Aphakia and its causes. Correction of Aphakia. Advantages and disadvantages of different corrections. Surgeries and related signs and symptoms of aphakia. Complications related to Aphakia.
Aphakia and its causes. Correction of Aphakia. Advantages and disadvantages of different corrections. Surgeries and related signs and symptoms of aphakia. Complications related to Aphakia.
That is, an inward squint that does not vary with the direction of gaze.
##Clinical_optometry #vision_care #eyecare #Eye_Awareness #optometry #eye #squint #Esotropia #eye_health #OSC #Ashith_Tripathi
AMBLYOPIA
Presenter : Dr Nikhil Agrawal (1st year resident)
Moderator : Dr Ekta Gupta
DHIR HOSPITAL POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
BHIWANI-127021
Email: education@dhirhospital.com
Simple report in ophthalmology
Squint Esotropia
by dr. Ali kareem
fifth year medical student in Al Mustansiriyah University College of Medicine\ Baghdad \ IRAQ 2018
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. A type of manifest
squint in which the
amount of deviation in
the squinting eye
remains constant in all
directions of gaze; and
there is no associated
limitation of ocular
movements
3. ETIOLOG
Y
• Binocular vision and coordination of ocular
movements are not present since birth but are
acquired in the early childhood.
• The process starts by the age of 3-6 months and
is completed up to 5-6 years. Therefore, any
obstacle to the development of these processes
may result in concomitant squint.
4. ETIOLOG
Y
Sensory obstacles
• Refractive errors
• Prolonged use of
incorrect spectacles
• Anisometropia
• Corneal opacities
• Lenticular opacities
• Diseases of macula
• Optic atrophy
• Obstruction in the
pupillary area due to
congenital ptosis
Motor obstacles
• Congenital
abnormalities of the
shape and size of the
orbit
• Abnormalities of
extraocular muscles
• Abnormalities of
accommodation,
convergence and AC/A
ratio
Central obstacles
• Deficient development
of fusion faculty
• Abnormalities of cortical
control of ocular
movements, and
hyperexcitability of the
CNS during teething
5. 1. OCULAR DEVIATION
• Unilateral or alternating
• Inward deviation or outward deviation or vertical deviation
• Primary deviation is equal to secondary deviation
• Ocular deviation is equal in all directions of gaze
CLINICAL
FEATURES
IN GENERAL
6. 2. OCULAR MOVEMENT
• Not limited in any direction
3. REFRACTIVE ERROR
• May or may not be associated
4. SUPPRESSION AND AMBLYOPIA
• May be develop as sensory adaptation to strabismus
• Amblyopia develops in monocular strabismus only and is
responsible for poor visual acuity
5. A-V PATTERNS
• May be observed in horizontal strabismus.
• when this patterns associated, the horizontal concomitant
strabismus becomes vertically incomitant
9. • Denotes inward deviation of one eye and is the
most common type of squint in children.
• Unilateral or alternating
COVERGENT
SQUINT
10. 1. INFANTILE ESOTROPIA
• Age of onset, usually 1-2 months, but may occur during first 6 months
of life
• Angle of deviation is constant and fairly large (>30 degree)
• Fixation pattern
• Binocular vision does not develop and there is alternate fixation in
primary gaze and cross fixation in the lateral gaze
• Amblyopia in 25-40% cases
• Treatment
• Amblyopia treatment by patching the normal eye should always be
done before performing surgery
• Recession of both medial recti is preferred over unilateral
recess-resect procedure
• Surgery should be done between 6 months – 2 years; preferably <1
year
11. 2. ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
• Occurs due to overaction of convergence associated with accommodation reflex
• 3 types
• Refractive accommodative esotropia
• Associated with high hypermetropia (+4 to +7D)
• Fully correctable by use of spectacles
• Non-refractive accommodative esotropia
• Caused by AC/A ratio
• Esotropia is greater for near than that for distance
• Fully corrected by bifocal glasses with add +3DS for near vision
• Mixed accommodative esotropia
• Caused by combination of hypermetropia and high AC/A ratio
• Esotropia for distance is corrected by correction of hypermetropia; and
the residual esotropia for near is corrected by addition of +3DS lens
12. 3. ACQUIRED NON-ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIAS
• Includes all those acquired primary esodeviations in which amount of
deviation is not affected by the state of accommodation
4. SENSORY ESOTROPIA
• Results from monocular lesions in childhood which either prevent the
development of normal binocular vision or interfere with its
maintenance
5. CONSECUTIVE ESOTROPIA
• Result from surgical overcorrection of exotropia
13. • Characterised by outward deviation of
one eye while the other eye fixates
DIVERGENT
SQUINT
Types
– Congenital exotropia
– Primary exotropia
– Secondary exotropia
– Consecutive exotropia
Rare, almost present at birth
May be unilateral or alternating
and may be intermittent or
constant exotropia
Constant unilateral deviation
which results from long-
standing monocular lesions
associated with low vision in the
affected eye
Constant unilateral exotropia
which results either due to
surgical overcorrection of
esotropia, or spontaneous
conversion of small degree
esotropia with amblyopia into
exotropia
14. EVALUATION
• History
• Examination:
- inspection
- ocular movements
- pupillary reactions
- media & fundus examination
- testing of vision & refractive
error
- cover tests (direct and alternate)
- estimation of angle of deviation
- tests for grade of binocular
vision and sensory functions
• Direct Cover Test
• confirms the presence of
manifest squint
• Alternate Cover Test
• Reveals whether the
squint is unilateral or
alternate
• Differentiates
concomitant squint from
incomitant squint
i. Hirschberg corneal
reflex test
ii. The prism and cover
test
iii. Krimsky corneal reflex
test
iv. Measurement of
deviation with
synoptophore
15.
16. TREATMENT
• Goals of treatments:
- To achieve good cosmetic correction
- To improve visual acuity
- To maintain binocular single vision
• Treatment modalities:
- spectacles with full correction of refractive error
- occlusion therapy
- preoperative orthoptic exercises
- squint surgery
- postoperative orthoptic exercises
17. • Squint surgery
– Should always be instituted after the
correction of refractive error, treatment of
amblyopia and orthoptic exercises.
Basic principles:
These are to weaken the strong
muscle by recession (shifting the
insertion posteriorly) or to strengthen
the weak muscle by resection
(shortening the muscle).
Sensory obstacles: hinder the formation of a clear image in one eye.
Motor obstacles: hinder the maintenance of the two eyes in the correct positional relationship in primary gaze and/or during different ocular movements.
AC/A ratio : accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio
Cross fixation involves the use of the right eye to look to the left and the left eye to look to the right;
INFANTILE ESOTROPIA
-Associations include inferior oblique overaction, dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) and latent horizontal nystagmus
When esotropia develops around 2-3 years of age, it is most likely accomodative