1) China introduced a one child policy in 1979 to manage population growth, which has prevented 400 million births but reduced growth rates. 2) Indonesia implemented a transmigration policy in the 1960s to move people from crowded islands like Java to less populated islands, but population issues were not fully addressed and conflict arose. 3) The UK faces an aging population as life expectancy rises and birth rates fall, straining pensions and health care. Strategies include raising the retirement age and immigration.

1. GCSE GEOGRAPHY
Population Change
Changing Urban Environments
Tourism

2. POPULATION
CHANGE

3. Managing Population Growth- China
• China’s population is the largest in the world- over 1.3billion
• The ‘one child policy’ was introduced in 1979
• Couples that only have one child are given benefits like longer
maternity leave, better housing and free education for the child
• Couples with more than 1 child don’t get any benefits and are also
fined part of their income
• Over the years the policy has changed so there are some
exceptions:
-In some rural areas, 2 children are allowed if the first is a girl, or has a
physical disability. This is because more children are needed to work
on farms
- If one of the parents has a disability or if both parents are only
children, then couples are allowed a second child. This is so there are
enough people to look after the parents

4. Managing Population Growth- China
• Effectiveness
1) The policy has prevented up to 400 million births. The
fertility rate has dropped from 5.7 in 1970 to 1.8 today
2) Some people think that it wasn’t just the one child policy
that slowed population growth. They say older policies
about leaving longer gaps between children were more
effective, and that Chinese people want fewer children
anyway as they’ve become more wealthy
China’s one child policy helps towards sustainable
development- the population hasn’t grown as fast as it would
have done without the policy, so fewer resources have been
used

5. Managing Population Growth- Indonesia
• Indonesia is a country made up if thousands of islands.
It has the 4th largest population- over 240million
• Most people (130mill) live on the island of Java
• This has led to social and economic problems on the
densely populated islands, lack of adequate housing
and services as well as unemployment and poverty
• The Indonesian Gov. started a policy in the 1960s called
the transmigration policy, which aims to reduce the
impacts of population growth
• Millions of people have been moved from the densely
populated islands (Java) to the less densely populated
islands like Sumatra

6. Managing Population Growth- Indonesia
• Effectiveness
1) Millions of people have been moved, but the
population still isn’t much more evenly distributed
2) Not all the people who were moved escaped poverty-
either they didn’t have the skills to farm the land, or
the land was too poor to be farmed
3) Lots of people were moved to land that was already
occupied by native people. This created conflict
between the natives and the migrants
Indonesia’s problem hasn’t helped towards sustainable
development because it only reduces the impact of
population growth- the population is still getting bigger

7. Ageing Populations - UK
• In 2005, 16% of the UK’s population was over 65, by
2041 this could be 25%
• People are living longer because of advances in
medicine and improved living standards
• Between 1980 and 2006 life expectancy rose 2.6 years
for women and 6.4 years for men
• ‘Baby booms’ occurred in the 1940s and 60s
• Those born in the 40s are now retiring, creating a
‘pensioner boom’
• Since the 1970s, the number of babies born has fallen.
With fewer young people in the population the
proportion of older people goes up

8. Ageing Populations - UK
The UK’s ageing population causes a few problems
• More elderly people are living in poverty- the working
population isn’t large enough to pay for a decent
pension, and many people don’t have savings
• Even though the state pension is low, the Gov. is
struggling to pay it
• The health service is under pressure because older
people need more medical attention
• In 2005, the average stay in hospital for people over 75
was 13 nights, for the rest of the population was 8
nights

9. Ageing Populations - UK
Strategies
• Raise the retirement age, by 2046 it will be 68 for
everyone
• Encourage immigration of young people in the UK
• Encourage women to have children- working
family tax credits support men and women who
go back to work after their children are born
• Encourage people to take out private pensions-
so people won’t be dependent on the state
pension

10. Migration within the EU
Push Factors (from Poland) Pull factors
1) High unemployment- 1) Ease of migration- the UK
around 19% allowed unlimited migration in
2004 Impacts in Poland Impacts in the UK
1) Poland’s population fell 1) The population went up
2) Low average wages- about 2) More work and higher
1/3 of the average EU wage wages (by 0.3% between 2003-07) slightly
and the birth rate fell as
3) Housing shortages- just over 3) Good exchange rate most people who left were
300 dwellings for every 1000 young
people
2) There was a shortage of 2) Immigration boosted the
workers, slowing the growth economy, however a lot of
of the economy money earned was sent
home
3) The Polish economy was 3) New shops selling Polish
boosted by the money sent products opened
home by emigrants- around
3billion Euros was sent to
Poland from abroad in 2006
4) Many Poles are Catholic
so attendance at Catholic
churches went up

