1) Environmental studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the interactions between humans and their natural and social surroundings. It has become increasingly important due to growing environmental issues like pollution, climate change, and depletion of natural resources. 2) The environment consists of both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components that interact in complex ways. It includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Environmental studies considers the physical, biological, social, cultural, economic, and political factors that make up these systems. 3) Understanding our environment and the impacts of human activities is crucial for sustainable development and conservation of resources for future generations. Environmental studies aims to create awareness of environmental

1. UNIT 1UNIT 1
NATURE SCOPE ANDNATURE SCOPE ANDNATURE SCOPE ANDNATURE SCOPE AND
IMPORTANCE OFIMPORTANCE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

2. EnvironmentEnvironment
Environment literally means Surrounding in which we are living.
Environment includes all those things on which we are directly or indirectly
dependent for our survival, whether it is living component like animals, plants or
non living component like soil, air water. The word ‘environment’ is derived from
the old French word ‘environer’ – which means to ‘surround, enclose, and
encircle’.encircle’.
The biologist Jacob Van Uerkal (1864-1944) introduced the term
‘environment’ in Ecology. Ecology is the study of the interactions between an
organism of some kind and its environment. As given by Environment Protection
Act 1986, Environment is the sum total of land, water, air, interrelationships
among themselves and also with the human beings and other living organisms.

3. All living beings including man and their environment are mutually reactive,
affecting each other in a number of ways. It is generally equated with nature
wherein physical components of the planet earth such as earth, air, water, etc.
support and affect life in the biosphere. Environment represents the physical
components of the earth, wherein man is an important factor affecting the
environment.
Environment comprises interacting systems of physical, biological, and
cultural elements, which are interlinked individually as well as collectively in
various ways.

5. Definition: The complex set of physical, geographic, biological, social, cultural and
political conditions that surround an individual or organism and that ultimately determines
its form and nature of its survival.
According to Boring, ‘A person’s environment consists of the sum total of the stimulation
which he receives from his conception until his death.’ Indicating that environment
comprises various types of forces such as physical, intellectual, mental, economical,
political, cultural, social, moral and emotional.
2. Douglas and Holland defined that ‘The term environment is used to describe, in
aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature,
behaviour and the growth, development and maturity of living organisms’.
1) All factors living and nonliving that affect an individual organism or population at any
point in the life cycle.
2) Set of circumstances surrounding a particular occurrence.
3) All the things that surrounds us.

6. Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science
An interdisciplinary branch of science that investigates questions
related to the human population, resources, and damages caused by
pollution and disturbance.
Environmental science is integrative and involves complex biology,
chemistry, politics, sociology, geology, agriculture, economics.chemistry, politics, sociology, geology, agriculture, economics.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
It is a interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary field, drawing on many
diverse discipline.

8. Multidisciplinary nature of the Environmental Science
1. Environmental studies is the scientific study o f our environment and
our place in it.
2. Definition: “Environmental studies” is the study of environmental
issues.
3. It has border coverage than environmental science and includes social3. It has border coverage than environmental science and includes social
aspects of environment also.
4. It deals with science where necessary and also include the study of
physical and biological environment and also cultural, social factors
and their impact on environment.

9. Need of Environment studyNeed of Environment study
The need for information that clarifies modern environmental
concepts such as the need to conserve biodiversity, the need to
lead more sustainable lifestyles and the need to use resources
more equitably.
A need to change the way in which we view our own
environment by a practical approach based on observation andenvironment by a practical approach based on observation and
self learning.
The need to create a concern for our environment that will
trigger pro-environmental action, including activities we can do
in our daily life to protect it.

10. Objective of Environment subjectObjective of Environment subject
Develop a concern for our environment.
Begin to act at your own level to protect the
environment we all live in.

11. Types of Environment
Since environment is a combination of physical and biological factors, it contains
both living or biotic and non-living or abiotic components. On the basis of this
basic structure, environment can be divided into physical or abiotic and living or
biotic environment.
Physical or Abiotic Environment
Physical environment is made up of the following states - solid, liquid, and gas.
These three elements signify lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere
respectively. On the basis of spatial distribution, smaller units are termed as coastal
environment, plateau environment, mountain environment, lake environment, river
environment, maritime environment, etc.
Living or Biotic Environment
Biotic environment consists of plants (flora) and animals (fauna) including human
beings as a significant factor. Thus, biotic environment can be of two types such as
floral environment and faunal environment.

12. Apart from the above, there are social, cultural, and psychological environment.
Social and Cultural Environment
This type of environment includes the varied aspects of socio-cultural interactions
along with its outcomes such as beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes etc. The tangible and
intangible aspects of environment are included in it.
Psychological EnvironmentPsychological Environment
Psychological environment deals with the perception and experiences related to
any environmental setting. Some environment may be stimulating and exciting for
us, while others may be dull and boring. Psychological environment is more often
used in the organizational context.

13. Scope and ImportanceScope and Importance
We live in natural surrounding (forest, river, mountain, etc.).
Resources: renewable (forest and water) and non-renewable
(minerals and oil).
Due to increase in population these resources are getting
depleted gradually.
There is a need to understand make ourselves aware of ourThere is a need to understand make ourselves aware of our
natural assets and get concerned about our environment and
sustainable utilize the resources.
Scope of environmental studies is very wide and nearly covers
some aspects of every major discipline (biology, chemistry, physics,
geography, resource management, economy, etc.).

