Uploaded byDr. M. Kumaresan - Hort.
Carnation.pdf
Carnation, the most significant cut flower globally, has a basic chromosome number of 15 and originates from southern France, with varying cultivars like standard and spray types. Grown under specific climate conditions and requiring precise nutrient and pest management, carnations feature a diverse range of flower forms and colors but can face challenges such as calyx splitting and various pests and diseases. Harvesting occurs in multiple stages, with yields varying between standard and spray varieties, highlighting their importance in floriculture.
More Related Content
Carnation.pdf
- 1. CARNATION • Most importantcut flower of the world • Basic chromosome number is 15 • Origin: Southern France • Flower colour- two major pigments viz., carotenoids and flavonoids • Bedding, pots, borders, edging, rock gardens • Excellent keeping quality, wide range of forms, ability to withstand long distance , rehydrate after continuous shipping Dianthus caryophyllus, Caryophyllaceae
- 2. SPECIES The genus Dianthushas about 300 species of which only a few are cultivated viz., D. caryophyllus D. barbatus - Sweet Williams D. chinensis- ‘Indian Pink’ or ‘Japanese Pink Modern day perpetual flowering carnation is a cross between D. caryophyllus x D. chinensis
- 3. Two major groups Standardtype Spray type 1. Large single blooms Smaller, more in a stem 2. Longer flower stalk Shorter 3.Exported as cut flower. Grown in cool climate condition Grown in full sunshine 4.Extensively grown in Columbia Grown world widely 5.Cultivars : Dusty sim, Sona, Chabaud giant, Inland densy, Sacking pink, Lady’s sim, Marguerette fantesy, Malmaison White sim, William sim, Scania, Giant, Dwarf spray carans. Arthur sim, Dusty yellow.
- 4. CLASSIFICATION Border and Picotee Earliesttype and easiest to grow Have symmetrical flowers Dwarf and hardy perennials Produce single stem during the first year and become bushy in the subsequent years They are classified according to the colour pattern of the petals such as Bizarres- white ground colour + stripes of two or more colours Flakes- white ground colour + stripes of single colour Fancies- brilliant coloured + irregular markings or blended colours Picotees- rounded and smooth petals of yellow, white or buff background + a band of colour border at margin Selfs- single even colour without spots or stripes
- 5. (ii) Chabaud ormarguerite Annual carnations Clove- scented single or double flowers Propagated by seeds The blooms are large with fringed petals, which do not last very long in vase Comparatively easier to culture than the perpetual type (iii) Malmaison Plants are stiffer with broad leaves, gives a massive appearance Flowers are large, double with well- filled centres, fragrant and generally have a pink shade The buds are rounded with short calyx
- 6. (iv) Perpetual flowering Theseare hybrids involving many dianthus species Produce flowers round the year Flowering stems are longer and have the ability to withstand long distance transportation They are grouped into standard and spray type
- 7. State/ Region Cultivars Maharashtra- Pune Aristo, William Sim H.P. -Solan Arthur Sim, Candy, Espana,White Candy Punjab-Ludhiana Arthur Sim, Sam’s Pride, Scarlet Elegance T.N.-Kodaikanal Arthur Sim, Scania, Scarlet Elegance and Star light W.B.-Kalimpong Arthur Sim, Dusty, Scania CULTIVARS GROWING IN INDIA First genetically modified variety: Moon dust - florigene
- 8. Red with smoothpetal edges with long flower stalks Yield: 300 to 325 flowers /m2 /year Important character: Tolerant to Fusarium wilt and nematodes IIHR- Arka Flame
- 9. Types of Greenhouses Types based on Climate control Naturally ventilated Poly House Fan & Pad Fan & Pad with Atomization
- 10. SOIL Well drained redloamy soil with pH of 5.5 - 6.5 EC - Vegetative stage - 1.2 ms/cm Generative stage - 1.5 - 1.7 ms/cm
- 11. Methods of Pre-plantSoil Sterilization Physical Process: Steam & Solar Chemical Process: - Formalin, Hydrogen peroxide - Basamid GR (Alternative to MB)
- 12. Basamid GR Basamid GR- soil fumigant, imported from Germany Used by growers in more than 90 countries. Does not pose hazard to the stratospheric ozone layer MB affects the ozone layer. End products of degradation are bicarbonate, nitrate and sulphate - plant nutrients. In India, it is only registered product as preplant soil sterilant, which controls nematodes, weeds, soil borne fungi, bacteria and insects.