11. Refugees migrate to the EU
• Huge numbers of people migrate from Africa to the EU
• In 2001, 45,000 emigrants from Africa were caught and refused entry to Spain
• Many are refugees, more than 2 million people were forced from their homes
because of the Civil War in Sierra Leone between 1991 and 2002
Impacts in African Countries Impacts in Spain
1) The working population is reduced, 1) Social tension between immigrants
so there are fewer people contributing and Spaniards
to the economy
2) Families become separated when 2) More unskilled workers in Spain,
fleeing from wars which has filed gaps in the labour
market
3) Average wages for unskilled jobs
have fallen
4) The birth rate has increased
because there are so many young
immigrants

12. CHANGING
URBAN
ENVIRONMENTS

13. Squatter Settlements: Favela-Bairro
• Rio de Janeiro is in SE Brazil, it has 600 squatter
settlements (favelas)
• The Favela- Bairro project started in 1995 and is
so successful, it’s been suggested as a model for
redeveloping other squatter settlements
• The project involves 253,000 people in 73 favelas
and is being extended
• 40% of the $300 million funding for the project
came from the local authority. The rest was
provided by an international organisation called
the Inter-American Development Bank

14. Squatter Settlements: Favela-Bairro
1) Social Improvements:
- Day-care Centres and after school schemes to look after children while their parents work
-Adult education classes to improve adult literacy
- Services to help people affected by drug, alcohol addiction, and domestic violence
2) Economic Improvements:
- Residents can apply to legally own their properties
- Training schemes to help people learn new skills so they can find better jobs and earn more
3) Environmental Improvements:
- Replacement of wooden buildings with brick buildings and the removal of homes on dangerously steep
slopes
- Widening and paving of streets to allow easier access
- Provision of basic services such as clean water, electricity and weekly rubbish collection
Community involvement is one of the most important parts of the project:
- Residents choose which improvements they want in their own favela, so they feel involved
- Neighbourhood associations are formed to communicate with the residents and make decisions
- The new services are staffed by residents, providing income and helping them learn new skills
1) The standard of living and health of residents has improved
2) The property values in favelas have increased by 80-120%
3) The number of local businesses within the favelas has almost doubled

15. Sustainable Cities- Curitiba
• Curitiba is in southern Brazil with a population of
1.8 million people
• The overall aims of its planners are to improve
the environment, reduce population and waste
and improve the quality of life of residents
• The city has a budget of $600 million to spend
every year
• Curitiba is working towards sustainability in
different ways

16. Sustainable Cities- Curitiba
1) Reducing car use
• There’s a good bus system, used by more than 1.4 million passengers per day
• It’s an ‘express’ bus system- they have pre- paying boarding stations that reduce boarding times, and bus only lanes on the
roads that speed up journeys
• The same cheap fare is paid for all journeys, benefiting poorer residents who tend to live on the outskirts of the city
• The bus system and bike paths are so popular that car use is 25% lower than the national average and Curitiba has one of
the lowest levels of air pollution in Brazil
2) Plenty of open spaces and conserved natural environments
• Green space increased from 0.5m^2 pp in 1970 to 52m^2 in 1990
• It has over 1000 parks and natural area
• Residents have planted 1.5 million trees along the city’s streets
• Builders in Curitiba are given tax breaks if their building projects include green space
3) Good recycling schemes
• 70% of rubbish is recycled. Paper recycling saves the equivalent of 1200 trees er day
• Residents in poorer area where the streets are too narrow for a weekly rubbish collection are given food and bus tickets for
bringing their recycling in to local collection centres
The reduction of car se means less pollution and use of fossil fuels, meaning the environment won’t be damaged so much for
people in the future
Leaving green spaces and conserving the natural environment means that people in the future will still be able to use the open
spaces
The high level of recycling means that fewer resources are used and less waste has to go to landfill. This means more resources
are used and less waste has to go to landfill. So more resources will be available in the future
Curitiba is a nice place to live- 99% of its residents are happy with their town

17. TOURISM

18. UK Tourism
• The Lake District is a National Park in Cumbria
• The Lake District gets around 15million visitors a year
• Tourists enjoy the scenery and activities
• There are also cultural attractions, such as the Beatrix Potter museum
Strategies are needed to cope with the impact of Tourists
1) Coping with the extra traffic- public transport is being improved so people can
leave their cars at home. There are also campaigns to encourage people to use
the new services, e.g. the ‘Give the driver a break’ campaign. This provides
leaflets that show the routes available and offers discounts at cafes and on lake
cruises for people presenting bus or train tickets
2) Coping with erosion of footpaths- solutions include encouraging visitors to use
less vulnerable areas instead, ‘resting’ popular routes by changing the line of
the paths and using more hard wearing materials for the paths. E.g. at Tarn
Hows, severely eroded paths have been covered with soil and reseeded, and
then main route has been gravelled to protect it
3) Protecting wildlife and farmland- there are signs to remind visitors to take their
litter home and covered bins are provided at the most popular sites. There have
also been campaigns to encourage visitors to enjoy the countryside
responsibly, by closing gates and keeping dogs on leads

