“Environmental studies” is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it.
Definition: “Environmental studies” is the study of environmental issues.
It has broader coverage than environmental science and includes social aspects of environment also.
Natural Resources
Renewable and non-renewable resources
Forest Resources
Water Resources
Mineral Resources
Food Resources
Energy Resources
Land Resources
Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and natural resources Maitry Agrawal
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and natural resources presentation will help you in knowing the actual meaning of environmental studies and it's scope and importance in layman's language. we will be also discussing about natural resources, types, individual's role in conservation of natural resources and sustainability.
All the things we use and consume are obtained from natural resources. Due to the increase in population, industrialization, and urbanization, the demand for natural resources is increasing and their availability is limited. So there is a need for proper management of natural resources
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
The Ecosystem - Its Structure and function plays a key role in the sustenance of Life on this Earth. Be it land, air, water .... the ecosystem decides the survival ...
Natural Resources
Renewable and non-renewable resources
Forest Resources
Water Resources
Mineral Resources
Food Resources
Energy Resources
Land Resources
Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and natural resources Maitry Agrawal
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and natural resources presentation will help you in knowing the actual meaning of environmental studies and it's scope and importance in layman's language. we will be also discussing about natural resources, types, individual's role in conservation of natural resources and sustainability.
All the things we use and consume are obtained from natural resources. Due to the increase in population, industrialization, and urbanization, the demand for natural resources is increasing and their availability is limited. So there is a need for proper management of natural resources
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
The Ecosystem - Its Structure and function plays a key role in the sustenance of Life on this Earth. Be it land, air, water .... the ecosystem decides the survival ...
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies.
The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are
Model approach, and
Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).
Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug AbsorptionSURYAKANTVERMA2
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of the drug products.
A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g. a town, region, or country)
Examples: Basmati rice, Swiss watches etc
Design, optimization and in vitro evaluation of gastroretentive hollow micros...SURYAKANTVERMA2
To modify the GIT time is one of the main challenge in the development of oral controlled drug delivery system.
Gastric emptying of pharmaceutical dosage form is highly variable and dependent on the dosage form and the fed/fasted state of the stomach.
Normal gastric residence time usually ranges between 5 minutes to 2 hours.
Formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tabletsSURYAKANTVERMA2
The concept of mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) or fast dissolving tablets emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance.
These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate and/or dissolve to release the drug as soon as they come in contact with saliva, thus obviating the need for water during administration, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for pediatric and geriatric patients.
Microsoft Windows, or simply Windows, is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT and Windows Embedded; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone.
The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.
“A GMP is a system for ensuring that products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards. It is designed to minimize the risks involved in any pharmaceutical production that cannot be eliminated through testing the final product”.
Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms of energy.
Environmental Pollution can be defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of any component of the environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property.
Pollution: The term pollution can be defined as influence of any substance causing nuisance, harmful effects, and uneasiness to the organisms
Pollutant: Any substance causing Nuisance or harmful effects or uneasiness to the organisms, then that particular substance may be called as the pollutant.
EnvironmentalPollutioncanbedefinedasanyundesirablechangeinphysical,chemical,or biological characteristics of any component of the environment i.e.air,water, soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property.
Water (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1974SURYAKANTVERMA2
AnActtoprovideforthepreventionandcontrolofwaterpollutionandthemaintainingorrestoringofwholesomenessofwater,for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution,forconferringonandassigningtosuchBoardspowersandfunctionsrelatingtheretoandformattersconnectedtherewith.
“ Bioavailability-
means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action."
It is defined as “the predictive mathematical model that describes the relationship between in vitro property (such as rate & extent of dissolution) of a dosage form and in vivo response (such as plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed)”.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024
Introduction to environment and environmental studies
1. INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
By
SURYAKANT VERMA
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education &
Research, Modinagar, U.P., India.
2. Environmental Science
• … is an
interdisciplinary and
multidisciplinary
field, drawing on
many diverse
disciplines.
3. Multidisciplinary nature of the
Environment studies
• “Environmental studies” is the scientific study of
our environment and our place in it.
• Definition: “Environmental studies” is the study
of environmental issues.
• It has broader coverage than environmental
science and includes social aspects of
environment also.
• It deals with science where necessary and also
include the study of physical and biological
environment and also cultural and social factors
and their impact on environment.
4. Scope of Environmental Studies
• Natural resources- their conservation and
management
• Ecology and biodiversity
• Environmental pollution and control
• Social issues in relation to development and
environment
• Human population and environment
5. Importance of Environmental Education
• Environmental Education is recognized as the process that would
help individuals to acquire essential knowledge and skills to take
positive action towards a batter environment.
