This document describes the design and fabrication of an electric bike. Some key points:
- The electric bike is powered by a lithium-ion battery which provides voltage to a DC motor. This allows the bike to run on electric energy as the primary source.
- It has several benefits over conventional vehicles like better fuel economy, lower emissions and less noise pollution.
- The main components are the battery, DC motor, controller, chain drive and throttle. The battery powers the motor through the controller. The motor turns the rear wheel through the chain drive.
- Speed and power can be varied through the controller and throttle similarly to a gas-powered motorcycle.
- Calculations are shown to select
KERS systems capture kinetic energy lost during braking and store it to provide a power boost by releasing stored energy. There are two main types - electrical systems store energy in batteries while mechanical systems use a flywheel. Formula One introduced KERS in 2009 to increase overtaking opportunities by providing a short power boost. Mechanical KERS has higher efficiency than electrical systems as it avoids multiple energy conversions.
We started with various kind of frictional forces which are projected to bicycle during the run. Then after we calculate approx motor power t which needed to drive the bicycle. We used BLDC motor as a hub drive and connect it in the front wheel of the bicycle. We use lithium-ion battery cells and by connecting them in series-parallel, we made a 36V, 13.2 Ah battery pack. We also connect BMS(Battery Management System) which protects the battery pack from over-charging and over-discharging kind of faults. Top speed of the bicycle is 35kmph and the distance traveled on a single charge is up to 35 to 40km.
Electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries to power electric motors. There are two main types of electric motors used - DC motors which are directly powered by current, and AC motors which use an inverter to convert current to alternating current to power the motor. Hybrid electric vehicles can combine electric motors with combustion engines or renewable energy sources to improve efficiency. Regenerative braking also makes electric vehicles more efficient by recharging the battery with kinetic energy during braking. Electric motors provide torque more efficiently than combustion engines, allowing for quicker acceleration. Electric vehicles also have fewer moving parts and require less maintenance than gasoline vehicles.
Maglev trains use magnetic levitation to float above the track and propel itself forward, allowing it to travel at speeds over 300 mph without friction. They are nearly silent, non-polluting, and require little maintenance. The key principles are electromagnetic or electrodynamic suspension to levitate the train and superconducting magnets or linear motors for propulsion. Current systems in operation include Transrapid in Germany and the high-speed maglev in Japan. Maglev trains provide a safer, more energy efficient alternative to conventional high-speed rail.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine an internal combustion engine with batteries and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. HEVs capture energy from braking through regenerative braking and use that stored energy to power the vehicle at low speeds. This reduces emissions and fuel use compared to conventional vehicles. While more expensive initially, HEVs have lower operating costs over time due to reduced fuel needs. They also have less engine wear, less noise pollution, and allow use of a smaller engine.
A solar vehicle is powered by solar energy collected from solar panels on its surface. The key components of a solar car include solar arrays, power trackers, an electric motor, speed controller, chassis, battery, and wheels. Solar cells in the arrays convert sunlight to electricity, which is either stored in batteries or directed to the motor controller to power the electric motor and propel the car. Power trackers maximize the solar energy and regulate power flow. The motor, controlled by the speed controller, provides mechanical power for driving the wheels.
The document describes an air suspension system for vehicles. It discusses how air suspension works by using pressurized air bags to carry vehicle loads, providing a smooth ride over varied load conditions. The system uses electronic controls to automatically adjust air pressure in the bags to maintain consistent ride height. It then outlines the chapters to follow, which will cover suspension system history and types, active air suspension system components and design, and fabrication of an active air suspension system.
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
KERS systems capture kinetic energy lost during braking and store it to provide a power boost by releasing stored energy. There are two main types - electrical systems store energy in batteries while mechanical systems use a flywheel. Formula One introduced KERS in 2009 to increase overtaking opportunities by providing a short power boost. Mechanical KERS has higher efficiency than electrical systems as it avoids multiple energy conversions.
We started with various kind of frictional forces which are projected to bicycle during the run. Then after we calculate approx motor power t which needed to drive the bicycle. We used BLDC motor as a hub drive and connect it in the front wheel of the bicycle. We use lithium-ion battery cells and by connecting them in series-parallel, we made a 36V, 13.2 Ah battery pack. We also connect BMS(Battery Management System) which protects the battery pack from over-charging and over-discharging kind of faults. Top speed of the bicycle is 35kmph and the distance traveled on a single charge is up to 35 to 40km.
Electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries to power electric motors. There are two main types of electric motors used - DC motors which are directly powered by current, and AC motors which use an inverter to convert current to alternating current to power the motor. Hybrid electric vehicles can combine electric motors with combustion engines or renewable energy sources to improve efficiency. Regenerative braking also makes electric vehicles more efficient by recharging the battery with kinetic energy during braking. Electric motors provide torque more efficiently than combustion engines, allowing for quicker acceleration. Electric vehicles also have fewer moving parts and require less maintenance than gasoline vehicles.
Maglev trains use magnetic levitation to float above the track and propel itself forward, allowing it to travel at speeds over 300 mph without friction. They are nearly silent, non-polluting, and require little maintenance. The key principles are electromagnetic or electrodynamic suspension to levitate the train and superconducting magnets or linear motors for propulsion. Current systems in operation include Transrapid in Germany and the high-speed maglev in Japan. Maglev trains provide a safer, more energy efficient alternative to conventional high-speed rail.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine an internal combustion engine with batteries and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. HEVs capture energy from braking through regenerative braking and use that stored energy to power the vehicle at low speeds. This reduces emissions and fuel use compared to conventional vehicles. While more expensive initially, HEVs have lower operating costs over time due to reduced fuel needs. They also have less engine wear, less noise pollution, and allow use of a smaller engine.
A solar vehicle is powered by solar energy collected from solar panels on its surface. The key components of a solar car include solar arrays, power trackers, an electric motor, speed controller, chassis, battery, and wheels. Solar cells in the arrays convert sunlight to electricity, which is either stored in batteries or directed to the motor controller to power the electric motor and propel the car. Power trackers maximize the solar energy and regulate power flow. The motor, controlled by the speed controller, provides mechanical power for driving the wheels.
The document describes an air suspension system for vehicles. It discusses how air suspension works by using pressurized air bags to carry vehicle loads, providing a smooth ride over varied load conditions. The system uses electronic controls to automatically adjust air pressure in the bags to maintain consistent ride height. It then outlines the chapters to follow, which will cover suspension system history and types, active air suspension system components and design, and fabrication of an active air suspension system.
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
Internal combustion engines produce appreciable emissions and are also less efficient at part loads. On other hand electric drives have zero emissions, but also very limited range. It is thus logical to combine the best aspects of both and the result is a hybrid vehicle. Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive during slow moving city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at cruising speeds on highways. This would also results in reduced pollution in cities, along with improved mileage.
The engine on the conventional car is sized for the peak power requirement, which is seldom required in actual practice. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, whose size is kept closer to the average power requirement rather than the peak power. A smaller engine is always more efficient due to the reason that it would run at its optimum capacity most of the time as compared to a bigger engine running at part load most of the time.
Electric motor helps in several ways:
1. Provides extra power when the car is accelerating or climbing a hill.
2. Starts the engine, eliminating the need for a separate starter.
3. Provide regenerative braking to capture energy during braking
An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources, etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.
1) The document describes a solar-powered e-bicycle designed to help farmers in India reduce costs and labor needs for agricultural tasks like seeding, weeding, and fertilizer application.
2) The e-bicycle is powered by a battery that is charged using solar panels mounted on the rear of the bike. An electric motor then powers the bike and various farming tools can be attached.
3) The solar-powered e-bicycle provides farmers with an affordable and eco-friendly transportation option for tasks on small farms while reducing their economic pressures and dependence on fossil fuels.
Solar vehicles are powered fully or partially by solar energy collected by solar panels on the vehicle. The solar panels convert sunlight to electrical energy, which is stored in batteries and used to power the vehicle's motor. Early solar vehicles in the 1950s and 1970s were small prototypes, but recent solar car designs can travel over 400km on a full battery charge without sunlight. While solar vehicles are not yet practical for daily use due to limitations in power output and high costs, research continues to improve solar cell efficiency and find new applications like flexible organic solar cells.
The document discusses suspension systems, providing details on key components and types. It defines a suspension system as connecting a vehicle to its wheels to provide a smooth ride while protecting the vehicle from damage. Common components are described like springs, shock absorbers, control arms and ball joints. Two main types of suspensions are highlighted: independent, which allows individual wheels to move without affecting the other; and non-independent/rigid suspensions where both wheels are attached to the same solid axle. The McPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions are given as examples of independent suspensions.
Presentation on Electric Vehicle By Vivek Atalkar.
