Singhara / Waterchestnut , an aquatic crop, can be a source of income and employment generation in rurals through scientific production, processing and value addition
This document provides information on the cluster bean plant. It begins by identifying the scientific name as Cyamopsis tetragonolobus and notes it is a drought tolerant, warm season annual legume grown for its tender fruits. The document then describes the plant's physical characteristics including its upright structure, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. It discusses the plant's uses as a vegetable, for production of guar gum from seeds, and as forage/green manure. The document also provides details on cultivation methods, common varieties, and pests/diseases affecting the crop.
This document provides information on the cultivation of citrus fruits. It discusses the botanical classification of citrus, describing the major commercially grown varieties such as oranges, mandarins, grapefruits and limes. It also outlines the climatic and soil requirements for citrus cultivation, fertilizer and manure application methods, and the major citrus producing countries and states in India.
- Wheat is an important food crop worldwide and in India. The document discusses the botanical description, varieties, uses, production, and cultivation practices of wheat. It provides details on the climatic requirements, soil requirements, cropping systems, seed and sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, and a new system of intensified wheat cultivation. The key aspects covered include wheat being a staple food crop, grown widely in northern India, and requiring specific temperature and moisture conditions at different growth stages.
The document provides information on the custard apple plant. It discusses the botanical details, cultivation practices including propagation, grafting, pruning and harvesting. It outlines the nutritional composition and medicinal uses of custard apple. Major producing states in India are mentioned and high yielding varieties such as Balanagar, Mammoth and Arka Sahana are described.
This document provides information on wheat including its botanical name, origins, uses, and varieties commonly grown in Bangladesh. It is the second most important staple food in Bangladesh after rice. Soft wheat is used for making breads and hard wheat for products like suji. The document also discusses the ecological requirements for wheat cultivation such as climate, soil type, tillage practices, seed selection and treatment, sowing methods, and fertilizer application. Finally, it lists the most common wheat varieties grown in Bangladesh and their average yields.
This document summarizes the production technology of mangoes. It discusses that mangoes are the national fruit of India and are grown widely across states. It describes the botany of mango trees and their various uses. It provides details on suitable soil and climate conditions for mango cultivation. It also lists popular mango varieties grown in different regions of India. The document discusses mango hybrids and propagation through grafting. It describes the process of grafting and its various techniques. It concludes with information on flowering, fruiting and factors that influence fruit setting in mango trees.
Loquat Fruit : Introduction and Importance, varieties.Binita Suwal
loquat is very nutritious food that contain anti oxidants. Loquat is originally from southeast china, later neutralized in Japan and India. Loquat is moderate sized tree of abt 20-30 ft height.
This document provides information on the cluster bean plant. It begins by identifying the scientific name as Cyamopsis tetragonolobus and notes it is a drought tolerant, warm season annual legume grown for its tender fruits. The document then describes the plant's physical characteristics including its upright structure, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. It discusses the plant's uses as a vegetable, for production of guar gum from seeds, and as forage/green manure. The document also provides details on cultivation methods, common varieties, and pests/diseases affecting the crop.
This document provides information on the cultivation of citrus fruits. It discusses the botanical classification of citrus, describing the major commercially grown varieties such as oranges, mandarins, grapefruits and limes. It also outlines the climatic and soil requirements for citrus cultivation, fertilizer and manure application methods, and the major citrus producing countries and states in India.
- Wheat is an important food crop worldwide and in India. The document discusses the botanical description, varieties, uses, production, and cultivation practices of wheat. It provides details on the climatic requirements, soil requirements, cropping systems, seed and sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, and a new system of intensified wheat cultivation. The key aspects covered include wheat being a staple food crop, grown widely in northern India, and requiring specific temperature and moisture conditions at different growth stages.
The document provides information on the custard apple plant. It discusses the botanical details, cultivation practices including propagation, grafting, pruning and harvesting. It outlines the nutritional composition and medicinal uses of custard apple. Major producing states in India are mentioned and high yielding varieties such as Balanagar, Mammoth and Arka Sahana are described.
