The study deals different terms, concept, definitions, theories of population, census statistics, maps and diagrams for representations of demographic data. You read it carefully until the last.

1. Special Lecture on Population
Geography….by Bhupen Barman
Ex. Student, Sitalkuchi College (2008-11), Research
Scholar (Phd), Deptt. of Geography & Applied
Geography, NBU

2. Nature, scope and content of
population geography:
◼ Population geography is a division
of human geography.
◼ It is the study of the distribution,
composition, migration, and growth of
populations are related to the nature of
places.
◼ Population geography involves
demography in a geographical
perspective.

3. Population geography studies;
◼ Demographic phenomena (natality,
mortality, growth rates, etc.) through
both space and time.
◼ Increase or decrease in population
numbers.
◼ The movements and mobility of
populations (migration).
◼ Occupational Structure
◼ Study of human settlements.

4. Demography vs Population
Geography
◼ Demography-’Demos’ meaning people
and ‘graphy’ means science.
◼ It is the science of people.
◼ The term demography was first used by
a French writer Achile Guilard (1855).
◼ Demography is a statistical and
mathematical study of the size,
composition, spatial distribution of
human population (Donald J. Bouge).

5. ◼ William Peterson, Hauser & Duncan
consider “population studies” and
“demography” to be different.
◼ Demography indicates limited spheres
and it studies only the decisive factors
of population.
◼ Population studies besides the social,
economic, geographical, political and
biological aspects of population.

6. Spatial distribution & density
of population:
◼ It is the distribution of population
among the administrative areas.
◼ The concepts of population distribution
and density are so closely related to
each other.
◼ The distribution is based on location
while density is a ratio.

7. Variation of population distribution in 2001 and
2011 Census

12. ▪Uttarpradesh continues
most populous state in
India (200 m) which is
more than the population
of Brazil, the fifth most
populous countries in the
world.
▪Followed
Maharastra(112.4million),
Bihar (103.8 million),
West Bengal (91.3
million).

13. Population density;
◼ Average number of people living per sq km.
◼ Related to population and the land available.
◼ Calculated by dividing the population by the
land area. (382 pop./sq km in India).
◼ USA (33 Per./sq km), China (141 Per./sq km),
Russia (8 Per./sq km), Bangladesh (Per./sq
km), Australia (2.8 Per./sq km).
◼ It indicates the quantitative relationship.

14. Types of Population density
◼ Arithmatic density: pop. Per sq. km on
the basis of total land.
◼ Nutrition density: pop. Per sq km on
agricultural land.
◼ Agricultural density: It is the ratio
between agricultural land and
agricultural worker.
◼ House density: Average number of
housing population.

15. ◼ Man-land ratio: Total pop./Total
effective agricultural land.
◼ Differences between population density
and man land ratio;
◼ Population density is quantitative and
man-land land ratio is qualitative.
◼ Man-land ratio reveals the optimum
population.

16. Important aspects of
population distribution;
◼ Highest number of population in
Uttarpradesh (199,812,341) (16.50%)
and lowest in Sikkim (610,577) (0.05%)
state.
◼ Highest number of population in
Puducherry (1,247,953) (0.10%) and
lowest in Lakshadeep (64,473)
(0.01%)in UT.

17. ◼ The sex ratio is the ratio of males to
females in a population
◼ Sex ratio highest in Kerala( 1084) and
lowest in Haryana (879).
◼ Sex ratio highest in Andaman and
Nicobar Islands (876) and lowest in
Daman & Diu (618) in UT.
◼ Highest rural pop. in UP and lowest in
Sikkim.
◼ Highest rural pop. In Delhi and lowest
in lakshadweep

18. ◼ Urban population highest in Maharastra
and lowest in Sikkim state.
◼ Urban population highest in Delhi and
lowest in Lakshadweep.
◼ Highest % of area covered by
Rajasthan (3.42 lakh sq km) and lowest
in Goa (0.04 lakh sq km) state.
◼ Delhi (1484 sq km) and Lakshadweep
(32 sq. km).

19. ◼ Highest population density found in
Bihar (1102 persons/sq km) and lowest
in Aryunachal pradesh (17 persons/sq
km).
◼ Delhi (11297 persons/sq km) and
Andaman & Nicobar Islands (46
persons/sq km)

20. Determinants of world
population distribution:
◼ Population distribution refers to where
people live around the world.
◼ But these distribution of population
unevenly distributed by several factors.
◼ These are basically Physical and socio-
economic factors

21. Determinants
Physical factors
Climate, Soil,
Physiography,
River, Natural
vegetation,
Power and
mineral
resources
Socio-economic factors
Economic
condition, Social
status, Religious
, cultural ,
political

24. Population growth
◼ We know where people live and why,
and we also know where the population
is denser.
◼ China is the most populated country in
the world.
◼ In the next 50 years India will have
more people than China.
◼ Asia has over 1/3 of the earth’s
population.

25. The factors influence population
growth:
A. Modern medicine and hygiene
B. Education
C. Industrialization and urbanization
D. Economic development
E. Government policy
F. Role of women in society

26. Modern Medicine and Hygiene
◼ Population will grow in countries with
good hospitals and doctors because:
A. Babies get regular shots
B. People have regular health care
C. There are no epidemics such as small
pox, yellow fever, or cholera.

