A banner is simply the text that is embedded with a message that is received from a host.
Usually this text includes signatures of applications that issue the message. So, they reveal themselves to us.
For more information about ethical hacking log on to http://www.arizonainfotech.com/
CS8792 - Cryptography and Network Securityvishnukp34
this is an engineering subject.this consist of
pgno: 5 - Information security in past & present
pgno: 7 - Aim of Course
pgno: 8 - OSI Security Architecture
pgno: 9 - Security Goals – CIA Triad
pgno: 13 - Aspects of Security
pgno: 17 - ATTACKS
pgno: 22 - Passive Versus Active Attacks
pgno: 23 - SERVICES AND MECHANISMS
A banner is simply the text that is embedded with a message that is received from a host.
Usually this text includes signatures of applications that issue the message. So, they reveal themselves to us.
For more information about ethical hacking log on to http://www.arizonainfotech.com/
CS8792 - Cryptography and Network Securityvishnukp34
this is an engineering subject.this consist of
pgno: 5 - Information security in past & present
pgno: 7 - Aim of Course
pgno: 8 - OSI Security Architecture
pgno: 9 - Security Goals – CIA Triad
pgno: 13 - Aspects of Security
pgno: 17 - ATTACKS
pgno: 22 - Passive Versus Active Attacks
pgno: 23 - SERVICES AND MECHANISMS
Internal & External Attacks in cloud computing Environment from confidentiali...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, 3rd Edition, by Mark Ciampa
Knowledge and skills required for Network Administrators and Information Technology professionals to be aware of security vulnerabilities, to implement security measures, to analyze an existing network environment in consideration of known security threats or risks, to defend against attacks or viruses, and to ensure data privacy and integrity. Terminology and procedures for implementation and configuration of security, including access control, authorization, encryption, packet filters, firewalls, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).
CNIT 120: Network Security
http://samsclass.info/120/120_S09.shtml#lecture
Policy: http://samsclass.info/policy_use.htm
Many thanks to Sam Bowne for allowing to publish these presentations.
This document is to guide in the basic topics of cryptographic and network security. The detail insight of classical encryption algorithm is given here. The step by step process is clearly explained in this document.
Internal & External Attacks in cloud computing Environment from confidentiali...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, 3rd Edition, by Mark Ciampa
Knowledge and skills required for Network Administrators and Information Technology professionals to be aware of security vulnerabilities, to implement security measures, to analyze an existing network environment in consideration of known security threats or risks, to defend against attacks or viruses, and to ensure data privacy and integrity. Terminology and procedures for implementation and configuration of security, including access control, authorization, encryption, packet filters, firewalls, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).
CNIT 120: Network Security
http://samsclass.info/120/120_S09.shtml#lecture
Policy: http://samsclass.info/policy_use.htm
Many thanks to Sam Bowne for allowing to publish these presentations.
This document is to guide in the basic topics of cryptographic and network security. The detail insight of classical encryption algorithm is given here. The step by step process is clearly explained in this document.
I presented this overview lecture at Computer Applications for the 21st century – Synergies and Vistas organized by Vidyasagar College, Kolkata in 2008
In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding a message or information in such a way that only authorized parties can access it and those who are not authorized cannot. Encryption does not itself prevent interference, but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.
Today in modern era of internet we share some sensitive data to information transmission. but need to ensure security. So we focus on Cryptography modern technique for secure transmission of information over network.
Our team worked on a Cryptography project. Our project was designed to convert a normal message or text to private and secure cipher text to maintain confidentiality and security in both corporate and national security. Here the plain text is converted into cipher text through a web platform where the user submits the confidential plain text and get the cipher text for the corresponding plain text.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Introduction to Crytographic Techniques
What is Cryptography?
- Cryptography is the science of keeping oral and written as well as other forms of
communications secret.
- Cryptography provides a means of authentication of communicating parties.
- Cryptography is the study of codes and ciphers for use in secret transmission of
messages from a sender to a recipient.
- Cryptology is composed of crytography - the art and science of keeping messages
secure.
- Cryptographic algorithms --> methods for transforming plaintext messages into
ciphertext.