An electric vehicle, or EV, is a type of vehicle that uses electricity as its main source of power instead of traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel. EVs are powered by electric motors that run on rechargeable batteries, which can be charged by plugging the vehicle into an electrical outlet or charging station.
There are two types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). BEVs are fully electric vehicles that run entirely on battery power and have no backup gasoline engine. PHEVs have both an electric motor and a gasoline engine, and can run on either electricity or gasoline.
Electric vehicles offer several benefits over traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. They produce zero tailpipe emissions, which means they don't contribute to air pollution. They also tend to be more energy-efficient and cost less to operate over the long-term. Additionally, electric vehicles are generally quieter and provide smoother acceleration compared to gasoline-powered vehicles.
One of the main challenges of electric vehicles is their limited range compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, although this is improving as battery technology advances. Another challenge is the availability of charging infrastructure, which is still developing in many parts of the world.
Overall, electric vehicles are an important part of the transition to a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly transportation system.
The document discusses electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on the types of electric vehicles, their components like electric motors and batteries. It explains the benefits of electric vehicles like higher energy efficiency, regenerative braking, and quiet operation. However, it also mentions challenges like limited driving range due to low battery energy density and long charging times. The document provides a comprehensive overview of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.
This project report describes the development of a regenerative braking system for bicycles that captures kinetic energy lost during braking and uses it to power LED safety flashers. The system was designed for urban commuter cyclists. It includes custom direct-pull brake calipers with friction pads and an integrated DC motor generator. Testing showed that the system can power LED flashers continuously when braking occurs 8 or more times per mile, and semi-continuously when braking occurs 4 times per mile, which would be sufficient for most urban commutes. The regenerative braking system provides safety benefits to cyclists without requiring additional physical exertion compared to existing human-powered lighting systems.
This document presents information on a magnetic repulsion permanent engine (MRPE). It consists of 3 sentences:
The MRPE works by using repulsion and attraction forces between permanent magnets and a ferromagnetic plate to push and pull magnetic pistons inside cylinders, replacing the combustion process of a traditional engine. It describes the basic components, including the magnetic pistons, cylinder, flywheel rod, repulsion-attraction plate, and control electronics to synchronize piston movement. The document outlines the working principle, operation cycle, speed control, and advantages over fossil fuel engines, such as being fuel-less, low maintenance, and environmentally friendly.
This document discusses solar cars. It begins by defining a solar car as an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels. It then provides a brief history, noting the first solar car was invented in 1955. The main components of a solar car are described as the solar array, power trackers, electric motor, speed controller, chassis, battery, and wheels. The document explains how solar cells convert sunlight to electricity and how the various components work together. Advantages include reduced pollution and energy costs while disadvantages include high initial costs and less efficiency in cloudy weather. Applications mentioned include small utility vehicles. The conclusion states that solar cars could provide pollution-free travel if drawbacks are addressed.
BEV ( Battery Operated Electric Vehicles) PPTPranav Mistry
Presentation done on subject of BEV ( Battery Operated Electrical Vehicles) at ARAI ( Automobile Research Association Of India ,Pune) on 4 Th December .2019
The document discusses hybrid vehicles and provides details on their history, structure, types and technology. It defines a hybrid vehicle as one that combines two or more power sources, such as a combustion engine and electric motor. The document outlines the basic components of a hybrid, including batteries that store energy for the electric motor. It describes the three main types of hybrids: series, parallel and series-parallel. The document concludes that hybrids can help reduce fuel consumption and emissions while providing a transition to a future with lower dependence on fossil fuels.
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins with an overview of conventional braking systems and how they waste kinetic energy as heat. It then explains how regenerative braking systems capture this wasted kinetic energy during braking by using the vehicle's electric motor or generator to convert it back into electrical energy for storage in the battery. This recovered energy can then be used to extend the vehicle's driving range. The document covers the key components and working of regenerative braking systems including KERS and their benefits like reduced emissions and increased fuel efficiency. It concludes by noting regenerative braking is not a complete solution on its own due to limitations at low speeds and as a backup in case of failure.
Self charging solar car seminar reportAshish Dubey
This document summarizes a solar vehicle design that uses solar panels to charge lead-acid batteries. The batteries power a DC motor that drives the vehicle. A speed control switch with multiple taps is used to control motor speed. The vehicle uses a 140W solar panel mounted to charge batteries. Key components include lead-acid batteries, a DC motor, solar panels, and a speed control switch to vary motor speed.