27. Education
◼ Population will decrease in countries
with many educated people because:
A. More people have careers so they
decide not to have as many children.
B. Fewer people are farming so they
don’t want children.

28. Industrialization
◼ Population growth will decrease as a
country becomes more developed.
Countries that are highly industrialized
have low population growth rates.

29. Role of Women in Society
A. Countries with low population growth
rates have more women working in
the labor force.
B. Countries where women are expected
to stay at home and be housewives
will have high population growth
rates.

30. Optimum population;
◼ Concept of Optimum population (Prof.
cannon & Sandars)
◼ Optimum population refers to the size
of a population that produces the ideal
growth of population.
◼ It develops with the resources.
◼ People working with all availability of
resources that will produce highest
economic return i.e., the highest
standard of living.

31. Over population:
◼ Anything above the optimum population
or desirable size of population is called
over population.
◼ Too many people.
◼ Less percapita income.
◼ e.g. Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India etc are
said to be overpopulated due to
insufficient food, minerals and energy
resources to sustain populations.

32. Over population;
◼ High unemployment.
◼ Low incomes.
◼ Low standard of living.
◼ High population density.
◼ Malnutrition.
◼ Malthus identifies these problems of
over population.

33. Over population:
◼ Increasing rate of migration from
developing countries.
◼ It has bad impact on population of
national as well as regional level.
◼ eg., agricultural and non-agricultural
fields of rural area.

34. Optimum , Under and Over
Population

35. Under population:
◼ Under population exists when a
population is too small.
◼ Therefore unable to fully utilise the
available resource endowments.
◼ These resource are capable to
supporting a much larger population
with no reduction of living standards.

36. Under population;
◼ These situation found in low technical
developed countries.
◼ Under population is found in equatorial
Congo, Amazon River basin or the rich
Prairie region of North America.

37. Why is need optimum size of
population in a country?
◼ Quality of life will fall if population
increases or decreases.
◼ Maximizes the percapita income.
◼ Use of natural resources.
◼ Technology and capital.
◼ High standard of living.

38. Population explosion:
◼ Population Explosion refers the
sudden and rapid rise in the size of
human population. It is an unchecked
growth of human population caused as
a result of:
◼ increased birth rate,
◼ decreased infant mortality rate, and
◼ improved life expectancy.

39. Population explosion:
◼ It is more prominent in under-
developed and developing countries
than in developed countries.
◼ Population explosion occurs post-World
War II. However, in context to India, it
refers to the rapid increase in
population in post-Independent era.

40. Population explosion: Casues
◼ Accelerating birth rate: Due to lack of
awareness.
◼ Decrease in infant mortality rate: An
improvement in medical science and
technology, wide usage of preventive drugs
(vaccines), has reduced the infant mortality
rate.
◼ There has been great improvement in
medical and health-care facilities during the
past few decades.

41. Population explosion: Causes
◼ Increase in life expectancy-Due to
improved living conditions, better
hygiene and sanitation habits, better
nutrition, health education, etc.
◼ Increased immigration towards the city
region.

42. Population explosion: Effects
◼ Unemployment
◼ Poverty
◼ Illiteracy
◼ Poor health
◼ Pollution and global warming

43. Population projection:
◼ Population projections are estimates of
the population for future dates.
◼ They are typically based on an
estimated population

44. Population projection:
◼ The UN 2015 world population
prospects. predicts the following
populations per continent in 2050:
◼ Asia and Oceania – 5.3 billion
◼ Africa – 2.5 billion
◼ Americas – 1.2 billion
◼ Europe – 0.7 billion
◼ World total – 9.7 billion

45. Population projection: (UN
population, 2015)

47. Determinants of population
growth:
◼ Fertility: The average number of
children that it would be born to a
woman.
◼ Crude Birth Rate (CBR):The number of
births per thousand in a given year
called CBR.

48. Determinants of population
growth:
◼ General Fertility Rate (GFR): The
number of children born per year per
thousand females in the age group of
15-49 years.
◼ Age specific fertility Rate: No. of live
births to women specific age group/mid
year women pop. *1000

49. Determinants of population
growth:
◼ Mortality: It means death.
◼ CDR-Total deaths in a year/Total mid
year pop. *1000
◼ Age specific Death Rate-No. of death in
age specific group/Total mid year pop.
Of that age group*1000

50. Determinants of population
growth:
◼ IMR-No.of deaths among infants/No. of
births*1000
◼ Factors of mortality-Infectious and
respiratory diseases.
◼ Cancer
◼ Diseases of circulatory system
◼ Violence and accident
◼ Any other causes.

51. Population pyramid;
◼ When the age structure of population is
classified by sex in form of histogram is
called age-sex pyramid.
◼ The base of pyramid shows very low
age starting from zero.
◼ The top pyramids shows age above 85
years.
◼ Population pyramids are 5 years
interval.

52. ◼ On the left pyramid shown age of male
population and right female population.