This document provides information on wheat including its botanical name, origins, uses, and varieties commonly grown in Bangladesh. It is the second most important staple food in Bangladesh after rice. Soft wheat is used for making breads and hard wheat for products like suji. The document also discusses the ecological requirements for wheat cultivation such as climate, soil type, tillage practices, seed selection and treatment, sowing methods, and fertilizer application. Finally, it lists the most common wheat varieties grown in Bangladesh and their average yields.
This document summarizes the production technology of mangoes. It discusses that mangoes are the national fruit of India and are grown widely across states. It describes the botany of mango trees and their various uses. It provides details on suitable soil and climate conditions for mango cultivation. It also lists popular mango varieties grown in different regions of India. The document discusses mango hybrids and propagation through grafting. It describes the process of grafting and its various techniques. It concludes with information on flowering, fruiting and factors that influence fruit setting in mango trees.
Loquat Fruit : Introduction and Importance, varieties.Binita Suwal
loquat is very nutritious food that contain anti oxidants. Loquat is originally from southeast china, later neutralized in Japan and India. Loquat is moderate sized tree of abt 20-30 ft height.
This document provides information about seed germination testing methods. It defines seed germination as the budding of a seed after being planted. Seed germination testing is conducted to predict field performance, obtain planting values, and compare germination rates between seed lots. Common substrates used include paper, sand, and soil. Seeds are placed on or between the layers of these substrates in trays under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. Proper lighting, cleaning, and breaking of dormancy are also required. Germination rates are calculated based on the number of normal seedlings observed over a testing period, usually 7-14 days.
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
Foxail millet, also known as Korra, is an important crop grown in parts of Asia, Africa, and America. It is cultivated mainly as a rainfed crop in India. The document provides details on the botany, economic importance, cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, varieties, seasons, nutrient management, irrigation, weed control, pests and diseases, harvesting, yield, storage, and post-harvest processing of foxtail millet. Key aspects covered include foxtail millet being a nutrient-rich cereal crop grown for its grain and straw, requiring moderate temperatures and rainfall of 50-70cm annually, with common varieties including Pant Setaria-4 and HMT-100-1.
Advanced production technology of jamun cropPawan Nagar
This document provides information on the production technology of jamun (Syzygium cumini), an underutilized fruit in India. It discusses the botany, varieties, propagation, planting, manures and fertilizers, irrigation, training and pruning, flowering, fruiting, harvesting, yield, post-harvest management, processing, insect pests and diseases of jamun. Jamun is a versatile fruit tree grown widely in India and other tropical countries for its food and medicinal value. Though not commercially cultivated, it has potential for commercial exploitation in wastelands and dry-land horticulture. The document outlines best practices for establishing and maintaining jamun orchards.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
This document provides information about grapes, including their botanical name, origin, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. It discusses seeded and seedless varieties of grapes grown in India and their uses. It also describes grape cultivation methods, including establishment of vineyards, planting systems, training methods, and rootstock selection. The key information provided includes that grapes are native to Armenia, Thompson Seedless is a popular variety, and head and bower systems are common training methods.
This document provides information on the plant Amaranthus, including its botanical name, origin in Central and South America and parts of Asia, and nutritional importance as a source of iron, calcium, vitamins A and C. It describes different Amaranthus species, including those cultivated for their leaves (A. tricolor) and grains (A. cruentus, A. caudatus). The document discusses amaranth varieties, climate needs, soil type, seed rate and transplanting information, irrigation, harvesting, and expected yields of 7,500 kg/ha over 2 months for this crop.
This document summarizes information on several minor fruits found in India, including their botanical details, places of origin, genetic resources collected, and promising cultivars. It discusses bael, tamarind, lasoda, karonda, khirni, mahua, jamun, and phalsa, providing details on the genetic resources collected for each from various research organizations in India. It also lists some notable cultivars for several fruits, highlighting traits like fruit size, weight, TSS, and yield.
