Internal migration in Indonesia involves the transmigration program which aims to redistribute population from densely populated Java to less populated outer islands. The government provides assistance to migrants moving from source areas like Java, Bali, and Madura to destination areas such as South Sumatra, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and Irian Jaya. While this reduces population pressure on Java, it also displaces indigenous groups and changes the ethnic composition of destination areas.

2. A movement between regions within
the same country and over relatively
short distances
 Doesnot alter the total population of
a country but will change population
density and population distribution
patterns within the country

3.  Rural to urban
 Urban to rural
 Inter-urban
 Intra-urban
 Rural to rural
 transmigration

4.  People moving from the city or town to the
countryside
 Frequently occurs with elderly people as they
see cities as unattractive
 Upon retirement , many elderly couples move
out to rural areas to enjoy a slower pace of
living in the countryside
 E.g. UK’s southeast where families move out
from London into semi rural home counties

5.  Push Factors (reasons for the movement away from cities)
- higher rates of congestion and pollution
- high land values making it harder for people to find
affordable housing
- higher crime rates
Pull Factors (reasons for movements to the countryside)
- perceived better quality of life
- believed to be a safer and more pleasant environment for
children to grow up in less pollution and more open space
- lower land-values and more affordable housing
- more businesses locating on greenfield sites to make the
most of room for expansion and the more pleasant
environment.

6.  People move from one town or
city to another
 Common reason:
› due to changing work opportunities force
people to relocate

7.  People moving within the same urban
area or city
 Common reasons:
› Increased transport result in high levels of
residential mobility
› E.g. post world war II, people moved to the
edge of cities (suburbanisation)

8.  People moving from one area of the
countryside to another
 Common in agricultural communities where
there is a need to change farming location.
 E.g. Sheep shearers migrating between
ranches in USA and Australia ; nomadic
pastoralist, Northern Africa.

10. Transmigration is one method that a number
of governments have used to try and solve
population problems.
Indonesia is a vast archipelago of 13000
islands stretching over 5000km
Population – 205 million (4th most populous
country in the world)

12.  60% of Indonesia’s population live on
Java itself- making the population
density very high- especially in Jakarta.
 The government needed to stop
Jakarta’s urban growth.
 People migrate to Jakarta in large
numbers to find work.

13.  TheGovernment introduced a
transmigration policy.
 aims- to move people from the
core area (Java/Jakarta) to the
periphery  to new farming areas
set up by the government.

14.  1930s
– the first large-scale
movement from parts of Java to
Lampung province, South Sumatra.
 Over200,000 transmigrants were
resettle
 After
2nd world war ( 1949-1970)
450 000 resettle
 1970s-1980 – 900 000 people being
relocate

16.  The migrants are given:
› free transport,
› free land ( 2 hectares of arable land)
› housing and
› Public facilities: schools, clinics
› other assistance such as food and
› fertiliser for the first 12 months.
 Even though many have migrated
the scheme has not been entirely
successful.

18. Source Area Destination Area
Java South Sumatra
Bali Sulawesi
Madura Kalimantan
Lombok Irian Jaya

20. Impacts on Source (Java) Impacts on destination
 Thousands of young
families left Java  Indigenous
populations were
 the rate of rural-urban displaced
migration in Java meant
Jakarta (the capital)
continued to grow  The population
structure was
 Population growth was changed as the
slowed down, not ethnicity of the
reversed periphery changed