This document discusses different types of human migration including permanent and temporary internal migration within a country as well as external international migration between countries. It describes push factors that drive migration from the origin country such as lack of jobs or political instability, and pull factors that attract migrants to the destination country like job opportunities or better living conditions. The document also outlines some of the potential positive and negative consequences of migration for both the host/receiving countries and the countries of origin.

1. DEVELOPMENT & USE OF HUMAN RESOURCES

2.  The movement of people from one place to
another.
 The permanent relocation of people from one
place to another.
 The temporary movement of people from
one place to another.
 NB –Temporary migration is not to be
confused with COMMUTING!

3. TEMPORARY
TYPES
OF
MIGRATION
PERMANENT
INTERNAL
INTER-NATIONAL
RURAL-URBAN
FORCED
SEASONAL
URBAN-RURAL

4. PERMANENT
 Occurs when migrants do
not intend to return home.
 Reasons for permanent
migration include: the
attainment of jobs, the
desire to move to the city
or the desire to establish a
farm.
TEMPORARY
 Occurs when people leave
their permanent residence for
a short period of time.
 May include persons leaving
their community or country
to study outside of that area
for a period of time before
returning home.
 May also include persons who
travel to other countries to
engage in work programmes.

5.  INTERNAL
 This refers to the movement of people from
one area to another within a country.
 It may be either temporary or permanent
 Usually characterized by movement from
rural areas to urban areas.
 Most likely consequence is urbanization

6. RURAL-TO-URBAN
 Movement from rural areas
to urban areas
 Usually movement from
farming communities to
towns or cities
 Normally as a result of the
low wages received in rural
areas
 Has led to decline in
demand for agricultural
workers
URBAN-TO- RURAL
 Occurs when people
relocate to obtain jobs
 People are attracted to
rural areas as they want to
leave polluted cities
 People also leave urban
areas as they want to get
away from the outbreaks
of violence or from being
targeted by criminals

7.  Rural-TO- RURAL
 Occurs when people move from one rural area to
another rural area in search of work .
 If the land they are tending becomes unproductive.
 If agricultural land is taken over for another land use
such as mining or development

8.  External migration occurs when people move
from one country to settle in another.
 It may be either permanent or temporary.
 Intra-regional migration- refers to movement
within the Caribbean.
 Usually occurs for employment opportunities
and pursuit of higher education.
 Most likely consequence is “brain drain”

9. SEASONAL
 This is very common with
agricultural cycles
 In Jamaica, people usually
migrate to North America
to reap crops such as
apples, oranges, tomatoes.
This is referred to as the
farm work programme.
 Also, some people migrate
seasonally to work in the
hospitality industry.
FORCED
 Also called deracination
 It is characterized by
coerced movement of a
person or persons from
their home.
 Sometimes it is
accompanied by religious
and political persecution
 Example: Transatlantic
Slave Trade

10. IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION
 Also called in-migration
 Describes movement into a
country, island or region.
 It is often controlled strictly
by government.
 It is usually permanent
movement were the
immigrant leaves the
country of origin in order to
find a new job.
 Also called out-migration
 Describes movement out
of a country, island or
region.
 It is not usually restricted
by governments.
 It usually results in
permanent settlement and
application for citizenship
in the new country.

11.  The causes of migration may be attributed to
push and pull factors.
 A push factor is a forceful factor that exists
in the country of origin.
 A pull factor is an attractive factor that
exists in the country of destination.

12.  Lack of jobs
 Political instability
 Poor medical facilities
 Lack of religious freedom
 Poor educational
opportunities
 Financial stress
 Prevalence of natural
disasters
 Lack of public amenities and
utilities
 Infertile land
 Job opportunities
 Better living conditions
 Political & religious
freedom
 Better healthcare
 Higher quality education
 Social & financial security
 Family reunion
 Modern infrastructure
 More reliable source of
food

13.  Migration carries with it numerous consequences
for both the host/receiving country and the country
of origin as well as on an individual level.
 Consequences may be either positive or negative
 Effects of migration may also be categorized as
social, political or economic

14. POSITIVE
 “Brain Gain”
 Cultural diversity
 Increase in labour force
 Growth in total
population
 Expansion of industries
NEGATIVE
 Greater pressure on
resources of the country
 Greater pressure on social
services of the country
 Growth in total population
 Financial resources
exported outside of
country

15. POSITIVE
 Remittances benefit
economy
 Migrants return with useful
skills
 Population size decreased
 Opening-up of job markets
NEGATIVE
 “Brain Drain”
 Down-sizing of industries
 Population size

16. POSITIVE
 Increase in income
 New cultural experience
 Learning new skills
 Better educational and
health facilities
 Greater access to
recreational facilities
NEGATIVE
 Family instability
 Burden of dependency
 Culture shock

17.  This is usually as a result of rural to urban
migration
 Human movement to more central locations
lead to expansion into the surrounding
countryside
 Such movement has a number of
consequences

18.  Inadequate housing
 Development of slums
 Underemployment
 increase in unemployment levels
 Increase in social unrest and crime
 Poor sanitation
 Pests and diseases
 Pollution