53. Demographic Transition Model
( DTM)
◼ Amrican demographer Warren
Thompson (1929), Landry (1934),
Notestein (1940,1945).
◼ This model has four stages;

55. Stage-1 High fluctuating
◼ Birth Rate and Death rate are both
high.
◼ Population growth is slow and
fluctuating.
◼ Agrarian society based.
◼ Pre-industrial based.
◼ High stationary.
◼ African countries

56. Stage-2 Early expanding
◼ Birth Rate remains high.
◼ Death Rate is falling.
◼ Population begins to rise steadily.
◼ Stage of beginning industrialization.
◼ Improving medical technology.
◼ This stage is called stage of population
expansion.
◼ India, China, Bangladesh etc.

57. Stage-3 Late expanding
◼ Birth Rate starts to fall.
◼ Death Rate continues to fall.
◼ Family planning available
◼ Lower Infant Mortality Rate
◼ This is industrial and urban stage..
◼ USA, France, Japan etc.

58. Stage-4 Low fluctuating
◼ Birth Rate and Death Rate both low.
◼ Population steady.
◼ Zero Population
◼ Countries like Norway, Sweden,
Denmark etc
◼ In fifth stage for negative growth it is
called ‘Racial suicide’

59. Population resource region:
◼ Ackerman divided 5 types;
◼ A-United sates types: pop and resource
ratio low, high-tech. Canada, Argentina,
USA
◼ B-European type: Pop-resource ratio
high, Highly developed, Japan, Israel
etc.

60. Population resource region:
◼ C-Brazilian type:pop- resouce ratio less,
less technology, Africa, Latin American
Country.
◼ D-Egyptian Type:Pop-resource ratio is
high, Less technology, India,Pakisthan,
Srilanka
◼ E-Arctic-desert type

61. What is Migration?
◼ Definition: Any “permanent” or ’semi-
permanent’ change in residence.
◼ Migration impacts on population
change.

62. Types of migration
◼ Internal: Migration within the same
country.
◼ May cross other political boundaries (state to
state, county to county).
◼ Rural to urban; Urban to suburban
◼ International: Cross country
boundaries
◼ Legal v. illegal
◼ Refugees: wants to migrate to avoid persecution.
◼ Asylees: people who have been forced out and are
seeking residence in a new country. Already out
of their country

63. Internal Migration
Internal migration
▪ Migration within country
▪ Rural-rural
▪ Rural-urban
▪ Urban-urban
▪ Urban-rural

64. International migration
▪ Emigration-leaving country
▪ Immigration-Entering to a country.
▪ Forced migration

65. Why do people migrate?
Push factors Pull factors
High population
pressure
Economic hardship
Poor quality of life
Persecution
Forced out – ethnic
cleansing
No jobs
Starvation and disasters
Marriage
Harsh environment
Able to support
population
More opportunities
Higher standard of
living
Receptive society
Accepts refugees and
asylum seekers
City life – bright lights
Partner works there

66. Consequences of migration;
◼ Positive: Solve the unemployment,
decreasing the pressure on agricultural
land , decreasing population pressure,
globalisation, diffusion etc.
◼ Negetive:Lack of working population,
impacts on agriculture, brain drain etc.

67. World population migration
after world war-II
◼ Partition of India (1947)
◼ Agricultural development Israel.
◼ Immigration to South east Asia
◼ Immigration to Middle East
◼ Social security in Europe

68. Measuring Migration
◼ Gross emigration rate:
◼ (Total out-migrants/midyear population)x1000
◼ Gross immigration rate:
◼ (Total in-migrants/midyear population)x1000
◼ Crude net migration rate:
◼ ((in-migrants – out-migrants)/ midyear
pop.)x1000
◼ Or
◼ Gross immigration rate – Gross emigration
rate

69. Simple Migration Model
Location A Location B
PUSH PULL
Migration

70. Lee’s Model of Migration
Location A Location B
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+
+
+
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-+
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+
+
+
Intervening Obstacles

71. Lee’s Model of Migration
◼ Theory of intervening opportunities
attempts to describe the likelihood of
migration.
◼ Its hypothesis is that likelihood is
influenced most by the opportunities to
settle at the destination or population
pressure at the starting point.

72. Some important terminology
in population geography;
◼ Human Development Index-Life
expectancy, literacy and GDP. This is
developed by Mahbub Ul Haq
(Pakisthani economist). India 2014
(0.609).
◼ BIMARU-Bihar, Madhyapradesh,
Rajasthan and Uttarpradesh
◼ EAG-BIMARU+Jharkhand, Chattisgarh,
Uttarakhand and Odisha.

73. Some important terminology
in population geography;
◼ Brain drain and brain grain-
◼ Reverse brain drain
◼ Return migration-voluntary or
involuntary return.
◼ Step migration
◼ Chain migration

74. Some important terminology
in population geography;
◼ Morbidity
◼ Fecundity
◼ Zero population
◼ Racial suicide
◼ Cephalic Index
◼ Nasal Index (NI)
◼ Baby boom

75. Some important terminology
in population geography;
◼ Emigration
◼ Immigration
◼ Forced migration

76. Thank you