The document discusses various aspects of migration, including definitions of key terms like emigration and immigration, and the classifications of migration as voluntary or forced. It highlights the reasons for migration, including economic, social, political, and environmental factors, as well as the push and pull factors that influence such movements. Case studies such as counter-urbanisation in Edinburgh and migration from Senegal to Europe provide context for the implications of migration on both local and international scales.

1. IGCSE GEOGRAPHY
2. MIGRATION
POPULATION MIGRATION
CASE STUDIES
COUNTER-URBANISATION IN EDINBURGH
MIGRATION FROM SENEGAL TO EUROPE

2. Recap key words ‘migration’,
‘emigration’, ‘immigration’ and ‘net
migration balance’.
Learners describe a key word and the
other learner has to define it.
Learners define ‘international
migration’.
Introduce a classification of
migration and complete appropriate
definitions with examples to
illustrate.

3. Migration is
defined as a
permanent or
semi-permanent
change in where
someone lives.
For instance, if you
and your family
move to Australia
due to your dad
getting a job out
there, you have all
migrated.
If you all go
Australia for a
three week
holiday, then
you have not
migrated.

4. Some people migrate only for a short
period.
Turkish immigrant workers to Germany
may only go there for a period of
months.
They have made a semi-permanent move
so can be classified as migrants.
People working as chalet-maids in a ski
resort for the winter also could be
classified as having made a semi-
permanent migration.

5. Migrations fall into two groups, they can
be voluntary (where the migrant decides
to move) or forced (where the migrant
has little choice but to move).

6. Emigration is the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.

7. Immigrate is to come into another country to live permanently or when someone
enters a country.
REMEMBER:
Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in another.
Immigrate is to come into another country to live permanently.
Migrate is to move, like bird in the winter.
The choice between emigrate, immigrate, and migrate depends on the sentence's
point of view.

8. Net migration rate is the difference of
immigrants and emigrants of an area in a
period of time, divided per 1,000
inhabitants.

9. International migration is when people
migrate from one country to another -
for example, moving from Mexico to the
USA.

10. People migrate for many different
reasons. These reasons can be classified
as economic, social, political or
environmental:
• economic migration - moving to find
work or follow a particular career path
• social migration - moving somewhere
for a better quality of life or to be
closer to family or friends
• political migration - moving to escape
political persecution or war
• environmental causes of migration -
include natural disasters such as
flooding

11. Some people choose to migrate,
eg. someone who moves to
another country to enhance their
career opportunities.
Some people are forced to
migrate, eg. someone who moves
due to war or famine.
A refugee is someone who has left
their home and does not have a
new home to go to.
Often refugees do not carry many
possessions with them and do not
have a clear idea of where they
may finally settle.

12. Push factors are the reasons why people leave an
area. They include:
• lack of services
• lack of safety
• high crime
• crop failure
• drought
• flooding
• poverty
• war

13. Pull factors are the reasons why people move to a
particular area. They include:
• higher employment
• more wealth
• better services
• good climate
• safer, less crime
• political stability
• more fertile land
• lower risk from natural hazards

14. Migration usually happens as a
result of a combination of these
push and pull factors.

15. People migrate all the time...
Within the EU
Since the EU was formed, it is easier to migrate
between countries. Within the EU migrants may
come:
• from different countries in the EU
• from outside of the EU
In 2004 Poland, and seven other Eastern European
countries joined the EU.
This increased migration into the UK.
The largest group of migrants were from Poland.

16. Migration from outside the EU
Immigrants after the world wars mainly came
from commonwealth countries.
Immigration was encouraged by the government.
Many immigrants provided labour for textile
factories, transport, health or steelworks.
The UK tightened migration controls in the 1970s.

17. There are sometimes patterns of
migration globally as the map
below shows. Example:

18. The number of migrants a country receives
is influenced by the countries migration
policy.
Countries such as the UK operate a points
based system. People are awarded points
depending on their skills, previous income,
and age.
This has system gives some people visas to
allow them entry into the UK for work -
especially where there is a shortage of
labour in that sector.
Migration laws are complex, and change in
different countries, even within the EU.

19. Counter-urbanisation in the capital of Scotland
Movement of wealthier families to surrounding
rural areas of Edinburgh.
They use local services and they save them from
being closed down.
Migration can also cause problems for small rural
towns that they moved to (North Berwick).

20. Senegal is a small country in West Africa.
Population is around 13 million, growing 2% per year.
Senegal use to have a stable government and opportunities
for immigrants from all over Africa.
The economic crisis from 1990 saw a huge drop in living
standards.
There was a big increase in unemployment and a lack of jobs.

21. Rapid population growth has meant
competition for the few jobs available.
Put pressure on resources, especially food.
Study the migration from Senegal to Europe
(France) and answer the following question:
What would be the possible impacts in France
and European countries of many people from
Senegal migrating to them? (15 minutes).

22. Migration is the movement of people from one place to
another.
Internal migration is when people migrate within the same
country or region.
International migration is when people migrate from one
country to another.
Emigration is when someone leaves a country.
Immigration is when someone enters a country.
Economic migration could mean moving to find work.
Social migration is moving to be near family.

23. Political migration can be moving to escape war.
Environmental migration is to escape natural
disasters.
Push factors are the reasons people leave an area
like lack of services, high crime, crop failure,
flooding, poverty and war.
Pull factors are the reasons people move to a
particular area, like high employment, wealth,
better services, good climate and fertile land.