The document provides an overview of power steering systems. It discusses the history of power steering from its invention in the early 1900s to its use in automobiles and agricultural vehicles. The key components of power steering systems are described including the reservoir, steering gearbox, rotary valve, and pump. The main types of power steering systems - hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, and electric - are outlined along with diagrams of how each system works. Advantages like reduced driver fatigue and continuous steering are balanced with potential disadvantages such as leakage and vibration.
A solar vehicle is powered by solar energy collected from solar panels on its surface. It consists of a solar array, power trackers, an electric motor, speed controller, chassis, battery, and wheels. The solar array produces electricity from sunlight which is conditioned and stored by the power trackers and battery for powering the electric motor. The speed controller regulates the motor based on driving demands while the lightweight chassis provides strength and safety.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine or other power source to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid systems - series and parallel. In a series hybrid, the engine only charges a battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and motor can power the wheels directly and work together or independently based on driving conditions. Key components of hybrid systems include batteries to store energy, a generator to charge batteries, and regenerative braking to capture kinetic energy during deceleration. Hybrid vehicles provide benefits like lower emissions and fuel use while maintaining the performance of conventional vehicles. Further research and development of hybrid technology promises more efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles.
The document describes the components and functioning of a solar-powered car. It discusses the solar array that collects sunlight and converts it to electricity, power trackers that adjust the voltage for the car's systems, batteries that store energy for the motor, and the motor and controller that use the stored energy to power the wheels. It also notes that emergency batteries would power the car if there was no sunlight to charge through the solar array.
This document describes the design and development of a smart electric bicycle. The system uses a single lead-acid battery and a SEPIC converter to boost the voltage from the battery to power a DC motor and drive the rear wheel. A control unit regulates the motor speed using an accelerator. The SEPIC converter allows the system to use a single battery, reducing the bicycle's weight compared to typical electric bicycles that use two batteries. Simulation results showed the SEPIC converter can effectively boost the voltage to drive the motor. The smart electric bicycle provides electric assistance without using fuel and can improve users' health compared to motorcycles or traditional bicycles.
Self Power Generating Electrical BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes a design for a self-power generating electrical bicycle. The bicycle generates its own power through a dynamo connected to the rear wheel and flywheel. This powers a motor that drives the rear wheel, eliminating the need for external charging. The system includes a DC generator, permanent magnet DC motor, flywheel for storing rotational energy, housing to connect components, and multi-crank freewheel to drive the rear wheel from the motor. This design aims to overcome limitations of electric bicycles that have a limited range from external battery charging.
Internal combustion engines produce appreciable emissions and are also less efficient at part loads. On other hand electric drives have zero emissions, but also very limited range. It is thus logical to combine the best aspects of both and the result is a hybrid vehicle. Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive during slow moving city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at cruising speeds on highways. This would also results in reduced pollution in cities, along with improved mileage.
The engine on the conventional car is sized for the peak power requirement, which is seldom required in actual practice. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, whose size is kept closer to the average power requirement rather than the peak power. A smaller engine is always more efficient due to the reason that it would run at its optimum capacity most of the time as compared to a bigger engine running at part load most of the time.
Electric motor helps in several ways:
1. Provides extra power when the car is accelerating or climbing a hill.
2. Starts the engine, eliminating the need for a separate starter.
3. Provide regenerative braking to capture energy during braking
An electric vehicle (EV) is one that operates on an electric motor, instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of fuel and gases. Therefore, such as vehicle is seen as a possible replacement for current-generation automobile, in order to address the issue of rising pollution, global warming, depleting natural resources, etc. Though the concept of electric vehicles has been around for a long time, it has drawn a considerable amount of interest in the past decade amid a rising carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of fuel-based vehicles.
1) The document describes a solar-powered e-bicycle designed to help farmers in India reduce costs and labor needs for agricultural tasks like seeding, weeding, and fertilizer application.
2) The e-bicycle is powered by a battery that is charged using solar panels mounted on the rear of the bike. An electric motor then powers the bike and various farming tools can be attached.
3) The solar-powered e-bicycle provides farmers with an affordable and eco-friendly transportation option for tasks on small farms while reducing their economic pressures and dependence on fossil fuels.