This document discusses the taxonomy, origins, cultivation, and breeding of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). It begins by classifying cauliflower taxonomically and noting its introduction to India in 1822. It then discusses the origins of cauliflower and other cole crops in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines key traits that have been a focus in cauliflower breeding programs, such as curd quality, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. It also provides details on cauliflower growth phases, production trends in India, and methods for hybrid seed production.
This document discusses the breeding of cherry and strawberry plants. It provides information on the ploidy levels, breeding objectives, systems, and techniques used for both crops. For cherry, the key points are that sweet cherries are mostly self-incompatible while sour cherries are self-fruitful. Breeding objectives include increasing disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield. Methods discussed include inbreeding, interspecific hybridization, and mutation breeding. For strawberry, objectives are to improve yield, fruit quality, and disease/pest resistance. Their octoploid nature allows for interspecific hybridization to transfer genes between species. Micropropagation, thermotherapy, and recombinant DNA techniques have also been utilized.
- A 5-year-old apricot tree can yield 35 kg of fresh fruits.
- Apricot fruits are highly perishable and can only be stored for up to a week at 5°C and 85% relative humidity if harvested at optimum maturity.
- Apricot is an important stone fruit crop grown for its nutritional and commercial value, though its cultivation is limited by its perishability.
Soybean is an important legume crop originating from China. It is grown in over 35 countries with the largest producers being the United States, Brazil, China, and Argentina. Soybean seeds are high in protein (40%) and oil (20%) and are used to produce meal, flour, and oil for food and industrial applications. Soybean is a diploid species with 40 chromosomes and is highly self-pollinated. Techniques for selfing and crossing soybean plants are described. The document provides information on the taxonomy, uses, cytology, floral biology, and research of soybean.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
Elephant foot yam is a tropical tuber crop originating from Asia and Africa. It is commercially cultivated in several Southeast Asian countries as well as India. The document discusses the botany, varieties, cultivation practices, pests and diseases of elephant foot yam. Key points include that it grows from a corm and is propagated through daughter corms. It prefers sandy loam soil and humid tropical conditions. Common varieties include Santragachi and Kovvur. Proper spacing, fertilization, irrigation, and intercropping can yield 12-22 tonnes per hectare. Pests include aphids and diseases include collar rot.
This document discusses the breeding of wheat. It begins by outlining the taxonomy of wheat and providing an introduction. It then discusses the history of wheat cultivation and its origin. The document outlines the major species of wheat that are commercially grown, including bread wheat, durum wheat, and emmer wheat. It also discusses wheat production globally and in India. The document concludes by discussing future areas of focus in wheat breeding, including improving yield potential and abiotic/biotic stress resistance.
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to protect crops from adverse weather. It allows for higher yields, year-round cultivation, improved quality, and off-season production. Common crops suited for protected cultivation include tomatoes, capsicum, cucumbers, beans, and flowers. Proper site selection, orientation, structure type, production system, and climate control are important for successful protected cultivation. Potential issues include nutrient deficiencies or excesses, toxic gases, and pest and disease attacks.
This document provides information about strawberry production including its classification, varieties, cultivation practices, pests, and diseases. It discusses that strawberry is a short day, perennial herb rich in vitamin C and iron. The major varieties grown in India are Chandler, Tioga, Torrey, Selva, and Belrubi. Matted row system is commonly used for training. Proper soil preparation, irrigation, nutrition management and pest/disease control are required for successful cultivation.
KAIR (Capparis decidua) – A TREASURE HOUSE FOR INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATIONjaisingh277
Ker/Kair or karira or kerda (Capparis deciduas, Family - Capparaceae / Caparidaceae, Genus - Capparis) is an important indigenous leafless shrub or small tree with dense thorny branches It provides food (pickle and vegetable), medicinal products, cosmatics, fodder, carving wood, and fuel. Fruits (berry) are valuable integral source of nutrition and income for the rurals.
