The document discusses different types of instruction codes used in computers. It explains that instruction codes contain operation codes and operands. The operation code specifies the operation to be performed, like addition, subtraction, etc. The operands specify the data on which the operation will be performed, which can be stored in memory or registers. The document outlines three main types of instruction codes - memory reference instructions, register reference instructions, and input-output instructions. It describes the format of each type of instruction and how they are interpreted by the computer.
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
This slide contain the description about the various technique related to parallel Processing(vector Processing and array processor), Arithmetic pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, SIMD processor, Attached array processor
In these slides the registration organization and stack organization have discussed in detail. Stack organization is discussed with the aid of animation to let the user understand it in a better and easy way.
This slide contain the description about the various technique related to parallel Processing(vector Processing and array processor), Arithmetic pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, SIMD processor, Attached array processor
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
This method of checking the signal in the system for processing is called Polling Method. In this method, the problem is that the processor has to waste number of clock cycles just for checking the signal in the system, by this processor will become busy unnecessarily. If any signal came for the process, processor will take some time to process the signal due to the polling process in action. So system performance also will be degraded and response time of the system will also decrease.
Memory reference instructions used in computer architecture is well demonstrated with examples. It will probably help you understand each referencing instructions.
Register Reference Instructions are those instructions that refer the registers to retrieve data from or to deposit data at. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Register Reference Instructions:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/computer-architecture/register-reference-instructions/
Chapter 3 INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMINGFrankie Jones
3.1 UNDERSTANDING INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.1.1 Define instruction set,machine and assembly language
3.1.2 Describe features and architectures of various type of microprocessor
3.1.3 Describe the Addressing Modes
3.2 APPLY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.2.1 Write simple program in assembly language
3.2.2 Tool in analyzing and debugging assembly language program
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
This method of checking the signal in the system for processing is called Polling Method. In this method, the problem is that the processor has to waste number of clock cycles just for checking the signal in the system, by this processor will become busy unnecessarily. If any signal came for the process, processor will take some time to process the signal due to the polling process in action. So system performance also will be degraded and response time of the system will also decrease.
Memory reference instructions used in computer architecture is well demonstrated with examples. It will probably help you understand each referencing instructions.
Register Reference Instructions are those instructions that refer the registers to retrieve data from or to deposit data at. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Register Reference Instructions:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/computer-architecture/register-reference-instructions/
Chapter 3 INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMINGFrankie Jones
3.1 UNDERSTANDING INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.1.1 Define instruction set,machine and assembly language
3.1.2 Describe features and architectures of various type of microprocessor
3.1.3 Describe the Addressing Modes
3.2 APPLY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
3.2.1 Write simple program in assembly language
3.2.2 Tool in analyzing and debugging assembly language program
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Digital Logic and Signal Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
CPU REGISTERS
what is cpu registers
types of cpu registers
function of cpu registers
explanation of cpu registers
categories of cpu registers
5 major categories of cpu registers
A computer instruction is a binary code that specifies a sequence of micro operations for the computer.
Instruction codes together with data are stored in memory.
The computer reads each instruction from memory and places it in a control register.
The control unit then interprets the binary code of the instruction and proceeds to execute it by issuing a sequence of micro operations.
Short notes on Instruction, Micro-operation, Instruction set, Instruction set completeness, Instruction code, Operation code ;
Instruction format ;
Instruction types ;
Direct and indirect addressing with Figure.
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
Instruction Set, Instruction Format, Instruction Encoding, Instruction Cycle, Types of the instructions, Types of Operand, Instruction Length, Number of Addresses in an instruction
1. Instruction Codes
Type of Instruction Codes
Overview
Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
Abhineet Anand
Computer Science and Engg. Department
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun
November 26, 2012
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
2. Instruction Codes Introduction
Type of Instruction Codes Operation Code
Overview Operands
Instruction Codes
A Computer instruction is binary code that specifies a
sequence of micro operation for the Computer.
The Computer reads each instruction from memory and
places it in a control register.
The control then interprets the binary code of the
instruction and proceeds to execute it by issuing a
sequence of micro operations.