14. Interaction between different components of environment

15. The environment consists of four segments of the earth namely atmosphere, hydrosphere,
lithosphere and biosphere:
1. Atmosphere: The Atmosphere forms a distinctive protective layer about 100 km thick
around the earth. A blanket of gases called the atmosphere surrounds the earth and protects
the surface of earth from the Sun’s harmful, ultraviolet rays. It sustains life on the earth. It
also regulates temperature, preventing the earth from becoming too hot or too cold. It saves
it from the hostile environment of outer space. The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and
oxygen besides, argon, carbon dioxide and trace gases.
The atmosphere has a marked effect on the energy balance at the surface of the
Earth. It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the
electromagnetic radiation from the sun. It transmits only ultraviolet, visible, near infrared
radiation (300 to 2500 nm) and radio waves. (0.14 to 40 m) while filtering out tissue-
damaging ultra-violate waves below about 300 nm.

16. Stratosphere
It is above Troposphere
and extends up to 50-55
km
Up to about 20km
temperature remains
constant and then increase
with increase in height.with increase in height.
Ozone layer is in this
layer.

17. Mesosphere
It is a layer above
stratosphere and extends up
to 80 km.
Temperature decreases slowly
with altitude but then sharply
to about 750Cto about 75 C

18. Thermosphere
Temperature increases
rapidly with increase in
height.
Heating of this layer is due
to absorption of solar
energy.energy.
Within the thermosphere
there is a layer of charged
particles known as
ionosphere

19. Exosphere
It exist above the
ionosphere and extend up
to 2000 km above the
earth.
This layer is almost airless
and empty.and empty.
Contains hydrogen gas in
ionized state.
Very high temperature.

20. 2. Hydrosphere: The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, seas,
lakes, rivers, streams, reservoirs, polar icecaps, glaciers, and ground water. Oceans
represent 97% of the earth’s water and about 2% of the water resources is locked in the
polar icecaps and glaciers. Only about 1% is available as fresh water as surface water in
rivers, lakes, streams, and as ground water for human use.
3. Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consists of minerals
occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air and water.occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air and water.
4. Biosphere: Biosphere indicates the realm of living organisms and their interactions with
environment, viz atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
The scope of environmental studies is very wide and it deals with many areas like i)
Conservation of natural resources, ii) ecological aspects, iii) pollution of the surrounding
natural resources, iv) controlling the pollution, v) social issues connected to it, and vi)
impacts of human population on the environment.

21. Elements of Environment
Environment is constituted by the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural
elements inter-related in various ways, individually as well as collectively. These elements
are:
(1) Physical elements
Physical elements are space, landforms, water bodies, climate, soils, rocks and minerals.
They determine the variable character of the human habitat, its opportunities as well as
limitations.limitations.
(2) Biological elements
Biological elements such as plants, animals, microorganisms and men constitute the
biosphere.
(3) Cultural elements
Cultural elements such as economical, social and political elements are essentially man-
made features, which make the cultural background.

22. Water, air, soil, forests are all part of our life support systems.
Without them life itself would be impossible.
Natural resources are limited in nature and continue to shrink
and may be get depleted if not utilized in a sustainable manner.
Almost every act of human beings cause some effect on
environment: solid waste, water pollution, air pollution, soil
Importance
environment: solid waste, water pollution, air pollution, soil
pollution , etc.And these have ill-effect on human health.
Individual efforts together with the public and also government
actions are needed to protect our environment from further
more degradation and safeguard it.

23. The environment studies make us aware about the importance of protection and
conservation of our mother earth and about the destruction due to the release of pollution
into the environment. The increase in human and animal population, industries and other
issues make the survival cumbersome. A great number of environment issues have grown in
size and make the system more complex day by day, threatening the survival of mankind on
earth. Environment studies have become significant for the following reasons:
1. Environment Issues are being of Global:
It has been well recognised that environment issues like global warming and ozone
depletion, acid rain, marine pollution and biodiversity are not merely national issues but are
global issues and hence require international efforts and cooperation to solve them.

24. 2. Development and Environment:
Development leads to Urbanization, Industrial Growth, Telecommunication and
Transportation Systems, Hi-tech Agriculture and Housing etc. However, it has become phased
out in the developed world. The North intentionally moves their dirty factories to South to
cleanse their own environment. When the West developed, it did so perhaps in ignorance of
the environmental impact of its activities. Development of the rich countries of the world has
undesirable effects on the environment of the entire world.undesirable effects on the environment of the entire world.
3. Explosive Increase in Pollution
World census reflects that one in every seven persons in this planet lives in India. Evidently
with 16 per cent of the world's population and only 2.4 per cent of its land area, there is a
heavy pressure on the natural resources including land. Agricultural experts have recognized
soil health problems like deficiency of micronutrients and organic matter, soil salinity and
damage of soil structure.

25. Need for an Alternative Solution
It is essential, specially for developing countries to find alternative paths to an alternative
goal. We need a goal as under:
1.A true goal of development with an environmentally sound and sustainable
development.
2.A goal common to all citizens of our planet earth.
3.A goal distant from the developing world in the manner it is from the over-consuming3.A goal distant from the developing world in the manner it is from the over-consuming
wasteful societies of the “developed” world.
It is utmost important for us to save the humanity from extinction because of our
activities constricting the environment and depleting the biosphere, in the name of
development.