• To clarify modern environmental concept like how to conserve
biodiversity.
• To know the more sustainable way of living.
• To use natural resources more efficiently.
• To know the behavior of organism under natural conditions.
• To know the interrelationship between organisms in populations
and communities.
• To aware and educate people regarding environmental issues and
problems at local, national and international levels.
6. Objectives of Environmental Education
1. An AWARENESS of the environment and its
problems.
2. Basic KNOWLEDGE and understanding of the
environment and its inter-relationship with man.
3. Social VALUES and ATTITUDES which are in
harmony with environmental quality.
4. SKILLS to solve environmental problems.
5. Sense of responsibility and urgency towards
environment so as to ensure appropriate ACTIONS
to solve environmental problems.
6. Consider environment in its totality.
7. Environmental Engineering
•Environmental engineering is based on the
design and
manipulation of environmental processes to
obtain a
desired outcome.
•Environmental engineers apply their knowledge
of the natural sciences (chemistry, biology and
microbiology) with their expertise in engineering
to solve, prevent or correct environmental
problems
8. Cont……
• Design or manage systems for water distribution and
collection, water treatment solid waste handling and
processing facilities , landfills and air treatment plants.
• Work with regulatory agencies to review proposals for
environmental equipment.
• Collecting data and assisting in product design.
• Developing improved air quality models and pollution
control measures.
• Working with an environmental health and safety board
on various policies and procedures.
• Developing mitigation measures to ensure safety
9. Some of the activities handled by
Environmental Engineer
• Waste Management,
• Toxic Material Control,
• Water Supply,
• Storm Water Management,
• Solid Waste Disposal,
• Land Management,
• Public Health & safety,
• Radiation Protection,
• Industrial Hygiene,
• Air Quality Control
10. Definition….. As per "ENVIRONMENT".
Environmental Protection Act (1986)
o The environment “is the sum of the total of the
elements, factors and conditions in the
surroundings which may have an impact on
the development, action or survival of an
organism or group of organisms, such as, we
human beings.”
OR
o It can also be defined as “ external surroundings
and conditions which directly or indirectly
affects the living organism”
11. Environment -French word - 'environ’ -surroundings.
Hence, everything surrounding us -"ENVIRONMENT".
Environmental Protection Act (1986) defined “Environment
as the sum total of water, air and land, their interrelationship
among themselves and with the human beings, other living
beings and property.”
It can also be defined as “ external surroundings and
conditions which directly or indirectly affects the living
organism”
Environmental science is a systemic study of our environment
and our place in it - mainly the abiotic and biotic components.
12. It is a comprehensive sum of all living and non – living
things and their interactions.
It is an applied science as its seeks practical answers
to making human civilization sustainable on the
earth’s finite sources.
Its components include biology, geology, chemistry,
physics, engineering, sociology, health, anthropology,
economics, statistics, computers and philosophy.
13. Environment consist of:
• BIOTIC FACTORS = living
components in an environment
• ABIOTIC FACTORS = non-living
components in an environment
14. • Biotic factors and Abiotic factors that surround
us and with which we interact.
• These biotic and abiotic components are in
dynamic state; they constantly affect each other
and cannot be isolated from each other.
17. COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
• Environment can be divided into four
components:
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Lithosphere
• Biosphere
18.
19. Atmosphere:
It is the mixture of various gases, water vapour and
subatomic particles that entirely covers the earth
extending outward several thousand kilometers.
21. Troposphere:
•Lower portion of the
atmosphere
•Extends up to 8 km at the
poles and 16 km at equator,
on an average extend up to
10-11 km from the earth
surface.
•Temperature decrease at
the rate of 5-7oC/km.
•Strong vertical air
movement responsible for
rapid and complete mixing.
22. Stratosphere:
• It is above
troposphere and
extends up to50-55
km.
• Up to about 20 km
temp. remains
constant then
increase with
increase in height.
• Ozone layer is in this
layer.
23. Mesosphere:
• It is layer above
stratosphere and
extends up to 80
km.
• Temperature
decreases slowly
with altitude but
then sharply to
about -75oC.
24. Thermosphere:
• Temperature
increases rapidly
with increase in
height.
• Heating of this layer
is due to absorption
of the solar energy.
• Within the
thermosphere there
is a layer of charged
particles known as
ionosphere.
25. Exosphere:
• It exist above the
ionosphere and
extend up to 2000 km
above the earth.
• This layer is almost
airless and empty.