Solar vehicles are powered fully or partially by solar energy collected by solar panels on the vehicle. The solar panels convert sunlight to electrical energy, which is stored in batteries and used to power the vehicle's motor. Early solar vehicles in the 1950s and 1970s were small prototypes, but recent solar car designs can travel over 400km on a full battery charge without sunlight. While solar vehicles are not yet practical for daily use due to limitations in power output and high costs, research continues to improve solar cell efficiency and find new applications like flexible organic solar cells.
The document discusses suspension systems, providing details on key components and types. It defines a suspension system as connecting a vehicle to its wheels to provide a smooth ride while protecting the vehicle from damage. Common components are described like springs, shock absorbers, control arms and ball joints. Two main types of suspensions are highlighted: independent, which allows individual wheels to move without affecting the other; and non-independent/rigid suspensions where both wheels are attached to the same solid axle. The McPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions are given as examples of independent suspensions.
Presentation on Electric Vehicle By Vivek Atalkar.
An electric vehicle, or EV, is a type of vehicle that uses electricity as its main source of power instead of traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel. EVs are powered by electric motors that run on rechargeable batteries, which can be charged by plugging the vehicle into an electrical outlet or charging station.
There are two types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). BEVs are fully electric vehicles that run entirely on battery power and have no backup gasoline engine. PHEVs have both an electric motor and a gasoline engine, and can run on either electricity or gasoline.
Electric vehicles offer several benefits over traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. They produce zero tailpipe emissions, which means they don't contribute to air pollution. They also tend to be more energy-efficient and cost less to operate over the long-term. Additionally, electric vehicles are generally quieter and provide smoother acceleration compared to gasoline-powered vehicles.
One of the main challenges of electric vehicles is their limited range compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, although this is improving as battery technology advances. Another challenge is the availability of charging infrastructure, which is still developing in many parts of the world.
Overall, electric vehicles are an important part of the transition to a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly transportation system.
The document discusses electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. It provides details on the types of electric vehicles, their components like electric motors and batteries. It explains the benefits of electric vehicles like higher energy efficiency, regenerative braking, and quiet operation. However, it also mentions challenges like limited driving range due to low battery energy density and long charging times. The document provides a comprehensive overview of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.
This project report describes the development of a regenerative braking system for bicycles that captures kinetic energy lost during braking and uses it to power LED safety flashers. The system was designed for urban commuter cyclists. It includes custom direct-pull brake calipers with friction pads and an integrated DC motor generator. Testing showed that the system can power LED flashers continuously when braking occurs 8 or more times per mile, and semi-continuously when braking occurs 4 times per mile, which would be sufficient for most urban commutes. The regenerative braking system provides safety benefits to cyclists without requiring additional physical exertion compared to existing human-powered lighting systems.
This document presents information on a magnetic repulsion permanent engine (MRPE). It consists of 3 sentences:
The MRPE works by using repulsion and attraction forces between permanent magnets and a ferromagnetic plate to push and pull magnetic pistons inside cylinders, replacing the combustion process of a traditional engine. It describes the basic components, including the magnetic pistons, cylinder, flywheel rod, repulsion-attraction plate, and control electronics to synchronize piston movement. The document outlines the working principle, operation cycle, speed control, and advantages over fossil fuel engines, such as being fuel-less, low maintenance, and environmentally friendly.
This document discusses solar cars. It begins by defining a solar car as an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels. It then provides a brief history, noting the first solar car was invented in 1955. The main components of a solar car are described as the solar array, power trackers, electric motor, speed controller, chassis, battery, and wheels. The document explains how solar cells convert sunlight to electricity and how the various components work together. Advantages include reduced pollution and energy costs while disadvantages include high initial costs and less efficiency in cloudy weather. Applications mentioned include small utility vehicles. The conclusion states that solar cars could provide pollution-free travel if drawbacks are addressed.
BEV ( Battery Operated Electric Vehicles) PPTPranav Mistry
Presentation done on subject of BEV ( Battery Operated Electrical Vehicles) at ARAI ( Automobile Research Association Of India ,Pune) on 4 Th December .2019
The document discusses hybrid vehicles and provides details on their history, structure, types and technology. It defines a hybrid vehicle as one that combines two or more power sources, such as a combustion engine and electric motor. The document outlines the basic components of a hybrid, including batteries that store energy for the electric motor. It describes the three main types of hybrids: series, parallel and series-parallel. The document concludes that hybrids can help reduce fuel consumption and emissions while providing a transition to a future with lower dependence on fossil fuels.
