This document discusses the introduction and scope of statistics. It begins by defining statistics as relating to numerical facts and data. It notes that Florence Nightingale was the first nurse statistician, using statistical evidence to improve healthcare. Statistics is then defined as a branch of mathematics dealing with collecting, organizing, analyzing, and presenting numerical data to correctly interpret information. The scope of statistics in nursing is described for areas like anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and public health. Finally, the scope of statistics is discussed in other fields such as social sciences, planning, mathematics, economics, and business management.
This presentation includes an introduction to statistics, introduction to sampling methods, collection of data, classification and tabulation, frequency distribution, graphs and measures of central tendency.
Classify data into Qualitative and Quantitative data.
Scales of Measurement in Statistics.
Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio and Interval
Prepare table or continuous frequency distribution.
This presentation includes an introduction to statistics, introduction to sampling methods, collection of data, classification and tabulation, frequency distribution, graphs and measures of central tendency.
Classify data into Qualitative and Quantitative data.
Scales of Measurement in Statistics.
Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio and Interval
Prepare table or continuous frequency distribution.
Statistics as a subject (field of study):
Statistics is defined as the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to make decision on the bases of such analysis.(Singular sense)
Statistics as a numerical data:
Statistics is defined as aggregates of numerical expressed facts (figures) collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose. (Plural sense) In this course, we shall be mainly concerned with statistics as a subject, that is, as a field of study
Applications of statistics in medical Research and HealthrMuhammadNafees42
This will help you to understand the applications of basic statistics.The application of stat in medical health and research.
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Theory and Practice of Integrating Machine Learning and Conventional Statisti...University of Malaya
The practice of medical decision making is changing rapidly with the development of innovative
computing technologies. The growing interest of data analysis in line with the advancement in data
science raises the question of whether machine learning can be integrated with conventional statistics
in health research. To help address this knowledge gap, this talk focuses on the conceptual
integration between conventional statistics and machine learning, with a direction towards health
research. The similarities and differences between the two are compared using mathematical
concepts and algorithms. The comparison between conventional statistics and machine learning
methods indicates that conventional statistics are the fundamental basis of machine learning, where
the black box algorithms are derived from basic mathematics, but are advanced in terms of
automated analysis, handling big data and providing interactive visualizations. While the nature of
both these methods are different, they are conceptually similar. The evidence produced here
concludes that conventional statistics and machine learning are best to be integrated to develop
automated data analysis tools. Health researchers may explore machine learning as a potential tool to
enhance conventional statistics in data analytics for added reliable validation measures.
Epidemiology is a basic discipline essential to both clinical and community medicines. It also helps to develop the way of thinking about health and disease.
Effective strategies to monitor clinical risks using biostatistics - Pubrica.pdfPubrica
In clinical science, biostatistics services are essential for data collection, analysis, presentation, and interpretation. Epidemiology, clinical trials, population genetics, systems biology, and other disciplines all benefit from it. It aids in the evaluation of a drug's effectiveness and safety in clinical trials.
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The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
2. INTRODUCTION
•Statistics is all related to numbers.An aggregate of numerical facts
is statistics.
•The word statistics is derived from the Italian word statista
meaning political state or government.
•Shakespeare first used the word statist in his drama hamlet
followed by Achenwell who used the word statistic to mean the
political science of different countries.
3. INTRODUCTION
•Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was the first nurse statistician
who applied statistics to improve healthcare.
•During Crimean war she used statistical data from British army
files to show that improved sanitary conditions led to fewer military
deaths.
•This statistical evidence persuaded the British government to
introduce field hospitals and provide nursing care to the soldiers.
4. STATISTICS- DEFINITION
“It is a branch of mathematics dealing with
collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and
presentation of numerical data. Its objective is to
analyze and Interpret information correctly
sukhpal kaur
“It is a field of study concerned with techniques or methods
of collection of data, classification , summarizing, testing the
hypothesis and making recommendations only when a part
of data is used”
Mahajan
5. BIOSTATISTICS-DEFINITION
“ It is a term used when tools of statistics are applied to the data that is
derived from biological sciences such as medicine”
“ It is a branch of statistics that involves application of statistical science
to research in health related fields including medicine,biology, public
health, nursing and pharmacy.
6. STATISTICS-USES
• To summarize and present numerical data.