- 13. Temperature Optimum night –10 -11°C during winter and 13 -15.5°C in summer Optimum day temperature range is 18 - 24°C High day and night temperatures during flowering result in abnormal flower opening and calyx splitting Calyx splitting of flower can be minimized by regulating temperature of the polyhouse to 15.6°C on cool days and 18.3°C on sunny days Increased temperature - stem length, mechanical strength of stem, flower size, number of petals per flower and keeping quality -decreased very low temperature delays flower bud development
- 14. Light: Facultative longday plant Require high levels of light to produce high quality flowers Photoperiod is more important factor than light intensity in flowering, which influences the lateral shoot development and flowering in carnation Carnation handles lot of light i.e. upto 50000 lux
- 15. Humidity Initial stagesof growth and development, humidity should be maintained around 80 to 85 per cent Whereas at full growth stage it should be 60 to 65 per cent Hot and humid climate is not suitable for carnation cultivation Ventilation A ventilation of 25-30% of the polyhouse ground area is ideal
- 16. Carbon dioxide level affectsboth plant growth and flower quality in greenhouse Best quality flowers can be produced when CO2 concentration in the greenhouse is maintained at 500 - 750 ppm during day time under high light intensity and in a temperature range of 14-15°C Under favourable conditions, additional carbon dioxide increases the flower production by 10-30%
- 17. Propagation Plantlets/suckers can beused for planting. The terminal cuttings of 5-10 cm are treated with NAA at 500 ppm for 5 minutes to induce rooting. Cuttings are dipped in Carbendazim 2g/lit solution. The cuttings normally develop good root system within 21 days.
- 18. Propagation Stem tip cuttings LeadingPrivate Compaines Albani Selecta Barbaret & Blanc P.kooij and Zonen Santamaria Hilwarda
- 19. Bed preparation Basal fertilizerdose of single super phosphate @ 200 g/m2 , potassium sulphate @ 150 g/m2, magnesium sulphate @ 50 g/m 2 and borax @ 2 g/m 2 should be evenly spread and thoroughly mixed with the media before bed preparation Azospirillum, Phosphobcteria, Trichoderma viridi, Pseudomonas fluorescens, VAM each 1 kg can be added for 500m 2 area for enriching the soil
- 20. Bed layout: • Bedlayout depends on the orientation of the greenhouse. However, balanced development of the crop occurs when the beds are formed in the North – South direction • If the beds run East - West, the crop tends to crowd in the northern side • The ideal bed width and height are 75 -100 cm and 30 - 45 cm • The bed length should not exceed 25 m. A path width of 45 - 50 cm is ideal
- 22. Planting should bedone preferably in the evening Spacing of 15 x 15cm ---- 30 - 33 plants/m2 In general four row or six row system of planting is adopted Planting should be done at shallow depth with part of the root zone exposed Deep planting will leads to rotting
- 27. Grow-bag system Grow-bag systemis a recent innovation in carnation cultivation Poly grow bags are made up of specially formulated plastic which has a longer life The bags are available in various dimensions The bags are filled with growing media, preferably inert media like cocopeat and used for planting Grow-bags are recently being used in some parts of the Nilgiris for carnation cultivation
- 28. Grow bag systemof Planting
- 29. Support Material -Netting
- 30.
