Migration Theories
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Zipf’s Gravity Model
Everett Lee’s Theory of Migration
Push-Pull hypothesis
Lewis-Fei-Ranis Model of Development
Todaro’s Model of Migration
Mobility Field Theory
Migration Theories
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Zipf’s Gravity Model
Everett Lee’s Theory of Migration
Push-Pull hypothesis
Lewis-Fei-Ranis Model of Development
Todaro’s Model of Migration
Mobility Field Theory
Definition,meaning, scope,approach, and aim of urban-geographyKamrul Islam Karim
What is Urban Geography?
It can be considered a sub-discipline of the larger field of human geography with overlaps of content with that of Cultural Geography
Definition of Urban Geography.
Urban geography is the study of urban places with reference to their geographical environment.
Urban geography is the sub discipline of geography which concentrates on those parts of the Earth's surface that have a high concentration of buildings and infrastructure
.
It is that branch of science, which deals with the study of urban areas, in terms of concentration, infrastructure, economy, and environmental impacts.
Griffith Taylor- Urban Geography includes the site revolution pattern and classification of towns.
Dudley Stamp- Urban Geography is infecting the intensive study of town and their development in all their geographical aspects.
Meaning of an Urban Place
UN Demographic Year Book concludes: “There is no point in the continuum from large agglomerations to small clusters or scattered dwellings where urbanity disappears and rurality begins the division between urban and rural populations is necessarily arbitrary.”
A review of the problems of rural and urban centres as revealed by the Census Reports of various countries identifies a few bases for reckoning a place as urban.
Difference between rural and urban depends upon their nature of work – the former being engaged in agricultural operations and the latter in non-agricultural activities.
Criteria of an Urban Place
(1) A place designated by administrative status;
(2) A minimum population;
(3) A minimum population density;
(4) A concept of contiguity to include or exclude under suburban area or loosely scattered settlement;
(5) A proportion engaged in non-agricultural occupations; and
(6) A functional character.
Attributes of Urban Geography
Scope/nature/theme of Urban Geography
Methods or Approaches of Urban Places
Aim of urban geography
Definition,meaning, scope,approach, and aim of urban-geographyKamrul Islam Karim
What is Urban Geography?
It can be considered a sub-discipline of the larger field of human geography with overlaps of content with that of Cultural Geography
Definition of Urban Geography.
Urban geography is the study of urban places with reference to their geographical environment.
Urban geography is the sub discipline of geography which concentrates on those parts of the Earth's surface that have a high concentration of buildings and infrastructure
.
It is that branch of science, which deals with the study of urban areas, in terms of concentration, infrastructure, economy, and environmental impacts.
Griffith Taylor- Urban Geography includes the site revolution pattern and classification of towns.
Dudley Stamp- Urban Geography is infecting the intensive study of town and their development in all their geographical aspects.
Meaning of an Urban Place
UN Demographic Year Book concludes: “There is no point in the continuum from large agglomerations to small clusters or scattered dwellings where urbanity disappears and rurality begins the division between urban and rural populations is necessarily arbitrary.”
A review of the problems of rural and urban centres as revealed by the Census Reports of various countries identifies a few bases for reckoning a place as urban.
Difference between rural and urban depends upon their nature of work – the former being engaged in agricultural operations and the latter in non-agricultural activities.
Criteria of an Urban Place
(1) A place designated by administrative status;
(2) A minimum population;
(3) A minimum population density;
(4) A concept of contiguity to include or exclude under suburban area or loosely scattered settlement;
(5) A proportion engaged in non-agricultural occupations; and
(6) A functional character.
Attributes of Urban Geography
Scope/nature/theme of Urban Geography
Methods or Approaches of Urban Places
Aim of urban geography
The article is a sociological study of the growth of the Chicago and describes about city`s processes of expansion, metabolism, and mobility.