This document provides information about seed germination testing methods. It defines seed germination as the budding of a seed after being planted. Seed germination testing is conducted to predict field performance, obtain planting values, and compare germination rates between seed lots. Common substrates used include paper, sand, and soil. Seeds are placed on or between the layers of these substrates in trays under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. Proper lighting, cleaning, and breaking of dormancy are also required. Germination rates are calculated based on the number of normal seedlings observed over a testing period, usually 7-14 days.
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
Foxail millet, also known as Korra, is an important crop grown in parts of Asia, Africa, and America. It is cultivated mainly as a rainfed crop in India. The document provides details on the botany, economic importance, cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, varieties, seasons, nutrient management, irrigation, weed control, pests and diseases, harvesting, yield, storage, and post-harvest processing of foxtail millet. Key aspects covered include foxtail millet being a nutrient-rich cereal crop grown for its grain and straw, requiring moderate temperatures and rainfall of 50-70cm annually, with common varieties including Pant Setaria-4 and HMT-100-1.
Advanced production technology of jamun cropPawan Nagar
This document provides information on the production technology of jamun (Syzygium cumini), an underutilized fruit in India. It discusses the botany, varieties, propagation, planting, manures and fertilizers, irrigation, training and pruning, flowering, fruiting, harvesting, yield, post-harvest management, processing, insect pests and diseases of jamun. Jamun is a versatile fruit tree grown widely in India and other tropical countries for its food and medicinal value. Though not commercially cultivated, it has potential for commercial exploitation in wastelands and dry-land horticulture. The document outlines best practices for establishing and maintaining jamun orchards.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
This document provides information about grapes, including their botanical name, origin, nutritional value, varieties, and cultivation practices. It discusses seeded and seedless varieties of grapes grown in India and their uses. It also describes grape cultivation methods, including establishment of vineyards, planting systems, training methods, and rootstock selection. The key information provided includes that grapes are native to Armenia, Thompson Seedless is a popular variety, and head and bower systems are common training methods.
This document provides information on the plant Amaranthus, including its botanical name, origin in Central and South America and parts of Asia, and nutritional importance as a source of iron, calcium, vitamins A and C. It describes different Amaranthus species, including those cultivated for their leaves (A. tricolor) and grains (A. cruentus, A. caudatus). The document discusses amaranth varieties, climate needs, soil type, seed rate and transplanting information, irrigation, harvesting, and expected yields of 7,500 kg/ha over 2 months for this crop.
This document summarizes information on several minor fruits found in India, including their botanical details, places of origin, genetic resources collected, and promising cultivars. It discusses bael, tamarind, lasoda, karonda, khirni, mahua, jamun, and phalsa, providing details on the genetic resources collected for each from various research organizations in India. It also lists some notable cultivars for several fruits, highlighting traits like fruit size, weight, TSS, and yield.
This document discusses the taxonomy, origins, cultivation, and breeding of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). It begins by classifying cauliflower taxonomically and noting its introduction to India in 1822. It then discusses the origins of cauliflower and other cole crops in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines key traits that have been a focus in cauliflower breeding programs, such as curd quality, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. It also provides details on cauliflower growth phases, production trends in India, and methods for hybrid seed production.
This document discusses the breeding of cherry and strawberry plants. It provides information on the ploidy levels, breeding objectives, systems, and techniques used for both crops. For cherry, the key points are that sweet cherries are mostly self-incompatible while sour cherries are self-fruitful. Breeding objectives include increasing disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield. Methods discussed include inbreeding, interspecific hybridization, and mutation breeding. For strawberry, objectives are to improve yield, fruit quality, and disease/pest resistance. Their octoploid nature allows for interspecific hybridization to transfer genes between species. Micropropagation, thermotherapy, and recombinant DNA techniques have also been utilized.
- A 5-year-old apricot tree can yield 35 kg of fresh fruits.
- Apricot fruits are highly perishable and can only be stored for up to a week at 5°C and 85% relative humidity if harvested at optimum maturity.
- Apricot is an important stone fruit crop grown for its nutritional and commercial value, though its cultivation is limited by its perishability.