- Secret key cryptography (or symmetrical)
- Public key cryptography (or asymmetrical)
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
2. In cryptographics, a message in human readable form is
referred to plaintext or cleartext.
Encryption:Encryption refers to a process which disguises a
cleartext message to hide its substance and generates a
message, known as ciphertext.Plaintext is denoted by P,
whereas ciphertext is denoted by C.
The encryption function E operates on P to produce C based
on a key value K:
E k (P) = C
Encryption and Decryption
Encryption
Key
Plaintex
t
Ciphtex
t
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
3. Encryption and Decryption
Decryption:
The reverse process of encryption is known as a decryption,
in which a cihhertext is converted back to its original cleartext form.
In the reverse process, the decryption function D operates on C to produce
P
based on a key value K:
D k (C) = P
Decryption
Key
Ciphertex
t
Plaintex
t
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
5. Different Types of Cryptography Methods
Transposition Ciphers:
In transposition ciphers, the letters of the message to be secretly transmitted are scrambled,
that is, rewritten in a pattern way, and is then sent in a different order from its original
form..
N O W - I S - T H E - T I M E
F O R - A L L - G O O D - M E
N - T O - C O M E - T O - T H
E - A I D - O F - T H E I R -
P A R T I E S - S T O P Z Z Z
would be transmitted as:
NFNEP OO - A WRTAR - OIT IA - DI SLC-E-LOOS T - ME - HE - S
EO - TT - OTHO TDOEP I - IZ MMTRZ EEH-Z
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
6. Different Types of Cryptography Methods
Transposition Ciphers:
In transposition ciphers, the letters of the message to be secretly transmitted are scrambled,
that is, rewritten in a pattern way, and is then sent in a different order from its original
form..
Key word: C O M P U T E R
Letter order: 1 4 3 5 8 7 2 6
M E E T M E A T
T H E F R O N T
D O O R O F T H
H I L T O N H O
T E L A T 9 P M
would be transmitted as:
MTDHT ANTHP EEOLL EHOIE TFRTA TTHOM EOFN9 MROOT
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
7. Different Types of Cryptography Methods
Substitution Ciphers:
Substitution ciphers are created by replacing one symbol, such as a letter of a
message,
with another symbol or letter in some patterned way.
Let’s assume that we have a replacement letter pattern as follows:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y X A B C
Plaintext: NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOOD PEOPLE TO COME TO THE
Ciphertext: KLT FP QEB QFJB CLO XII DLLA MBLMIB QL ZLIB QL QEB
More complex symbol replancement pattern can be applied.
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
8. Different Types of Cryptography Methods
Product Ciphers:
Product ciphers are created by using substitution and transposition together.
Current Data Encryption Standard (3DES) and Rijndael ( The Advanced Encryption
Standard. Winner) use multiple combinations of transposition and substitution to
achieve
superior cryptosecurity.
Although this approach become more complex and secure than the previous two,
they could be attacked using statistical methods.
Ideally, ciphertext could present itself as a random string of letters of bits or be data key-
stroked by a monkey.
Diffusion is defined as the dispersion or distribution of plaintext in a statistically
random
manner over the ciphertext.
The principle of confusion prevents the cryptanalyst from using the ciphertext to deduce
the secret key. It may take the form of a complex substitution method. Confusion hides
the relationship between ciphertext and the secret key.
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
9. Symmetric Encryption
Symmetric encryption (secret-key encryption, or single-key encryption):
Secret-key encryption refers to the use of a shared key for both encryption
by
the transmitter and decryption by the receiver.
Work step:
- Sender sends a message after encryption with a secret-key.
- Receiver decrypt the message with the same secret key after receiving it.
Inter
net
Anne
sends a
message
Bob
receives
Anne’s
message
Encrypt
with a
secret key
Decrypt
with a
secret key
Encrypted
Message
Encrypted
Message
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
10. Symmetric Encryption
Special features of symmetric encryption:
- Two communication parties use and share the same key.
- Encryption and decryption is carried out based on the same key.
- Both parties must agree on the secret key before communications.
Advantages:
- Useful in many cases which only involves two-party
communications.
Problems and limitations:
- Complex in key distribution (key generation, transmission, and storage).