Expansion as physical growth Expansion as a process Social organization and disorganization as the process of metabolism Mobility as the pulse of the community
Migration, Globalization and Demographic Changebrunogiegerich
Sociology of Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change: International movement of people in a globalizing world
Possible accompaniment to the superb 'Sociology' Giddens and Sutton (2013) (left) Chapter 16, with an extensive assortment of additional accompanying resources
SOCIAL SCIENCE SS ELECTIVE 6 Cities and SocietiesJollibethGante
PART II: GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON CITIES
Overview of Global Cities – Saskia Sassen
The Urban-Rural Interface and Migration – Alan Gilbert and Josef Gugler
Community, Ethnicity, and Urban Sociology – Jan Lin
The New Urban Reality – Roger Waldinger
The Return of the Sweatshop – Edna Bonacich and Richard P. Appelbaum
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Zelinsky Model
he Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition, also known as the Migration
Transition Model,
claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on
how developed it is or what type of society it is.
A connection is drawn from migration to the stages of within
the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).
It was developed by Willbur Zelinsky (1921–2013),
3. Model stages
Stage one (“Premodern traditional society”):
Stage one (“Premodern traditional society”): This is before
the onset of the urbanization, and it is very little to no
migration and natural increase rates are about zero. There
are very high levels of mobility (nomadism), but very little
migration.
4. Stage two
(“Early transitional society”):
During stage two a “massive movement from countryside to
cities" occurs. And as a "community experiences the process
of modernization”. There is a “rapid rate of natural
increase”. And Internationally there is a high rate of
emigration, although the total population number is still
rising.
5. Stage three
(“Late transitional society”):
Stage three corresponds to the “critical rung...of the mobility transition” where
urban-to-urban migration surpasses the rural-to-urban migration, where rural-
to-urban migration “continues but at waning absolute or relative rates”, and “a
complex migrational and circular movements within the urban network, from
city to city or within a single metropolitan region”increased, circulation and non-
economic migration starts to emerge. Then the net-out migration trend shifts to
a net-in migration trend as more people immigrate than emigrate. That is, more
people move in rather than out.
6. Stage four
(“Advanced society”):
During stage four the “movement from countryside to city continues
but is further reduced in absolute and relative terms, vigorous
movement of migrants from city to city and within individual urban
agglomerations...especially within a highly elaborated lattice of
major and minor metropolises” is observed. A large increase of
urban to suburban migration can also occur. There is a “slight to
moderate rate of natural increase or none at all”.
7. Stage five
(“Future super advanced society”):
During stage five “Nearly all residential migration may be of
the interurban and interurban variety…. No plausible
predictions of fertility behavior because of a declining
population,...a stable mortality pattern slightly below
present levels”.
8. Lee’s Model
Everett Lee’s Theory of Migration:
Everett Lee in his A Theory of Migration divides the factors that
determine the decision to migrate and the process of migration
into four categories:
1. Factors associated with the Area of Origin:
There are many factors which motivate people to leave their place of
origin to outside area. They are push factors.
9. 2. Factors associated with the Area of
Destination:
There are very attractive forces at the area of
destination to which the proportion of “selectivity”
migrants is high. According to Lee, such forces are
found in metropolitan areas of a country. Pull factors are
present in such areas.
10. 3. Intervening Obstacles:
There are intervening obstacles like distance and
transportation which increase migrant selectivity of the
area of destination. These obstacles have been
lessened in modern times with technological advances.
Lee also refers to cost of movements, ethnic barriers
and personal factors as intervening obstacles
11. 4. Personal Factors:
Lastly, it is the personal factors on which the decision to migrate from the place of origin to the
place of destination depends. In fact, it is an individual’s perception of the ‘pull and push forces’
which influence actual migration.
He categorises these forces into “pluses” and “minuses” respectively. In other words, pluses are
pull factors and minuses are push factors. In between them are “zeros” which balance the
competing forces.
These are explained in following fig., where the first circle represents the area of origin and the
second circle the area of destination.
The sign pluses represents the forces that attract people to a place (pull factors) and that of
minuses represents the forces that push people from the area.
Zeros represent the indifference of the people towards migration. In between these forces are the
intervening obstacles.
12. According to Lee, it is the personal factors such as
age, sex, race and education which alongwith the pull-
push factors and intervening obstacles that determine
migration. Further, there are sequential migrants such
as children and wives of migrants who have little role in
the decision to migrate.