This document discusses regenerative braking systems. It begins with an overview of conventional braking systems and how they waste kinetic energy as heat. It then explains how regenerative braking systems capture this wasted kinetic energy during braking by using the vehicle's electric motor or generator to convert it back into electrical energy for storage in the battery. This recovered energy can then be used to extend the vehicle's driving range. The document covers the key components and working of regenerative braking systems including KERS and their benefits like reduced emissions and increased fuel efficiency. It concludes by noting regenerative braking is not a complete solution on its own due to limitations at low speeds and as a backup in case of failure.
Self charging solar car seminar reportAshish Dubey
This document summarizes a solar vehicle design that uses solar panels to charge lead-acid batteries. The batteries power a DC motor that drives the vehicle. A speed control switch with multiple taps is used to control motor speed. The vehicle uses a 140W solar panel mounted to charge batteries. Key components include lead-acid batteries, a DC motor, solar panels, and a speed control switch to vary motor speed.
The document provides an overview of power steering systems. It discusses the history of power steering from its invention in the early 1900s to its use in automobiles and agricultural vehicles. The key components of power steering systems are described including the reservoir, steering gearbox, rotary valve, and pump. The main types of power steering systems - hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, and electric - are outlined along with diagrams of how each system works. Advantages like reduced driver fatigue and continuous steering are balanced with potential disadvantages such as leakage and vibration.
A solar vehicle is powered by solar energy collected from solar panels on its surface. It consists of a solar array, power trackers, an electric motor, speed controller, chassis, battery, and wheels. The solar array produces electricity from sunlight which is conditioned and stored by the power trackers and battery for powering the electric motor. The speed controller regulates the motor based on driving demands while the lightweight chassis provides strength and safety.
A hybrid electric vehicle combines an electric motor with an internal combustion engine or other power source to improve fuel efficiency. There are two main types of hybrid systems - series and parallel. In a series hybrid, the engine only charges a battery which powers the electric motor to turn the wheels. In a parallel hybrid, both the engine and motor can power the wheels directly and work together or independently based on driving conditions. Key components of hybrid systems include batteries to store energy, a generator to charge batteries, and regenerative braking to capture kinetic energy during deceleration. Hybrid vehicles provide benefits like lower emissions and fuel use while maintaining the performance of conventional vehicles. Further research and development of hybrid technology promises more efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles.
The document describes the components and functioning of a solar-powered car. It discusses the solar array that collects sunlight and converts it to electricity, power trackers that adjust the voltage for the car's systems, batteries that store energy for the motor, and the motor and controller that use the stored energy to power the wheels. It also notes that emergency batteries would power the car if there was no sunlight to charge through the solar array.
This document describes the design and development of a smart electric bicycle. The system uses a single lead-acid battery and a SEPIC converter to boost the voltage from the battery to power a DC motor and drive the rear wheel. A control unit regulates the motor speed using an accelerator. The SEPIC converter allows the system to use a single battery, reducing the bicycle's weight compared to typical electric bicycles that use two batteries. Simulation results showed the SEPIC converter can effectively boost the voltage to drive the motor. The smart electric bicycle provides electric assistance without using fuel and can improve users' health compared to motorcycles or traditional bicycles.
Self Power Generating Electrical BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes a design for a self-power generating electrical bicycle. The bicycle generates its own power through a dynamo connected to the rear wheel and flywheel. This powers a motor that drives the rear wheel, eliminating the need for external charging. The system includes a DC generator, permanent magnet DC motor, flywheel for storing rotational energy, housing to connect components, and multi-crank freewheel to drive the rear wheel from the motor. This design aims to overcome limitations of electric bicycles that have a limited range from external battery charging.
IRJET- An Overview of Electric Vehicle Concept and its EvolutionIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles, including their evolution and types. It discusses the basic working principle of electric vehicles and how they are powered by batteries or fuel cells rather than gasoline engines. The document outlines the main types of electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrids, battery-powered vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. It also briefly describes the early history of electric vehicles from the 1800s to modern times, highlighting key innovations and factors that affected their adoption such as limited range and performance compared to gasoline vehicles.
This document discusses regenerative braking in electric vehicles. It begins by introducing regenerative braking and its importance for electric vehicles in conserving electrical energy. It then provides details on the components and design of a regenerative braking system, including using an induction motor, alternator, rectifier, battery, transformer and load. The document describes the block diagram and working of the system, where kinetic energy recovered during braking is used to charge the battery and power a light bulb load.
