%
pruning in
October
T6
Pruning at
three time
in year
56Ranchi, Jharkhand Maheta Sarita et al. (2013)
62. Conclusion
62
India is the largest producer of guava in the world but the
productivity is very less as compared to developed countries
because of the absence of improved production and protection
technologies.
Meadow orchard planting system is one of the improved
technologies with use of improved cultivars, cultural practices
like canopy management and mulching leads to revolutionize
the guava industry by enhancing productivity coupled with
reduction of production cost along with best quality fruits.
Thus, it is clear that farmers should have to adopt this
technology for improving its productivity.