- 31. Every 3m wiressupported with poles Bottom layer - 7.5 x 7.5 cm II nd layer - 10 x 1 0 cm III rd layer - 12.5 x 12.5cm IV th layer - 15 x 15 cm
- 33. PINCHING Removing the headsof main stem at early stage for side shoots Done 3 weeks after planting during morning
- 34. Single pinch At 5th or 6 th node 6-8 side shoots retained Pinch & Half Single pinch of main stem & half of resulting shoots long enough are pinched Provide steady production of flowers Double pinch Single pinch followed by another pinching of all shoots at 6-8 cm in length
- 35. 2 DISBUDDING Removing undesirable immatureflower buds for small no. of large flowers or large no. of small flowers
- 36. Disbudding Standard varieties –side buds removed without damaging leaves & stems Spray varieties – terminal bud removed to encourage lateral flower buds to develop Care taken to avoid injury to main stem
- 37. Nutrient management Basal application Singlesuper phosphate - 200 g/m2 potassium sulphate - 150 g/m2 magnesium sulphate - 50 g/m2 Boron - 20 g/m2 Water requirement 4-5 lit / m2 / day
- 38. Nutrients Quantity /m2/ week Tank-A (Monday and Thursday) Ammonium nitrate 3.0g Potassium nitrate 5.0 g Monoammonium phosphate 2.0 g Magnesium sulphate 2.5 g Boron 1.0 g Trace elements / micronutrients 1.0 g Tank – B (Tuesday and Friday) Potassium nitrate 5.0 g Calcium nitrate 8.0 g Nutrients Quantity / m2/ week Tank – A (Monday and Thursday) Ammonium nitrate 2.0 g Potassium nitrate 7.5 g Monoammonium phosphate 2.0 g Magnesium sulphate 2.5 g Boron 1.0 g Trace elements / Micronutrients 1.0 g Tank – B (Tuesday and Friday) Potassium nitrate 5.0 g Calcium nitrate 9.0 g Till bud formation Bud formation to harvest Fertigation schedule (Floriculture today April , 2007)
- 39. PESTS Red Spider Mite Symptoms: These have the ability to produce fine silk webbing They suck sap from the leaves which results in tiny yellow (or) white speckles Once the foliage of a plant becomes bronze it often drops prematurely Heavily infested plant may be discoloured and stunted Favourable conditions High temperature and low relative humidity More populated crop (dense crop) Control measures Apply Thiovat (Wettable sulphur) @ 2.0 g/lit , Metasystox (Oxy-demeton-methyl) @ 1.0 ml/lit or Vertimec (Abamectin) @ 0.4 ml/lit of water
- 40. Aphids Symptoms: Feeding usually occurson buds and undersides of leaves Feeding on young leaves results in distorted leaves as they continue to grow Older leaves may display patches of chlorolic spots Aphids excrete honey dew, which results in black fungus development on plants Favourable conditions: Cloudy weather favours rapid build up of aphids population Low temperature favours development of young aphids Control : Apply Asatap (Acephate) @ 0.5 – 1.0 g/lit of water
- 41. Thrips Symptoms: Both the nymphsand adults suck the sap from leaves and flower Leaves may fade and shrivel in case of heavy infestation and foliage becomes silvery Control Spray Asatap (Acephate) @ 1.0 g/1 lit of water (or) Decis (Deltamethrin) @ 0.5 ml/lit of H2O (or) Exodust @ 1.0 g/lit of water
- 42. Caterpillars Symptoms Feed on theleaves Sometimes they may bore into the buds, plant growth is affected adversely Favourable condition Warmer climate in polyhouse Fluctuation of relative humidity in the polyhouse Fluctuation of temperature in the polyhouse Control : Polytrin (Cypermethrin) @ 0.5 ml/lit of water
- 43. Nematodes Symptoms Infected plants usuallyappear stunted and tend to wilt on warmer days Root galls are generally conspicuous and easily identified Control: Thionet (Phorate) @ 6.0 g/sqm or Basamid (Dazomet) @ 6.0 g/sqm