•To examine the relationships (Ex: disease and cause)
•To make predictions (Ex: value of a dependent variable can be predicted on basis of an
independent variable using regression techniques)
•To formulate and to test the hypothesis
•To construct concepts and to develop theories
•To present the information
•To make comparisons and to find similarities and differences
7. STATISTICS-USES
•To draw conclusions about populations based only on results of sample- often
research is conducted by taking a sample from the whole population. It helps us to
interpret the data for the entire population.
•Well used in epidemiology and public health since these fields are concerned with
communities or populations.
•Medical sciences are based on probability , this probability can be studied in
statistics
9. Scope in Nursing-
contd…..
•Anatomy and physiology:
to find out what is normal or healthy in a population and to find limits in normality
in variables such as weight and pulse rate- the mean pulse rate is 72/min but upto
what limits it may be normal on either side of mean has to be established with
certain appropriate techniques.
To find the difference between means and proportions of normal at 2 different
places or in different periods. Ex: the mean height of boys in Gujarat is less than the
mean height in Punjab and if the difference is due to nutrition, natural variation or
anything else has to be decided.
To find correlation between 2 variables like height and weight can be found.
10. Scope in Nursing-contd…..
•Medicine:
to compare the efficacy of a particular drug, opration or line of treatment- for this
the percentage cured in the experimental and control groups is compared and
difference due to chance or is found by applying statistics.
To find association between 2 attributes (cancer and smoking)
To identify signs and symptoms of a disease.( Cough in typhois is found by chance
unlike fever which is found in all the cases. The proportional incidence of one
symptom or another indicates whether it is a characteristic feature of the disease or
not)
11. Scope in Nursing-contd…..
•Pharmacology:
To find out the action of the drug when given to animals and humans to see
whether the change produced are due to the drug or by chance.
To compare the action of two different drugs or two successive dosages of the same
drug.
To find the relative potency of a new drug with respect to a standard drug.
12. Scope in Nursing-contd…..
•Community Medicine and Public Health:
To test usefulness of sera and vaccines – percentage of attacks and deaths among
vaccinated and unvaccinated samples to find whether th difference observed is
statistically significant.
In epidemiological studies- role of causative factors is statistically tested. Deficiency
of iodine as an important cause of goiter in a community is only conformed after
comparing the incidence of goiter cases before and after giving the iodised salt.
14. Scope in -OTHER FIELDS
1. Social Sciences
• Man Power Planning
• Crime Rates
• Income & Wealth Analysis of Society
• In studying Pricing, Production, Consumption, Investments & Profits
etc.
2. Planning
• Agriculture
• Industry
• Textiles
• Education etc.For ex. Five Year Plans in India.
15. Scope in Other Fields contd…..
3. Mathematics:
• Extensive use of Differentiation, Algebra, Trigonometry, Matrices etc in
modern business analysis.
• Statistics now treated as Applied Mathematics.
4. Economics:
• Family Budgeting
• Applied in solving economic problems related to production, consumption,
distribution of products as per income & wealth related patterns, wages,
prices, profits & individual savings, investments, unemployment & poverty
etc.
16. Scope in Other Fields
contd…..
5. Business Management
• Trend Analysis
• Market Research & Analysis
• Product Life Cycle
I. Marketing
Marketing Policy Decisions depend on forecasting, demand
analysis, time & motion studies, inventory control, investments &
analysis of consumer data for production & sales.
17. Scope in Other Fields
contd…..
ii) Production
• Designs
• Methods of Production
• Technology Selection
• Quality Control Mechanisms
• Product Mix
• Quantities
• Time Schedules for Manufacturing & Distribution
18. Scope in Other Fields
contd…..
iii) Finance
• Correlation Analysis of profits & dividends, assets & liabilities
• Analysis of income & expenditure
• Financial forecasts, break-even analysis, investment &
risk analysis
iv) Sales
• Demand Analysis
• Sales Forecasts
19. Scope in Other Fields
contd…..
v) Personnel
• Wage plans, Incentive plans, Cost of living, Labour turnover ratio,
Employment trends, Accidental Rates, Performance Appraisals etc.
vi) Accounting & Auditing
• Analysis of Income, Expenditure, Investment, Profits and Optimization
of Production etc
• Forecasting costs of production & price
vii) Other Areas
• Insurance, Astronomy, Social Sciences, Medical Sciences, Psychol