19. UK Tourism
There are plans to make sure it keeps attracting tourists
1) The official tourist strategy for Cumbria is to attract an extra 2 million
visitors by 2018 and to increase the amount tourists spend from
1.1billion to 1.5 billion
2) Public transport will be improved to make the Lakes even more
accessible
3) There’s to be a widespread advertising and marketing to make the area
even more well known
4) Farms will be encouraged to provide services like quad biking, clay
pigeon shooting and archery
5) Timeshare developments (where people share ownership of a property,
but stay there at different times) are to be increased
6) The strategy also aims to encourage tourism in areas outside the
National Park, like the West Coast, Furness and Carlisle, to relieve some
of the pressure on the main tourist areas. E.g. there are plans to
regenerate ports like Whitehaven and Barrow to make them more
attractive to visitors

20. Mass Tourism- Kenya
• Kenya is in East Africa, getting over 700000 visitors per year
• People visit for the scenery, climate and tribal culture
Positive – Economic Negative - Economic
• Tourism contributes 15% of the country’s • Only 15% of the money earned through
Gross National Product tourism goes to the local. The rest goes to
• In 2003 around 219,000 people worked in big companies
the tourist industry
Positive – Social Negative - Social
• The culture and customs of the native • Some Maasai tribes people were forced
Maasai Tribe are preserved because off their land to create National Parks for
things like traditional dancing are often tourists
displayed for tourists • Some Muslim people in Kenya are
offended by the way female tourists dress
Positive - Environmental Negative - Environmental
• There are 23 National Parks in Kenya, e.g. • Safari vehicles have destroyed vegetation
Nairobi National Park. Tourists have to pay and caused soil erosion
entry fees to get in. This money is used to • Wild animals have been affected, e.g.
maintain the National Parks which help cheetahs in the most heavily visited areas
protect the environment and the wildlife have changed their hunting behaviour to
avoid the crowds
• Coral reefs in the Malindi Marine National
Park have been damaged by tourist boats
anchoring

21. Mass Tourism- Kenya
• Kenya is trying to reduce negative impacts of tourism
1) Walking or horseback tours are being promoted over vehicle
safaris, to preserve vegetation
2) Alternative activities that are less damaging than safaris are also
being encouraged, e.g. climbing and white water rafting
• Kenya is trying to maintain tourism
1) Kenya’s tourist board and ministry of tourism have launched an
advertising campaign in Russia called ‘Magical Kenya’
2) Kenya Wildlife Service is planning to build airstrips in Ruma
National Park and Mount Elgon National Park to make them more
accessible for tourists. It also plans to spend £8 million improving
roads and accessibility
3) Visa fees for adults were cut by 50% in 2009 to make it cheaper to
visit the country. They were also scrapped for children under 16 to
encourage more families to visit

22. Tourism in Extreme Conditions- Antarctica
• Antarctica covers an area of about 14 million km^2 and
about 98% is covered with ice
• There were 7413 tourists in 1996/97 but 46000 in 2007/08
• Tourists are attracted by the scenery e.g. icebergs and the
wildlife
1) Tourists can trample plants, disturb wildlife and drop litter
2) There are fears that tourists could accidentally introduce non-
native species or diseases that could wipe out existing species
3) Spillage of fuel from ships is also a worry. Fuel spills kill molluscs
and fish as well as the birds that feed on them

23. There are measures in place to protect Antarctica
1) The Antarctic Treaty is an international agreement that came
into force in 1961 and has now been signed by 47 countries.
The treaty is designed to protect and conserve the area and
its plant and animal life. In 2009, the parties involved with
the Antarctic Treaty agreed to introduce new limits on
tourism in Antarctica- only ships with fewer than 500
passengers are allowed to land and a maximum of 100
passengers are allowed on shore at a time
2) The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
also has a separate Code of Conduct.
• Specially protected areas
• Wildlife must not be disturbed when being observed
• Litter- nothing can be left behind
• Supervision- tourists must be supervised
• Plant life- tourists must not walk on the plant life
• Waste- sewage must be treated biologically

24. Ecotourism- Tataquara Lodge
• Is on an island in the Xingu River in the Brazilian state of Para
• It’s owned and operated by 6 local tribes
• The lodge has 15 rooms
• The surrounding rainforest has a variety of wildlife
Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits Benefits for locals
• The lodge was built from • The income goes • The lodge creates jobs
local materials such as straight to the local for people
straw and wood that was economy
found on the ground
• It uses solar power to run • As the lodge uses • People in nearby
lights, rather than burning locally produced food, villages are encouraged
fossil fuels more money goes back to visit Tataquara Lodge
to the local economy to sell crafts= income
and preserving culture
• The food served is locally • Profits earned are used
produced, less fossil fuels to provide healthcare
used to transport it and education for the
tribes people
Tataquara Lodge helps the Sustainable Development of the Area
• The profits go towards healthcare and education, helping the area develop by increasing the quality of life
for the local people
• The development is sustainable because the money is generated without damaging the environment-
local people don’t have to find other employment that could damage the environment, e.g. logging or
farming. Also resources aren’t used up e.g. solar power is used to run the lights instead of fossil fuels so
more resources are available for future generations