Fertility and mortality are the two main factors that influence population growth and change. Fertility is measured using indices like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and replacement level fertility. Mortality is measured using crude death rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy. Factors like access to resources, healthcare, and socioeconomic conditions affect both fertility and mortality rates around the world.

1. Fertilty
Mortality

2.  Is
a result of
two factors:
● Fertility
● Mortality

3.  The ratio of births to
population of a given area
 It is measured by:
 CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)
 FERTILITY RATE /
 TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR)
 REPLACEMANT LEVEL FERTILITY (RLF)
 CHILD WOMEN RATIO
 AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE

5.  most common measure of fertility.
 Gives an overall picture of the number of births
per 1000 population in a year.
 The number of births per 1000 people in a
population per year
 Formula: CBR = total number of births x 1000
total population

6.  What is the
limitation of
the index
measurement?

11.  Itdoes not
take into
account the
age and sex
distribution of
the population

12.  It is the average number of children born to a woman
during her lifetime
 Varies geographically
◦ e.g in 1994:
◦ Sierra Leone, TFR of 6.5 while
◦ UK, TFR of 1.8
 Changes with time

19.  Is the level at which each generation of women has
only enough daughters to replace themselves in the
population
 What is the ideal replacement level?
2.1 0r 2

20.  Mortality may prevent a proportion
of the female children from
reaching their productive years and
also, on average, slightly more boys
are born than girls

21.  Find the natural increase if
 a. BR = 25/1000 DR = 10/1000
 b. BR = 5/1000 DR = 10/1000
 c. BR = 10/1000 DR = 10/1000

22.  High fertilty rates ( 4.0 & above)
 Medium fertility rates (2.2 – 3.9)
 Low fertility rate: (2.1 & below)

23. a. Infant and child mortality
b. Population momentum
c. Views towards children
d. Status for women
e. Cultural factors
f. Religion factors
g. Political factors

24.  Isthe ratio of
deaths to the
population of a
given area

25.  CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)
 INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR)
 LIFE EXPECTANCY
 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)
 AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (ASDR)

26.  The number of deaths per 1000
population in a year
 Formula :
 CDR = total number of deaths x1000
total population

32.  Yes!!!
 Itshows whether there is
improvement in health system or
not.
 If the CDR is low meaning there is
improvement in health and if there
is no improvement, CDR will be high

33.  It is a measure
of the number
of deaths of
infants before
the age of one
per 1000 live
births in a year

34.  Children respond
easily to the state of
their mother’s health
and the state of pre
and ante-natal
services

37.  The average
number of years a
person is expected
to live
 When mortality
declines, life
expectancy will
increase

38.  Ageing population
 Accessibility to amenities
 Government commitment to improve health care
 Living environment
 Colonial past influence in LEDCs
 Education among mothers and adults
 Aids epidemic

39.  Population growth is even slower in developed countries
 Stabilising birth rates
& increasing death
rates have already
led to natural
population decrease
in Italy & Germany
 Japan & Spain are
 expected to
 follow soon

40.  Lack of clean water
 Lack of food
 Poor hygiene and sanitation
 Overcrowding
 Contagious diseases such as diarrhea
and respiratory infections
 Poverty
 The occurrence of war

41.  Clean water is readily available
 Reliable food supply
 Good hygiene and sanitation
 Lower population densities
 Better vaccinations and health care
 Rising standards of living

42.  Highest death rates
are found in LEDCs
esp. Sub-Saharan
Africa.
 Mali, Gambia, Sierra
Leone, Uganda, Zambi
a – DR of 20/1000

44.  Up to 600 women die
for every 100000
children born
 Pakistan – high DR
among females, due to
malnourished & limited
access to health care

45.  In1990s – DR
increased in
Russia, Belarus, B
ulgaria, Estonia, L
atvia, Romania, U
kraine, Moldova

46.  Increase Cardiovascular disease
 Accidents
 Suicides
 Murders
 Stress
 Substance abuse (smoking & drinking)
 All these linked to increased
unemployment, and worsening living
condition

47.  The greater the
proportion of
population in the
old age (65+), the
higher the death
rate for the
population as a
whole

51.  Mr. Henry
Allingham was
born on June
6, 1896 and is
now 112.

52.  Of the 40,399
centenarians, 87
percent are
women, the Health and
Welfare Ministry said.
 Japan's centenarian
numbers rank it second
in the world behind
the United
States, which now has
more than
96,000, according to
U.S. Census Bureau
estimates. But the
U.S. population is more
than double that of
Japan.

53.  By2066, there
are predicted to
be over half a
million people
aged over 100

54.  Increase in the dependency ratio. This means that there
will be more people claiming benefits such as state
pensions and less people working and paying income taxes
 Increased government spending on health care and
pensions
 Those in work will have to pay higher taxes. This could
create disincentives to work and for firms to invest,
therefore there could be a fall in productivity growth.
 Shortage of workers. This shortage of workers could
push up wages causing wage inflation. Alternatively, firms
may have to respond by encouraging more people to enter
the workforce, through offering flexible working
practices.

55.  Increase participation rate,
 Raise the retirement age
 Increase the importance of the private
sector in providing pensions and health
care. However this may cause increased
inequality