- 44. Diseases Powdery mildew On thetop of the leaves white, powdery fungal growth develops consisting of hyphal threads and spore carriers The fungus is also observed on the underside of leaves Malformation of young leaves Brown spots develop on full grown leaves Control: Spray Roko (Thiophinate methyl) @ 2.0 g/lit or Bayer (Biternol) @ 2.0 g/lit of water
- 45. Black spot (Alternariadianthi): Characterized by appearance of round purplish spots on the leaves, enlarging slowly with brownish black centre having sporulation The leaf tissues surrounding this spot turn yellow Severe infection leads to premature death of the leaves Control: Spray Chlorothalonil@ 1.5 g/lit of water
- 46. Botrytis Symptoms: The fungus isusually identified by the development of fuzzy, grayish spore over the surface of the rotted tissues The fungus causes a brown rotting and blighting of affected tissues Blooms are worst affected resulting in poor quality Control: Spray Carbendazim / Capton @ 2 g / lit of water
- 47. Phytophthora Foot Rot Symptoms: Witheringand yellowing of foliage, leaf death External browning of stems and internal browning at nodes Stem and root rot may take place Lower leaves become purple and dry Shortening, blackening and rotting of stems Control: Apply Alleite @ 1.5 g/lit of water (or) Kavach (Chlorothalonil) @ 1.5 g/lit of water
- 48. Pythium Root Rot Symptoms:Infection results in stunted growth and ultimately drying of entire plant Control:Spray Bavistin (Carbendazim) 2.0 g/lit or Alleite @ 1.5 g/lit or as Kavach(Chlorothalonil) @ 1.5 g/lit of water
- 49. Fusarium (Stem rotand wilt) Symptoms: Lower leaves start becoming yellow followed by withering of leaf bases and yellowing of mid ribs and eventually the branch wilts Brown discoloration and shredding of vascular bundles Control: Spray Alleite @ 1.5g/lit or Kavach (Chlorothalonil) @ 1.5 g / lit of water
- 50. CNFV Disease Report Firstreport of Carnation necrotic fleck virus (CNFV) infecting carnations in India By G. Raikhy, V. Hallan, S. Kulshrestha, M. L. Sharma, Raja Ram and A. A. Zaidi In 2003
- 51. Physiological disorders Calyx Spliting: It is a major problem in carnation Causes: fluctuation in temp. (< 10º C ) moisture situation low N high ammonical N boron deficiency varietal character Control: This may be rectified by uniform watering, higher nitrate to ammonical N ratio fertilizer applications, spraying of borax and avoid planting of varieties which are prone to split (e.g. Carbet, Espana ,Pamir). Use small rubber band on bud when it show opening.
- 52. Sleepiness Due to ethyleneand water stress Carnation petals cup upwards and fail to open This is due to ethylene gas emitted by fruits and vegetables Controlled by not mixing the flowers with vegetables and fruits during storage and transit Spray STS -0.4mM – before harvest
- 53. Slabside Malformation during coolperiods Bud does not open evenly so that petals protrude on one side only, giving a lopsided shape to the flower This can be avoided in heated greenhouses but not when temperatures are too cool Weak Stem: Common during winter months due to reduced light & Excess Nitrogen Boron Deficiency Symptoms: Malformed flower buds, short stems and excessive branching Control: Apply boron through drip irrigation @ 30 g borax / 10 sqm once in a year
- 54. Curly tip This disorderaffects the growing tips which curl and become distorted. Tips of the young shoots fail to separate and continuation of growth results in a characteristic curvature. Poor light and other adverse conditions are thought to be the causes of the disorder. Water stress and potassium deficiency are suspected causes for a physiological curly tip and die- back of carnation flowers.
- 55. Grassiness Grassiness refers tofailure of plants to produce flowers. This is a genetic disorder which varies from variety to variety. Removal and destruction of affected plants is the only way of correcting this disorder.