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
3. Instruction Codes Introduction
Type of Instruction Codes Operation Code
Overview Operands
Instruction Codes
An instruction code is a group of bits that instruct the
computer to perform a specific task.
It is usually divided into parts, each having its own
particular interpretation.
They are:
Operation Code, and
Operands.
The most basic part of an instruction code is its operation
part.
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
4. Instruction Codes Introduction
Type of Instruction Codes Operation Code
Overview Operands
Operation Code
The Operation Code (OpCode) of an instruction is a group
of bits that define each operation such add, subtract,
multiply, shift, and complement.
It must consist of at least n bits for a given 2n distinct
operations.
Suppose we are having 64 (26 ) operation then the length
of OpCode will be 6.
The control unit decode the OpCode and do the required
operation.
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
5. Instruction Codes Introduction
Type of Instruction Codes Operation Code
Overview Operands
Operands
The Operation must be performed on some data stored in
processor register or in memory.
Every Computer has its own particular instruction code
format.
The Simplest way to organize a computer is to have an
instruction code format with two parts.
The first part specifies the operation to be performed and
the second specifies an address.
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
6. Type of Instruction Codes
Instruction Codes
Memory - Reference Instruction
Type of Instruction Codes
Register - Reference Instruction
Overview
Input - Output Instruction
Instruction Codes
The Basic Computer has three instruction code formats.
The OpCode part of the instruction contains three bits and
the meaning of the remaining 13 bits depends on the
operation code encountered.
The three instruction code formats are:
Memory - Reference Instruction
Register - reference Instruction
Input - Output Operation
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
7. Type of Instruction Codes
Instruction Codes
Memory - Reference Instruction
Type of Instruction Codes
Register - Reference Instruction
Overview
Input - Output Instruction
Memory - Reference Instruction
A Memory-Reference instruction uses 12 bits to specify an
address and one bit to specify the addressing mode I.
I is equal to 0 for direct address and to 1 for indirect
address.
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
8. Type of Instruction Codes
Instruction Codes
Memory - Reference Instruction
Type of Instruction Codes
Register - Reference Instruction
Overview
Input - Output Instruction
Register - Reference Instruction
The Register - Reference instruction are recognized by the
operation code 111 with 0 in the leftmost bit (bit 15) of the
instruction.
It specifies an operation on or a test of the AC register.
An operand from memory is not needed, so the other 12
bits are used to specify the operation or test to be
executed.
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
9. Type of Instruction Codes
Instruction Codes
Memory - Reference Instruction
Type of Instruction Codes
Register - Reference Instruction
Overview
Input - Output Instruction
Input - Output Instruction
An Input- Output Instruction does not need a reference to
memory and recognized by the operation code 111 with a
1 in the left most bit of the instruction.
The remaining 12 bits are used to specify the type of
input-output operation or test performed.
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
10. Instruction Codes
How to know type of instruction.
Type of Instruction Codes
Table of Instruction.
Overview
OverView
The type of instruction is recognized from four bits in
position 12 through 15 of the instruction.
If the three opcode in position 12 to 14 are not equal to
111, the instruction is a memory-reference type.
If these bit position is equal to 111 and 15th position is 0,
the instruction is a register-reference type otherwise it is
Input- output type.
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
11. Instruction Codes
How to know type of instruction.
Type of Instruction Codes
Table of Instruction.
Overview
Becuase of three bits use in the operation code, its seems
that the computer is restricted to a maximum of eight
distinct operations.
However, by using other 12 bits, the total number of
instruction can exceed eight.
In fact, the total number of instruction chosen for the basic
computer is equal to 25.
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
12. Instruction Codes
How to know type of instruction.
Type of Instruction Codes
Table of Instruction.
Overview
Table of Instruction.
The symbol designation is a three-letter word and represents
an abbreviation intended for programmers and users.
Memory Reference Instructions
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
13. Instruction Codes
How to know type of instruction.
Type of Instruction Codes
Table of Instruction.
Overview
Table of Instruction
Register Reference Instructions
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes
14. Instruction Codes
How to know type of instruction.
Type of Instruction Codes
Table of Instruction.
Overview
THANK YOU
Abhineet Anand Unit 3 - Instruction Codes