• Contains hydrogen gas
in ionized state.
• Very high
temperature(≥
1200oC)
26. Hydrosphere:
• About 70% of earth is covered by water.
• Water is available in seas, oceans, lakes, river,
glaciers etc.
• 97% is in the oceans and seas, 2% in glaciers &
ice caps, 1% is fresh water available for human
consumption.
27. Lithosphere:
• Outer soil crust of the earth is lithosphere
• Living organisms, plant vegetation are
supported by the lithosphere.
• It contains resources like minerals, organic and
inorganic matter, some extent air and water.
• Role of lithosphere:
- Produces food for human beings and
animals.
- Soil is the site of decomposition of organic
wastes.
28. Biosphere:
• Thin outer crust of the earth which includes all
the living organisms and their environment.
• It extends from the lowest sea bed level to about
24 km of the atmosphere.
• Life supporting resources are available from the
biosphere.
• It is that part of earth where living(biotic)
organism exist and interact with each other and
also with non-living (abiotic) components.
29.
30. Activities in biosphere…….
• The living organisms interacting with each
other in biosphere and sustain their life.
• The waste products in gaseous, liquid and
solid form are discharged in biosphere.
• The sustaining and assimilative capacity of the
biosphere is tremendous but not infinite.
• The system is in operation for millions of years
but now showing stress due to impact of
human on environment.
33. Man and Environment relationship
• Man is the only living organism
capable of modifying environment
according to the need.
• Man has started hunting animals
and cutting trees for his basic
needs.
• To increase his comforts he started
distributing each and every
components of environment.
• Large scale deforestation,
increasing in quantity of CO2 due to
burning of forest, grass, crop waste
are example of early cause of
pollution.
35. Impact of Technology on Environment
• Positive Impact
• Negative Impact
– Direct Impact & Indirect Impact
Positive Impact
Waste treatment plants to reduce the pollution.
Electricity generation options
Uses of bio-fuels
36. Impact of Technology on Environment
(Cont…)
• Negative Impacts: Negative effects are further
divided into direct and indirect effects.
– Direct effect:
• Accidents in various industries
• Nuclear pollution
– Indirect effect
• Uses of fossil fuels causes air pollution
• Green house effects
• Acid rain
• Global warming
37. Positive Effect
• Water treatment plants help us to reuse of dirty
water.
• Wind turbines help to reduce the needs for coal,
electric and other natural resources.
• To improve life style & safety of human life, as
well as improve the environment of this planet
for the future.
• The science of sewage treatment is probably the
greatest environmental achievement of mankind
38. Negative Effect
a) Direct Effect:
It includes accidents , release of pollutants affecting
human health, exhaustion of resources and
changes in landscapes.
b) Indirect Effects:
These effects interfere with the vital services
supplied to humanity by natural ecological
systems.
39. CONT….
• Depletion of ozone layer , which protects the life on
earth from damaging UV-B radiations is caused
primarily by CFC emissions.
• Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers is
decreasing the inherent fertility of soils.
• The sea level rise due to melting of ice-caps in
Antarctic region due to global warming , is frequently
disturbing the coastal areas.
• Exploitation of resources leading to exhaustion.
• Testing of atomic bombs may cause volcanoes and
earth quakes
40.
41.
42. Environmental Degradation
• Definition: The overall lowering of environmental
qualities due to the damages caused by both
natural events and human activities in the basic
structure of the environment at local, regional
and global levels adversely affecting all living
organisms including man.
43. Cont…..
Environmental degradation arise due to…..
• Consumption of natural resources by over
population of developing countries.
• Wasteful over consumption of resources by
developed countries.
44. Cont…..
• To explain the impact (I) the proposed three
factor model in a given area comprises of:
1. The population size(P)
2. Per capita consumption of resources(A)
3. Degradational pollution caused by per unit of
resources used(T)
Hence I=P×A×T
In developing countries three Ps or P3 i.e.
population, poverty and pollution are key factor
for rapid environmental degradation.
45. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of
resources use, that aims to meet human needs
while preserving the environment so that these
needs can be met not only in the present, but also
for future generations.
• Every generation should leave air, water and soil
as pure and unpolluted as possible. Sustainability
mean to sustain human institutions and ecological
systems in a healthy and functional state
46. • Concepts for sustainable development:
• Control of pollution.
• Reduction of excessive use of resources and
conserving resources.
• Recycling and reuse of material for waste
minimization.
• Using cleaner fuel and technologies.
• Development of good mass transportation
facilities to reduce air pollution.
• By using effective environmental management
tools.(EIA, EMS)