IRJET- Review on Modified Vehicles for Differently Abled PeopleIRJET Journal
This document reviews modified vehicles designed for differently abled people. It begins by discussing various types of manually operated, motorized, solar powered, and engine powered tricycles and scooters. It then describes common components of these vehicles like pedals, brushless DC motors, solar panels, charge controllers, lead acid batteries, and throttles. Next, it outlines social and commercial problems faced by disabled individuals. The objective is to establish new technologies that provide comfort, constant speed, mileage, and safety. Finally, it surveys past literature on reverse gear mechanisms, solar tricycles, electric vehicles, foot-steered tricycles, solar wheelchairs, and hybrid electric stair-climbing wheelchairs.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an electric vehicle. It discusses the various components of an EV including the motor, motor controller, battery, braking system, and chassis design. The key points are:
1. An electric vehicle uses a battery and electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. This makes the EV more efficient and reduces emissions compared to gas-powered vehicles.
2. The main components discussed are the brushless DC hub motor, motor controller, lithium-ion battery, disc brakes, and a lightweight chassis.
3. Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for electric vehicles due to their high energy density and power, low self-discharge, and
IRJET- Performance Analysis of Electric Bike using Battery and SupercapacitorIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that was conducted to develop and test a solution for improving the performance of electric bikes. The proposed solution uses a hybrid energy storage system combining batteries and supercapacitors. Supercapacitors provide high currents needed for starting and acceleration, reducing strain on the batteries. A microcontroller-controlled buck-boost converter manages power flow between the batteries and supercapacitors. Experimental results showed the hybrid system increased bike speed, range per charge, and battery lifespan compared to bikes using batteries alone. A small solar panel was also proposed to help recharge the batteries and supercapacitors while parked.
The document describes the design and fabrication of an electric bike. It discusses the components of the electric bike, which include a DC motor, frame, platform, battery, chain drive, braking system, and sprockets. The electric bike is powered by a battery that provides voltage to the motor. It can provide better fuel economy and less pollution than conventional vehicles. The design aims to use electric energy as the primary power source and possibly supplement it with solar energy through attached solar panels.
DESIGN OF POWER GENERATING SPEED BREAKERIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a power generating speed breaker. It aims to convert the wasted kinetic energy of vehicles passing over speed breakers into electrical energy.
The system uses a rack and pinion mechanism where the speed breaker is connected to a curved rack. As vehicles pass over the speed breaker, its downward motion turns the pinion gear which is connected to other gears and a generator. This converts the mechanical motion into electrical energy.
Springs are used to return the speed breaker to its original position. The generated power can be used for street lights or other applications. Design calculations are provided for components like the spring, gears, speed breaker, and bearings. Power output calculations also show
This document discusses the design of a smart shock absorber that can generate electricity from the vibration energy of a vehicle's suspension system. It proposes using a rack and pinion gear connected to an alternator to convert the reciprocating motion of the shock absorber into rotational motion that can power the alternator. The system would charge the vehicle's battery to provide power for vehicle accessories. It estimates that installing such a system on all four wheels could generate 7.5 kWh of electricity from a suspension displacement of 25mm per meter traveled. The system would reuse vibration energy that is currently lost as heat and provide electricity without drawing power from the vehicle engine.
This document reviews electric bike motor drive configurations and capabilities. It begins with an introduction to electric bikes and their increasing popularity as an environmentally friendly transportation option. It then discusses the two main e-bike system typologies - pedal assist and power on demand. The most common parallel configuration and less common series configuration are described. The document reviews mechanical design considerations like motor placement and gearing. It also discusses electrical components like lithium-ion batteries and motor control strategies. The focus is on permanent magnet synchronous motors as suitable electric bike traction motors. Simulation and experimental results are presented for a common motor model to highlight performance capabilities.
IRJET- Design and Manufacturing of Hybrid BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a hybrid bicycle. The hybrid bicycle uses both human power and electric power to charge its batteries. It includes an alternator that converts human pedaling power into electrical energy to charge the batteries. Additional alternators attached to the front and rear wheels charge the batteries during travel. This allows the batteries to be charged anywhere without an external power supply. The hybrid bicycle is more efficient than electric bikes as it can charge batteries using human power or while traveling. It provides a pollution-free transportation option.
