This document provides an overview of ophthalmic examination techniques. It discusses evaluating a patient's medical history and chief complaints. Symptoms like vision changes, eye pain, and discharge are explored. Examination of the eyes includes visual acuity tests, external inspection of the lids and eyes, and use of fluorescein staining. Evaluation of the anterior segment involves slit lamp examination. Dilated fundus examination and additional testing like visual fields and imaging can further assess the posterior segment. The document outlines the key areas and steps in a comprehensive eye examination.

1. By
Introduction to
Ophthalmology
Dr. Amr Mounir
Lecturer of ophthalmology
Sohag University

2. Anatomy
Physiology
History
Examination

12. General health and systemic diseases:
DM,HTN, connective tissue disease, drugs…
Past ocular history: surgeries, trauma, glasses,
lasers, eye drops
Profile of the patient
Chief complaint…

13. Abnormal appearance:
-Lids
-Redness
-Discharge

18. Pain:
Foreign body sensation
Itching & discomfort
Deep severe pain
Eye strain
Headache

19. Disturbance of vision
Blurred vision
Loss of vision
Diplopia
Photopsia and haloes
Floaters
Visual field

20. Discharge
Watery
Mucoid
Mucopurulent
Secretion Vs drainage

21. Sticky eye but clear vision conjunctivitis‑

31. Visual Acuity
Central vision
Macula
Best corrected

33. Visual acuity tests in verbal children
Kay single picture Multiple pictures
Sheridan-Gardiner Sonksen-Silver
At age 3 years (matching tests)
At age 2 years (naming pictures)

34. External examination
•Lids
•Misalignment
•Redness
•Corneal opacity

35. 1st
image: anterior corneal surface
2nd
image: posterior corneal surface
3rd
image: anterior lens surface
4th
image: posterior lens surface, real, against
movement

40. Fluorescein stain
Rose bengal

43. Central, regular, reactive, round
Direct Vs indirect
Swinging light reflex, RAPD

46. Anticholinergic: Tropicamide, cyclopentolate,
atropine.
Adrenergic agonists: phenylephrine,
adrenaline
Topical anesthetic
cycloplegia

47. Extraocular motility
Muscle balance

49. Confrontation
Perimetry

50. Direct ophthalmoscope
Dialated pupils NB angle closure
Disc: cup/colour/contour
Macula
Blood vessels
Periphery

55. FFA
Perimetry
Ultrasound
CT
MRI

61. Thank you