This document describes the design and implementation of an electric vehicle. It discusses the various components of an EV including the motor, motor controller, battery, braking system, and chassis design. The key points are:
1. An electric vehicle uses a battery and electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. This makes the EV more efficient and reduces emissions compared to gas-powered vehicles.
2. The main components discussed are the brushless DC hub motor, motor controller, lithium-ion battery, disc brakes, and a lightweight chassis.
3. Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for electric vehicles due to their high energy density and power, low self-discharge, and
Free Powered Electric Vehicle_Designed by Pranav NavathePranavNavathe
In today’s world the rapid growth in automobile industry requested most accurate and high
performable vehicles, with pollution free and low cost in operation. The project free powered electric
vehicle is an automobile which works on the principle of generating electricity with the help of
synchronous electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel, boosting circuit which acts as a
free powering machine by restoring waste mechanical energy into useful electric work. This device
consists of one electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel in centre so that it connected
with motor and generator with belt pulleys. When an mechanical input is given to the generator with
help of stator its produces electricity later which is passed to motor as input so, motor rotates the
attached flywheel then the stored kinetic energy in the flywheel is utilized to multiply the rotations of
generator shaft to produce electricity with little effort on motor in this way cycle repeated and from
produced electricity some amount of electricity taken as output which is used for charging batteries,
accessories of the electric vehicle. Such that vehicle is propelled.
Free Powered Electric Vehicle_Designed by Pranav NavathePranavNavathe
In today’s world the rapid growth in automobile industry requested most accurate and high
performable vehicles, with pollution free and low cost in operation. The project free powered electric
vehicle is an automobile which works on the principle of generating electricity with the help of
synchronous electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel, boosting circuit which acts as a
free powering machine by restoring waste mechanical energy into useful electric work. This device
consists of one electric motor and generator with attached fly wheel in centre so that it connected
with motor and generator with belt pulleys. When an mechanical input is given to the generator with
help of stator its produces electricity later which is passed to motor as input so, motor rotates the
attached flywheel then the stored kinetic energy in the flywheel is utilized to multiply the rotations of
generator shaft to produce electricity with little effort on motor in this way cycle repeated and from
produced electricity some amount of electricity taken as output which is used for charging batteries,
accessories of the electric vehicle. Such that vehicle is propelled.
We started with various kind of frictional forces which are projected to bicycle during the run. Then after we calculate approx motor power t which needed to drive the bicycle. We used BLDC motor as a hub drive and connect it in the front wheel of the bicycle. We use lithium-ion battery cells and by connecting them in series-parallel, we made a 36V, 13.2 Ah battery pack. We also connect BMS(Battery Management System) which protects the battery pack from over-charging and over-discharging kind of faults. Top speed of the bicycle is 35kmph and the distance traveled on a single charge is up to 35 to 40km.
Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed. In this mechanism, when we apply the brake, this system slow down the vehicle and the speed of wheels are in form of rotational energy that is mechanical energy, which transfer to generator where the mechanical energy is converted
into electrical energy and eventually which is stored in the battery.
Electric motor drive systems (EMDS) have been recognized as one of the most promising motor systems recently due to their low energy consumption and reduced emissions. With only some exceptions, EMDS are the main source for the provision of mechanical energy in industry and accounts for about 60% of global industrial electricity consumption. Large energy efficiency potentials have been identified in EMDS with very short payback time and high-cost effectiveness. Typical, during operation at rated mode, the motor drive able to hold its good efficiencies. However, a motor usually operates out from rated mode in many applications, especially while under light load, it reduced the motor’s efficiency severely. Hence, it is necessary that a conventional drive system to embed with loss minimization strategy to optimize the drive system efficiency over all operation range. Conventionally, the flux value is keeping constantly over the range of operation, where it should be highlighted that for any operating point, the losses could be minimize with the proper adjustment of the flux level to a suitable value at that point. Hence, with the intention to generate an adaptive flux level corresponding to any operating point, especially at light load condition, an online learning Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller was proposed in this study, to minimize the system losses. The entire proposed strategic drive system would be verified under the MATLAB/Simulink software environment. It is expected that with the proposed online learning Artificial Neural Network controller efficiency optimization algorithm can achieve better energy saving compared with traditional blended strategies.
Regenerative Braking System
Regenerative braking is a way of taking the wasted energy from the process of slowing down a car and using it to recharge the car's batteries.