Soybean is an important legume crop originating from China. It is grown in over 35 countries with the largest producers being the United States, Brazil, China, and Argentina. Soybean seeds are high in protein (40%) and oil (20%) and are used to produce meal, flour, and oil for food and industrial applications. Soybean is a diploid species with 40 chromosomes and is highly self-pollinated. Techniques for selfing and crossing soybean plants are described. The document provides information on the taxonomy, uses, cytology, floral biology, and research of soybean.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
Elephant foot yam is a tropical tuber crop originating from Asia and Africa. It is commercially cultivated in several Southeast Asian countries as well as India. The document discusses the botany, varieties, cultivation practices, pests and diseases of elephant foot yam. Key points include that it grows from a corm and is propagated through daughter corms. It prefers sandy loam soil and humid tropical conditions. Common varieties include Santragachi and Kovvur. Proper spacing, fertilization, irrigation, and intercropping can yield 12-22 tonnes per hectare. Pests include aphids and diseases include collar rot.
This document discusses the breeding of wheat. It begins by outlining the taxonomy of wheat and providing an introduction. It then discusses the history of wheat cultivation and its origin. The document outlines the major species of wheat that are commercially grown, including bread wheat, durum wheat, and emmer wheat. It also discusses wheat production globally and in India. The document concludes by discussing future areas of focus in wheat breeding, including improving yield potential and abiotic/biotic stress resistance.
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to protect crops from adverse weather. It allows for higher yields, year-round cultivation, improved quality, and off-season production. Common crops suited for protected cultivation include tomatoes, capsicum, cucumbers, beans, and flowers. Proper site selection, orientation, structure type, production system, and climate control are important for successful protected cultivation. Potential issues include nutrient deficiencies or excesses, toxic gases, and pest and disease attacks.
This document provides information about strawberry production including its classification, varieties, cultivation practices, pests, and diseases. It discusses that strawberry is a short day, perennial herb rich in vitamin C and iron. The major varieties grown in India are Chandler, Tioga, Torrey, Selva, and Belrubi. Matted row system is commonly used for training. Proper soil preparation, irrigation, nutrition management and pest/disease control are required for successful cultivation.
KAIR (Capparis decidua) – A TREASURE HOUSE FOR INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATIONjaisingh277
Ker/Kair or karira or kerda (Capparis deciduas, Family - Capparaceae / Caparidaceae, Genus - Capparis) is an important indigenous leafless shrub or small tree with dense thorny branches It provides food (pickle and vegetable), medicinal products, cosmatics, fodder, carving wood, and fuel. Fruits (berry) are valuable integral source of nutrition and income for the rurals.
This document provides an overview of cashew cultivation. It discusses the botany of cashew trees, including characteristics, varieties, soil and climate requirements. It also covers propagation methods like seed propagation and vegetative propagation through grafting. Details are given on rootstock and scion selection, grafting techniques, and maintenance of grafts. Other topics include planting, intercropping, training, disease and pest management, harvesting, grading, and post-harvest activities.
Production technology of leafy vegetablePRAVINABARDE
This document provides information about the production of three leafy vegetables: amaranth, spinach, and coriander. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, climate and soil requirements, cultivation practices like sowing time, manures and fertilizers, and diseases and pests of each crop. For amaranth, several improved varieties are described for both leafy and grain types. Similarly for spinach and coriander, popular varieties developed in India are outlined. The document serves as a useful reference for the cultivation of these important leafy vegetables.
Pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the largest producer globally. The document discusses the taxonomy, distribution, varieties, cultivation practices and pest management of pomegranate. It provides details on important varieties like Ganesh, Alandi, Dholka; propagation through cuttings; cultural practices like irrigation, manuring, training; and management of pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar.
