This document discusses the application of statistics in medical research and pharmacy. It begins by defining statistics and medical research. It then explains the relationship between medical sciences and statistical approaches, and lists some commonly used statistical tools in medical research like descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, chi square, correlation and regression. The document gives examples of how statistics are applied in areas like data collection, resource allocation, quality improvement, pharmacology, public health, and pharmaceutical marketing. It emphasizes the importance of statistical data in drawing reasonable inferences and making accurate decisions in medical research.

2. (TOPIC : APPLICATION OF VARIOUS STATISTICAL PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL
RESEARCH.)
PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY :
MUHAMMAD HASHIM HAROON ROLL NO :15.
3RD YEAR 6TH SEMESTER PHARM-D.
SUBJECT: COMMUNITY PHARMACY.
DATED : 14TH JULY ,2023.
UNIVERSITY OF POONCH RAWALAKOT
( DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY )

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES :
1. WHAT IS STASTICS ?
2. WHAT IS MEDICAL RESEARCH ?
3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDICAL SCIENCES AND
STATISTICALAPPROACHES ?
4. COMMONLY USED STATISTICAL TOOLS IN MEDICAL
RESEARCH?
5. APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN MEDICAL
SCIENCES ESPECAILY IN PHARMACY ?
6. IMPORTANCE OF STASTICAL DATA IN MEDICAL RESEARCH?

4. *SO WHAT IS “ STATISTICS “ ?
Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or
social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical
model to be studied.
FOR EXAMPLE :When you see an advertisement claiming that “4 out of 5 dentists
recommend a particular toothpaste,” it is using statistics to persuade you.

5. *WHAT IS MEDICAL RESEARCH :
Medical research, also known as experimental medicine, encompasses a wide array of
research, extending from "basic research", – involving fundamental scientific principles
that may apply to a preclinical understanding – to clinical research, which involves
studies of people who may be subjects in clinical trials.

6. *RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDICAL RESEARCH AND
STATISTICAL APPROACHES :
Statistics is an integral part of medical research. It is used by researchers to conduct tests to
determine results from experiments, clinical trials, and symptoms of diseases. The
application of statistics in the medical industry enables the public to have a better
understanding regarding the risks diseases pose, as well as behaviors that can cause heart
diseases and cancer.
Different branches of statistics help inform areas of medicine. For example, quantitative
research guides health care decision-makers who use numerical data collected from
measurements that describe the characteristics of specific population samples. Descriptive
statistics is another branch of statistics that summarizes the utility, efficacy, and costs of
medical goods and services. A large number of health care organizations utilize statistical
analysis to measure their performance levels. They implement data-driven, quality
improvement programs on the basis of this analysis. Inferential statistics are used to identify
the causes of diseases. Professionals in pharmaceutical, forensic and biological sciences
extensively rely on statistics for information about health and medicine.

8. *COMMONLY USED STATISTICAL TOOLS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH AND
PAHRMACY :
1. The following are the basic statistical tools used in medical research
2. Descriptive statistical tools - Mean and standard deviations.
3. Inferential statistical tools.
4. test for mean and proportion.
5. chi square.
6. Correlation and Regression.
7. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) -
8. One and two way ANOVA.
9. and repeated measures ANOVA.
10.Survival Analysis.
11.Linear models.

9. * APPLICATION OF STATISTICS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH ESPECIALLY IN
PHARMACY :
Let us take a focused view into some other significant ways statistics is used in the medical sector:
1. Data Collection
Data on human population samples can be gathered in an organised and efficient manner using scientific methods. Using
this information the health care industry obtains an insight into consumer market characteristics such as age, sex, race,
income, and disabilities. These demographics can be used to predict the types of services people use and the level of care
they can afford.
2. Resource Allocation
Medical resources are scarce and expensive, specially in a developing country like ours. Statistics play a key role in the
judicious allocation of medical resources. Using statistical tools it is possible to determine which combination of goods and
services should be produced, and which resources should be allocated to producing them. Health care statistics also
impact production efficiency. Allocation decisions will always involve trade-offs—which require calculating costs of missed
opportunities. With reliable statistical information the risk of these trade-offs is minimized.
3. Quality Improvement
Health care providers are always working to produce goods and services in a manner that is efficient. Health care
companies use statistics to measure performance success or failure. With access to such data, companies can establish
benchmarks or standards of excellence. This furthers quality improvement initiatives and helps measure future outcomes.

10. *APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN PHARMACY:
Biostatistics is the application of statistics in the development and use of therapeutic drugs
and devices in humans and animals. Simply it is the science of data. It has huge application in
pharmaceutical science:
* In Pharmacology:
To find the action of drug, a drug is given to animals or humans to see whether the changes produced are
due to the drug or by chance.To compare the action of two different drugs or two successive dosages of the
same drug.To find the relative potency of a new drug with respect to a standard drug.
* In Medicine:
To compare the efficacy of a particular drug, operation or line of treatment-for this, the percentage cured,
relieved or died in the experiment and control groups, is compared and difference due to chance or
otherwise is found by applying statistical techniques.To find an association between two attributes such as
cancer and smoking or filariasis and social class-an appropriate test is applied for this purpose .Cough in
typhoid is found by chance and fever is found in almost every case. The proportional incidence of one
symptom or another indicates whether it is a characteristic feature of the disease or not, to identify signs
and symptoms of a disease or syndrome.

11. * In Community Medicine and Public Health:
To test usefulness of sera and vaccines in the field, percentage of attacks or deaths among the vaccinated subjects is compared with
that among the unvaccinated ones to find whether the difference observed is statistically significant.In epidemiological studies, the
role of causative factors is statistically tested. Deficiency of iodine as an important cause of goiter in a community is confirmed only
after comparing the incidence of goiter cases before and after giving iodized salt.In public health, the measures adopted are
evaluated. Lowering of morbidity rate in typhoid after pasteurization of milk may be attributed to clean supply of milk, if it is
statistically proved. Fall in birth rate may be the result of family planning methods adopted under National Family Welfare
Programme or due to rise in living standards, increasing awareness and higher age of marriage.
* Assay Data in Drug Discovery:
As one might expect, there are usually a large number of assays used to optimize molecules and these vary in complexity and type.
The primary pharmacology assays are usually related to potency against the target or phenotype. In traditional target-based
projects, initial potency measurements are from simple biochemical ligand-binding assays. Compounds that show sufficient activity
against the target are then run against some type of functional assay to verify the relevance of the hit .The initial screen for potency
is often conducted at a single concentration; molecules that prove interesting might then be followed by a dilution series of the
concentration to verify that a dose-response relationship exists. To do this, the assay value is determined over a range of
concentrations and a statistical dose- response model is fit to the data.
* In Pharmaceutical maketing:
applied statistics are important to determine market management strategies to maximize ROI, market expansion strategies,
strategies to enhance brand impact, create value, optimize resources, maximize the value of the launch, improve workforce
efficiency, reduce attrition rates and improve customer service .

13. *IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICAL DATA IN MEDICAL RESEARCH :
The use of statistics allows clinical researchers to draw reasonable and accurate
inferences from collected information and to make sound decisions in the presence of
uncertainty. Mastery of statistical concepts can prevent numerous errors and biases in
medical research.