Introduction
Literature Review
Recent Research And
Development In Hess
Case Study
Regenerative Braking System In
Bus
Regenerative Braking
System In Railways
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
In this paper, the regenerative braking system (RBS) is implemented in the hybrid vehicle which is made to run using internal combustion engine and batteries. A regenerative brake is an apparatus, a device or a system which allows the vehicle to recapture and store some part of the kinetic energy that would be 'lost' as heat during applying brake. The total amount of energy lost in this way depends on how many times, how hard and for how long the brakes are applied. Energy lost during braking in this hybrid vehicle is used to recharge the battery. Since regenerative braking results in an additional increase in energy output for a given energy input to a vehicle, the efficiency is improved. It is used to improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle by 25% using RBS. The dynamo is fixed on the rear wheel of the vehicle which is beneficial in two ways, one that it helps to covert the kinetic energy into electrical energy and other that it controls the friction produced inside the wheel which in turn increases the life time of brake pads. Fixed at clearance angle using weld it shifts from wheel hub to wheel rim while application of brake giving more effectiveness to the vehicle.
Design and Fabrication of Regenerative Braking in EVvivatechijri
Charging has always been an issue in electrical vehicles. In this project, the kinetic energy is
transmitted in the brakes through drive train and is directed by a mechanical system to the potential store during
deceleration. That energy is held until required to the vehicle, wherein it is transformed back into energy and
stored in the battery of the vehicle. The amount of the power available for conservation varies depending on the
type of storage, drivetrain efficiency, and drive cycle and inertia weight. When a normal vehicle applies its brake,
its kinetic energy is transformed to heat because of friction between wheels and brake pad. This heat passes
through the air and the energy is wasted. The total energy lost in this way depends on how often, long and hard
the brake is being applied. An energy conversion action in which a part of the energy of the vehicle is stored by a
battery or storage device is known as regenerative braking. Driving within a city involves more braking
representing a high loss of energy with the opportunity for savings in energy. In the case of public transport
vehicles such as local trains, buses, taxis, delivery vehicles there is even more potential for energy to be
regenerated
Conventional Braking System
Introduction OfRegenerative Braking System
Necessity Of The System
Elements Of Regenerative Braking System
Different Types Of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages And Disadvantages
Research Papers
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of kinetic energy recovery systems is slowly becoming better through improvements in batteries, hydraulic pumps, and flywheels. Many of these systems are currently used in Formula 1 race cars because they enable these cars to achieve higher acceleration and longer times between pit stops. For consumers, flywheels may become the energy storage technology of choice for vehicles particularly as improvements in carbon nanotubes and graphene occur.
The rates of improvement for energy and power storage densities for batteries have been very slow and those of flywheels have been much faster. One of the reasons for the rapid improvements in the densities for flywheels is that improvements in the strength per weight of materials have enabled faster rotations and the storage densities are a function of rotation velocities squared. As shown in the slides, carbon fiber has about four times the strength to weight ratio and seven times the energy density of glass. Since carbon nanotubes have strength to weight ratios 15 times higher and graphene has ones 30 times higher than do carbon fiber, energy storage densities of 120,000 kJ/kg or 33.6 kWh are possible with graphene. This energy density is about 100 times higher than is currently available from lithium-ion batteries.
We started with various kind of frictional forces which are projected to bicycle during the run. Then after we calculate approx motor power t which needed to drive the bicycle. We used BLDC motor as a hub drive and connect it in the front wheel of the bicycle. We use lithium-ion battery cells and by connecting them in series-parallel, we made a 36V, 13.2 Ah battery pack. We also connect BMS(Battery Management System) which protects the battery pack from over-charging and over-discharging kind of faults. Top speed of the bicycle is 35kmph and the distance traveled on a single charge is up to 35 to 40km.
Regenerative braking is an energy recovery mechanism that slows down a moving vehicle or object by converting its kinetic energy into a form that can be either used immediately or stored until needed. In this mechanism, when we apply the brake, this system slow down the vehicle and the speed of wheels are in form of rotational energy that is mechanical energy, which transfer to generator where the mechanical energy is converted
into electrical energy and eventually which is stored in the battery.