BOTTLE GOURD PROCESSING FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOP...jaisingh277
Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol) Standl), reservoir of vital nutrients, being highly perishable, exhibits unacceptable level of wastage and value loss ( 20 – 40 %.) .commercially value added products (juice, powder, seed oil, tuty – fruity, dried peels, fries, namkeen, etc ) have been developed
BOTTLE GOURD PROCESSING FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOP...jaisingh277
- Bottle gourd is a popular vegetable crop in India that is highly perishable, resulting in 20-40% wastage. It can provide high incomes for farmers of up to Rs 3.42 lakh/ha.
- Processing bottle gourd into value-added products can help minimize losses and generate new opportunities for rural employment and income through micro/small enterprises. Hundreds of traditional bottle gourd products exist across India.
- The document discusses various methods of processing bottle gourd into products like dried shreds, pulp, juice, as well as traditional sweets, snacks and foods made with bottle gourd. Processing can extend shelf life and open new avenues for rural development.
The document provides information on field staff training for rice production in Haryana, India. It discusses rice facts, growth stages of rice plants, packages of practices including planting methods, insect and disease management, and safe pesticide use. Key details covered include common rice pests like stem borer and their control methods, as well as diseases like blast and sheath blight and recommended fungicides for treatment.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.8 cultivation practices of papayaRai University
- Papaya is a tropical fruit that is widely cultivated in India for its nutritional and medicinal properties. It grows well in warm climates and produces fruit continuously throughout the year.
- There are several popular varieties of papaya grown in India, including Pusa Delicious, Pusa Majesty, and Coorg Honey Dew. Propagation is typically done through seeds, and papaya requires well-draining soil and regular irrigation for optimal growth.
- In addition to being eaten fresh, papaya is used to make products like jam, drinks, and crystallized fruits. The dried latex from immature papaya fruits is processed into papain, which has various industrial and medical uses.
The document provides information on the protected cultivation of papaya. It discusses the botany, climate requirements, cultivation practices including planting, irrigation, training and pruning, pest and disease management, and harvesting of papaya. Key points covered are that papaya grows in tropical climates, has large leaves and three types of flowers, and the fruit is harvested when light green and contains nutrients and enzymes that aid digestion. Proper soil preparation, irrigation, training and pest management are required to achieve yields of 75-100 tonnes per hectare.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on cashew nut marketing and production. It begins with introductions to plantation crops in India and their economic importance. It then discusses key details about cashew nuts, including their history and introduction to India, climatic requirements, cultivation practices such as planting, fertilization and harvesting. The document also covers cashew nut processing, grading, exports and production in India. It concludes with strengths, weaknesses and strategies for growing cashew nuts. The overall presentation aims to provide a comprehensive overview of cashew nut cultivation and marketing in India.
Group F is presenting their RAWE program report for the academic year 2018-19. They adopted the village of Ferozpora and conducted various surveys and activities there. They made maps of the village and collected demographic data which showed a population of 1765 people, most working in agriculture. They visited important facilities in the village and interviewed farmers. The group demonstrated soil sampling and distributed soil test reports. They analyzed the crop production and highlighted issues like lack of improved varieties and knowledge of nutrient management. The group's activities helped them gain understanding of rural life and the socio-economic status of the local community.
This document provides information on the course Production Technology of Vegetable Crops (VSC-502) taught at the College of Horticulture in Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. It introduces sweet potato as the topic of focus, discussing its botanical details, origin, nutritional value, varieties cultivated in India, production practices including soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, and pest and disease management. The document aims to educate students on the production aspects and importance of sweet potato.