IRJET- Internally Charging E-Bike using PedallingIRJET Journal
This document describes a concept for an electric bicycle that can charge its own battery through human pedaling. The pedals are connected to an alternator via a gear system to multiply the pedaling rpm. This allows the alternator to generate enough power to charge the onboard battery pack. By harnessing the energy from pedaling, the bicycle does not require external charging and can serve as both transportation and exercise. The gearing system takes the 50 rpm input from pedaling and increases it to around 6,000 rpm to meet the alternator's power generation needs. This internally charging system could make electric bicycles more affordable and practical for everyday use.
This document discusses electric vehicle mechanisms. It begins by defining electric vehicles and noting they use electric motors powered by batteries or solar panels rather than gasoline. It then covers the history of electric vehicles dating back to 1827 and discusses how they gained more popularity in the early 1900s but declined due to battery limitations. The main sections summarize the working of electric vehicle components like induction motors, inverters, and lithium-ion batteries. It compares electric vehicles favorably to internal combustion engines in aspects like direct rotational motion, uniform power output, and higher power-to-weight ratios. The conclusion discusses the need to improve batteries and charging to make electric vehicles more viable and reduce pollution from gasoline vehicles.
This document provides an overview of electric vehicle design. It begins with introducing electric vehicles and their key components compared to internal combustion engines. The contents then describe 10 key parts of an electric vehicle in more detail: the traction battery pack, DC-DC converter, electric motor, power inverter, charge port, onboard charger, controller, auxiliary batteries, thermal system, and transmission. It also outlines the benefits of electric vehicles such as lower running costs and zero tailpipe emissions. The conclusion instructs students to prepare a PowerPoint presentation within 5 minutes on this topic following the provided contents outline.
Free Powered Electric Vehicle_Designed by Pranav NavathePranavNavathe
In today’s world the rapid growth in automobile industry requested most accurate and high
performable vehicles, with pollution free and low cost in operation. The project free powered electric
vehicle is an automobile which works on the principle of generating electricity with the help of
synchronous electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel, boosting circuit which acts as a
free powering machine by restoring waste mechanical energy into useful electric work. This device
consists of one electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel in centre so that it connected
with motor and generator with belt pulleys. When an mechanical input is given to the generator with
help of stator its produces electricity later which is passed to motor as input so, motor rotates the
attached flywheel then the stored kinetic energy in the flywheel is utilized to multiply the rotations of
generator shaft to produce electricity with little effort on motor in this way cycle repeated and from
produced electricity some amount of electricity taken as output which is used for charging batteries,
accessories of the electric vehicle. Such that vehicle is propelled.
1) The document describes the design of a hybrid motorcycle that combines a petrol engine with an electric hub motor and batteries.
2) The electric motor is intended to power the motorcycle for speeds up to 50km/hr, at which point the petrol engine will engage to allow for higher speeds.
3) The project aims to achieve a mileage of 150km on Rs. 100 worth of fuel by utilizing both the petrol and electric systems. Future work planned includes testing under different load conditions and optimizing the motor and controller programming.
Electrical bicycle using lead acid battery.IRJET Journal
1) The document describes the development of an electrical bicycle that uses a lead-acid battery. It discusses the key components of the bicycle, including the controller, motor, battery, throttle, and brakes.
2) The controller operates on a 24V DC supply and acts as the central processing unit that controls all functions of the electrical bicycle. The motor also operates on 24V DC and has a speed of 360 RPM.
3) The electrical bicycle provides assistance to the rider through its electric motor and is useful for those who have difficulty riding a traditional bicycle. It allows for easier and faster travel while being environmentally friendly.
IRJET- Railway Track based Electrical Power GenerationIRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to generate electrical power from railway tracks. As trains move over tracks, the vertical displacement of the tracks can be captured using a vibration energy harvester connected to a rack and pinion gear system. This system drives a DC generator to produce electricity, which is stored in a battery. The key components are a railway track, rack and pinion gears, chain drive, flywheel, DC generator, and battery. As a train passes, the track vibrates and turns the gears which rotate the flywheel and generator, producing electrical power from the movement of the train without using fuel. This provides a renewable source of energy capture from existing railway infrastructure.
Over 90% of traffic accidents are caused by driver error; the safety potential of self – drive is well understood. When traffic accidents become rare, a motorcycle is as safe as an SUV. Vehicle weights could fall to the point that pod-cars weighing less than the riders are the preferred choice in the city. Since 65% of U.S. vehicle miles travelled (VMT) are urban, the ramifications are enormous.
Similar to IRJET - Design and Fabrication of an Electric Bike (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.