Electric motor drive systems (EMDS) have been recognized as one of the most promising motor systems recently due to their low energy consumption and reduced emissions. With only some exceptions, EMDS are the main source for the provision of mechanical energy in industry and accounts for about 60% of global industrial electricity consumption. Large energy efficiency potentials have been identified in EMDS with very short payback time and high-cost effectiveness. Typical, during operation at rated mode, the motor drive able to hold its good efficiencies. However, a motor usually operates out from rated mode in many applications, especially while under light load, it reduced the motor’s efficiency severely. Hence, it is necessary that a conventional drive system to embed with loss minimization strategy to optimize the drive system efficiency over all operation range. Conventionally, the flux value is keeping constantly over the range of operation, where it should be highlighted that for any operating point, the losses could be minimize with the proper adjustment of the flux level to a suitable value at that point. Hence, with the intention to generate an adaptive flux level corresponding to any operating point, especially at light load condition, an online learning Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controller was proposed in this study, to minimize the system losses. The entire proposed strategic drive system would be verified under the MATLAB/Simulink software environment. It is expected that with the proposed online learning Artificial Neural Network controller efficiency optimization algorithm can achieve better energy saving compared with traditional blended strategies.
Regenerative Braking System
Regenerative braking is a way of taking the wasted energy from the process of slowing down a car and using it to recharge the car's batteries.
Introduction
Literature Review
Recent Research And
Development In Hess
Case Study
Regenerative Braking System In
Bus
Regenerative Braking
System In Railways
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
In this paper, the regenerative braking system (RBS) is implemented in the hybrid vehicle which is made to run using internal combustion engine and batteries. A regenerative brake is an apparatus, a device or a system which allows the vehicle to recapture and store some part of the kinetic energy that would be 'lost' as heat during applying brake. The total amount of energy lost in this way depends on how many times, how hard and for how long the brakes are applied. Energy lost during braking in this hybrid vehicle is used to recharge the battery. Since regenerative braking results in an additional increase in energy output for a given energy input to a vehicle, the efficiency is improved. It is used to improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle by 25% using RBS. The dynamo is fixed on the rear wheel of the vehicle which is beneficial in two ways, one that it helps to covert the kinetic energy into electrical energy and other that it controls the friction produced inside the wheel which in turn increases the life time of brake pads. Fixed at clearance angle using weld it shifts from wheel hub to wheel rim while application of brake giving more effectiveness to the vehicle.
Design and Fabrication of Regenerative Braking in EVvivatechijri
Charging has always been an issue in electrical vehicles. In this project, the kinetic energy is
transmitted in the brakes through drive train and is directed by a mechanical system to the potential store during
deceleration. That energy is held until required to the vehicle, wherein it is transformed back into energy and
stored in the battery of the vehicle. The amount of the power available for conservation varies depending on the
type of storage, drivetrain efficiency, and drive cycle and inertia weight. When a normal vehicle applies its brake,
its kinetic energy is transformed to heat because of friction between wheels and brake pad. This heat passes
through the air and the energy is wasted. The total energy lost in this way depends on how often, long and hard
the brake is being applied. An energy conversion action in which a part of the energy of the vehicle is stored by a
battery or storage device is known as regenerative braking. Driving within a city involves more braking
representing a high loss of energy with the opportunity for savings in energy. In the case of public transport
vehicles such as local trains, buses, taxis, delivery vehicles there is even more potential for energy to be
regenerated
Conventional Braking System
Introduction OfRegenerative Braking System
Necessity Of The System
Elements Of Regenerative Braking System
Different Types Of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages And Disadvantages
Research Papers
Conclusion
Future Scope
References
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of kinetic energy recovery systems is slowly becoming better through improvements in batteries, hydraulic pumps, and flywheels. Many of these systems are currently used in Formula 1 race cars because they enable these cars to achieve higher acceleration and longer times between pit stops. For consumers, flywheels may become the energy storage technology of choice for vehicles particularly as improvements in carbon nanotubes and graphene occur.
The rates of improvement for energy and power storage densities for batteries have been very slow and those of flywheels have been much faster. One of the reasons for the rapid improvements in the densities for flywheels is that improvements in the strength per weight of materials have enabled faster rotations and the storage densities are a function of rotation velocities squared. As shown in the slides, carbon fiber has about four times the strength to weight ratio and seven times the energy density of glass. Since carbon nanotubes have strength to weight ratios 15 times higher and graphene has ones 30 times higher than do carbon fiber, energy storage densities of 120,000 kJ/kg or 33.6 kWh are possible with graphene. This energy density is about 100 times higher than is currently available from lithium-ion batteries.
technical report on EV. EVs can offer benefitssuch as lower operating costs a...Bijay Sharma
EVs can offer benefit such
as lower operating costs and reduced dependence on fossil fuels.Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles that rely
on gasoline or diesel fuel, electric vehicles use electricity as their primary source of power. T
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.