Snapmelon (Cucumis melo var. momordica Duth. and Full) is an important member of the family Cucurbitaceae, with a chromosome no. 24, which comprises of 117 genera and 825 species in warmer parts of the world (Gopalakrishnan.,2007). Snapmelon is commonly known as ‘Phoot’ which means to ‘split’. The dessert form of Cucumis melo L. is a distinct group distributed and adapted well essentially under humid tropics of South India. Snapmelon is a locally grown dessert melon in Goa and coastal Maharashtra known as ‘Chibud’, in areas of Karnataka as ‘Hibadihannu’ or ‘Phoottikai’ and in Kerala it is known as ‘Pottuvellari’. Yet in northern India large scale cultivation of ‘phoot’ is confined to the states of UP, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Bihar. In arid area like Bikaner from Rajasthan nearly 28.70 % farmers out of 37.75% vegetable growers grow snap melon as a sole crop in kharif and rabi season as well.( Meena., S.R. et al., 2009)
The use of snapmelon is extremely diverse, depending on the type of fruit. Sweet types are consumed as dessert, while non-sweet types are used as vegetableThey are good sources of vitamin C, sugars, minerals and dietary fibre. The fruit of snapmelon contains 3% carbohydrate, 0.3% protein, 0.1 % fat, 95.7 % moisture, 265 IU Vitamin A 100g-1 and 10mg Vitamin C 100g-1 (Peter and Hazra, 2012). Seed contains 12.5 to 39.1 % edible oil. Besides nuitritional factor vegetable is used as a medicine in treating burns , abrasions and coolness of the body.
India being centre of origin, snapmelon has accumulated wide range of genetic variability with respect to the fruits are size small to large, rough and smooth, either oval or cylindrical in shape with a mealy, somewhat insipid or slightly sour flesh which burst on maturity. The productivity and quality are highly variable and sometimes results in low economic returns to the growers. Fruit cracking, low shelf life and lack of transportation & storage facilities are being the most common constraints.
This document provides information on barley floral biology and seed production. It begins with an introduction to barley, including its scientific name, uses, nutritional value, and composition. It then covers barley's systematics, origin, classification, types including two row, intermediate, and six row varieties. The document discusses barley's growing stages and floral biology. It provides details on quality seed production, including agroclimatic requirements, land preparation, isolation distances, sowing methods, variety selection, seed treatment, nutrient and water management, harvesting, threshing, and processing. It also addresses pest and disease management, heterosis and hybrid seed production, and includes references.
1) Lettuce is an important vegetable crop grown in temperate and tropical countries. It originated in the Mediterranean region and was spread throughout Europe by Greek and Roman civilizations.
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SINGHARA - WATER CHESTNUT (Trapa natans L.) PRODUCTION -PROOCESSING AND VALUE ADDITION SOURCE OF RURAL INCOME GENERATION
1. SINGHARA - WATER CHESTNUT (Trapa natans L.) PRODUCTION -
PROOCESSING AND VALUE ADDITION SOURCE OF RURAL
INCOME GENERATION
Dr Jai Singh (ARS)
M Tech Ph D
Former Director ICAR – CIPHET
Mob:8958463808, E Mail:jsingh.sre@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Water Chestnut (Trapa natans L.) belonging to monogeneric family Trapaceae, is a free floating
submersed plant community aquatic edible nut crop grown in ponds, lakes, streams and shallow
water-filled areas of tropical and sub-tropical regions. Trapa bispinosa is an important plant of
Indian Ayurvedic medicine system. Nut is triangular in shape with two horns and is about 2 cm
in diameter. This is also known as aquatic tuber. This crop is grown through India and
extensively in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand,
Karnataka, and Jammu and Kashmir. This presentation contains a brief on production
technology, processing and value added products of food - feed, commercial and industrial
importance.
Consultations: Research Bulletin. 2006. ICAR - Water Tecxhnology Center for Eastern Region,
Bhubneshwar. ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Water chestnut (Trapa natans) -
Singhara / Water Caltrops/ aquatic nut
Local Names: Singhada, pani-phal in Hindi; Shingoda in Gujarati; Paniphal, Singda or
Singara in Bengali; Shingade in Marathi; Smgtakah, jalphala in Sanskrit; Karimphola in
Malyalam; Cimkhara in Tamil, etc. Important Indian Varieties: Kanpuri, Jaunpuri, Desi
Large, Desi Small, Green Spineless, Green Spine, Red Spineless and Red Spine, etc.
are some common varieties. Nuts with different husk colour like green, red or purple
and a blending of red and green are also common.