- Not scalable.
- Impractical to support large group of communications in networks.
- Impossible to support exchanging messages with a large group of previously
unknown parties over a public open network.
Example: DES (the Data Encryption Standard)
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
11. Asymmetric Encryption
Asymmetric encryption (public-key encryption):
Public-key encryption (asymmetric encryption) use a pair of keys for each party.
- One key is known as a “public key”, which is known to other parties.
- One key is known as a “private key” or a “secret key”, which must be confidential,
and is known only to its owner.
- The public key encrypts the message.
- The private key decrypts the message.
Inter
net
Anne
sends a
message
Bob
receives
Anne’s
message
Encrypt
with a
public key
PK(Bob)
Decrypt
with Bob’
private key
SK(Bob)
Scramble
d
Message
Scramble
d
Message
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
12. Asymmetric Encryption
Special features of asymmetric encryption (public-key encryption):
SK(PK(M)) = M
Advantages:
- Easy to key distribution (key generation, maintain and storage)
- Scalable to support large group of users in an public network
- Easy to support unknown users since no previous consent is needed.
- Better protection than symmetric encryption.
Problems and limitations:
- Slow performance
Applications: E-commerce, snoop-proof email system.
Standards: the best known public-key encryption algorithm --> RSA
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
13. , Sh
RSA Algorithm
The RSA algorithm was developed by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman at MIT in 1978.
The basic algorithm is outlined below:
1: Choose two large distinct primes, p and q.
2: Compute the product (modulus) n = pq.
3: Randomly choose encryption key e, such that e and (p-1)(q-1) are relatively
prime.
4: Finally use Euclid’s algorithm to compute the decryption key, d such that
e . d = 1 (mod (p-1) . (q -1)).
Where, d and n are relatively prime. e and n are the public key. d is the secret key.
To encrypt a message M, e
C = M mod n
To decrypt C,
d
M = C mod n
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
14. Comparing Symmetric Encryption and Asymmetric Encryption
Features Secret-Key Encryption Public-Key Encryption
No. of keys Single Key Public Key and Secret Key
Application Bulk data encryption Key exchange, digital signatures
Key Management Simple but difficult to Need digital certificates
manage and trusted third parties
Performance Fast Slower
Key exchange difficult and risk to Easy and less risky to deliver
transfer a secret key a public key.
Key Length 56-bit (old) 1024 bit (RSA)
126-bit (safe) Many used 2048 bits
Standards DES, Triple DES RSA, Diffie-Hellman
Rijndael DSA, Elliptic curves
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
15. Comparing Symmetric Encryption and Asymmetric Encryption
Features Secret-Key Encryption Public-Key Encryption
Years in use over 1000 years less than 50 years
Types of keys Secret Key only One Public Key and
one Private Key
Confidentiality Yes Yes
Authentication Yes Yes
Message integrity Yes Yes
No-repudiation No Yes
Don’t need trustedDigital signatures:
third party need trusted third party
Attack Simple but difficult to Need digital certificates
manage and trusted third parties
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
16. Digital Signatures
What is a digital signature?
- Digital signatures are implemented using public-key encryption.
- A digital signature is a cryptographic mechanism that performs a similar function
to a written signature.
- Created using PPK cryptograph and message digests.
Encryption allows a message
sender the ability to digitally sign messages, thus creating a digital signature for the
message. When a message digest is computed and then encrypted using the sender’s
private key, and later append to the message, the result is called the digital signature
of the message.
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
17. Digital Signatures
Purposes:
Digital signatures are used to ensure the integrity and authentication.
-- To verify the origin and contents of a message.
-- Digital signatures are used for sender authentication.
Why digital signatures?
- Public-key algorithms are computation-intensive. With large messages they may be
too expensive or too slow for the application.
- Digital signatures based on digested message provide alternative solutions.
Application:
Digital signatures can be used to endorse an electronic document in a
way that can be later validated for authenticity.
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala
18. Generating A Digital Signature
Message
MessageSignature
Message Digest
Encrypt
Hashing
Algorithm
Sender’s
Private Key
(SK
sender)
To Receiver
By:Shehrevar DavierwalaBy:Shehrevar Davierwala