- 56. Calyx tip dieback Potassium deficiency and water stress cause tip die back. The disorder commences with browning of the calyx tip and it progresses downwards damaging a major part of the calyx. This disorder is often followed by occurrence of secondary fungal infection which makes the flower unmarketable. Spraying of potassium chloride @ 5g/l two times at 10 days intervals and providing adequate water @ 4.5 l/m2 can minimize this malady
- 57. Internode splitting Splitting ofinternodes affects the quality of cut flowers. Splitting is due to boron deficiency. Application of borax @ 2g/m2 will correct internode splitting.
- 58. Harvesting Harvest: Flowering starts110-120 days after planting. Stages of harvest Standard types - paint brush stage Spray types - when two flowers are open and the remaining flower buds show colou
- 60. Stages of Harvesting Carnationis harvested in three stages Tight bud stage :- Advised for long distance market but in this flowers may not open sometimes Paint brush stage :- Standard carnations should be harvested when the outer petal unfold nearly perpendicular to the stem. Spray types are harvested when two flowers are open and the bud shows colour Semi open stage :- Ideal for short distance marketing.
- 61. In general 200-350flowers/m2 can be obtained from standard carnation, while 250 flowers/ m2 can be obtain from spray carnation. Yield Standard: 300-350 flowers/m2 (8 -12 flowers/ plant) Spray: 250 flowers/m2
- 62. Grading Description Code Minimum &Maximum Stem Length (in cm) 0 Less than 5cm or flowers marked without stems 5 5-10 10 10-15 15 15-20 20 20-30 30 30-40 40 40-50 50 50-60 80 80-100 100 100-120 120 120
- 63. Grading by Societyof American Florists S. No. Parameters Grade Blue or Fancy Red or Standard Green or Short 1. Bud diameter (mm) a) Tight 50 44 none b) Fairly tight 62 56 none c) Open 75 60 none 2. stem length (cm) 55 43 30
- 64. Packaging Wrapping the cutcarnation flower bunches of 20 in corrugated sheet , putting rubber band and packing in corrugated fibre board boxes Packaging sizes Flowers are packed in bunches and sleeved in plastic sheets or newspaper as desired by customer The sleeved bunches are packed in cardboard boxes having 122 cm L x 50 cm W x 30 cm H that are brought into the cold store and cooled down
- 65.
- 66. Pulsing Solan centre- 1mMSTS + 10% Sucrose for 8hrs 30 mg / L Silver Nitrate + 4% Sucrose 30 – 300 mg / L 8-HQC + 4% Sucrose 30 – 300 mg / L Copper Nitrate +3 % sucrose 50 mg/ L Benzalkone + 10 % Sucrose Commercially Used Floral Preservatives Chrysal, Florissant 100 and Forever. Doses : @ 2ml of Chrysal / Florissant 100 in 10 lit water
- 67. Storage The cut endsof the flower stems are dipped for 10 min in 1000 ppm STS Pulsed at 10 to 200 C temperature for one hours in 5% sucrose + 150 ppm HQC Cut carnation at paint brush stage, can be stored under refrigerated for 3 weeks at 4± 10C
- 68. Vase life -14 to 21 days Preservative solutions: 4% sucrose + 30 ppm AgNo3, 4% sucrose + 300 ppm 8 HQC Yield: Standard type: 200 Flowers/sqm Spray type: 250 Flowers/sqm
- 69. Ethylene Sensitive: Flowersproduce a large amount of ethylene and are so sensitive to ethylene present in the atmosphere. Ethylene accelerates senescence of flowers and sleepiness of petals. The fully opened flowers produce more ethylene and are more prone to ethylene damage than the immature buds. It is therefore suggested not to keep carnation flowers along with fruits and vegetables with emits ethylene gas. Pollination of flowers also promotes increase in ethylene production by the flowers. Therefore, pollinated flowers should not be stored or transported along with buds as few pollinated flowers may damage all the flowers in the box.
- 70.