Yield: Average yield ranges 2500 – 3500 kg / ha, however potential yield has been
obtained up to 5000 kg/ ha. Average size of the nut varies from 2.5 to 5 cm to and
weighs about 20 – 25 gram with 54 % edible white kernel part. .
Soil Conditions : Being an aquatic plant, the soil does not play much important role. It
grows well in well-drained, deep, fertile, moist loam to sandy
loam soil with good aeration and a soil pH level of 6.5 to 7.2. Water temperature of 12-
15°C is necessary for the fruit to germinate and 20°C is required for the development
of the flower.
Propagation: Fully mature seed nuts are placed in containers with little water
to germinate. The sprouted seeds are sorted out and broadcast in nursery tanks. At the
2. beginning of monsoon, the seedlings are lifted from the nursery tanks and planted in the
pond, at a spacing of 1-2 m or 2 - 3 m.
Nutrient Management: Potential production can be obtained on kg per ha application
of 30 – 40 N after 30 days of planting and again after 20 days of growth, 37.5 Mg and
6.9 Ca with some amount of phosphorus, potassium and poultry manure.
Harvesting: In general, flowering takes place during July and August. Harvest starts
from September - November to January. The first signal that harvest time is nearing is
when the tops of the plants begin to turn brown. Locally made rafts are used by the
growers for harvest.
Fresh Nut Self Life : Poly packaging with 5% perforation stored at 40C increased
storage life up to 14 days as compared to 5days in open ambient. Poly pack also
improved the TSS content of the fruit to 9.80B.
Health Benefits: Kernel contains protein up to 20%, starch (52%). Good source of
fiber and vitamin B along with Ca, K, Fe, and Zn. Rich in antioxidants, highly
nutritious, low calories. reduces the heart disease risk, cancer prevention, weight loss,
digestive health, improves appetite, controls diarrhea and dysentery. Powder relieves
cough and treats eczema and so on.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Waterchest nut Varietal nut colours Seed nut Rosettes with seed
nut
Rosettes with seed
nut
Sprouting nut for
nursery planting
Nursery
Roots development
in ponds
Crop in flowering
stage
Top leaves brown –
harvest start signal
Checking to start
harvest
Crop ready to start
harvest
3. Singhara in deep
water lake
Singhara in ponds Singhara in
shallow ponds
Singhara in shallow
fields
WATERCHESTNUT HARVESTING
Singhara fruit Singhara fruit harvest Rafts used to harvest
Rafts used to harvest
Bringing harvest on head Harvest in floating
containers
Manual washing Washing platform
Washing machine Chestnut washer Washed cleaned
produce
Bagging for market
Processing: Clean, wash and drain surface water. Slit the fruit on one side by sharp knife and
pull the fruit from peel. Put waterchestnut in wire basket, submerge in boiling water for 3 –
5minutes for blanching. The seed can be chopped, sliced, stripped
Boiling Boiled Singhara Slitting knife remove peel Peeled fruit
4. Fruit strips Fruit cubes Singhara solar drier Singhara solar drier
Singhara solar drier Singhara dehydrator
Dried singhara Singhara atta chakki
Food Products : Flour, Roti, Bread, Biscuits, Cookies, Pasta, Noodles, Cake, Pizza,
Pudding, Snacks, Kachri, Soup mix, Sabji, Dhokla, Panjiri, Sweets ( barfi, gulab jamun,
ladoo, jalebi), etc.
Flour Singhara roti Singhara bread Singhara biscuit
Pasta Noodles Cooki Pizza
Pudding Cake Soup Pulao
5. Sabji Snacks Gulab jamun Barfi
Laddoo Halwa Imerti Dhokla
Commercial Products: Atta / flour, cookies, dried singhara, jelly, snacks, canned whole or
sliced singhara, puddings, cake, bread, pasta (10 wheat semolina and 90 singhara powder),
soup mix (dried ground singhara and banana peels) , extrudates (40 singhara 60 potato),
cosmatics,
Dried Singhara
Jelly Face Gel
Drinks
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