Knowledge based systems use artificial intelligence to solve problems that normally require human expertise by drawing on knowledge captured from human experts in a knowledge base, represented through rules, objects, and cases. They are used for tasks like diagnosis, interpretation, design, monitoring, and control by encoding expert knowledge and reasoning through rule-based or case-based systems. Developing a knowledge based system involves determining the problem characteristics, encoding the domain knowledge, and designing an interface and inference engine to query the knowledge base and glean insights to support decisions.

1. Knowledge Based System and
Representation(Expert System)
Prof. Neeraj Bhargava
Kapil Chauhan
Department of Computer Science
School of Engineering & Systems Sciences
MDS University, Ajmer

2. WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM
 KBS is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence
to solve problems within a specialized domain that
ordinarily requires human expertise
 Examples : expert systems
 Typical tasks of an expert system:- classification, diagnosis,
monitoring, design, scheduling, and planning for
specialized tasks.

3. KBS AS REAL-WORLD PROBLEM SOLVERS
A KBS draws upon the knowledge of human experts captured
in a knowledge-base to solve problems that normally require
human expertise
Uses Heuristic (cause-and-effect) rather than algorithms
Two approaches are used: Rule based reasoning, Code based
reasoning
Rule-based reasoning : Systems encode expert knowledge as
rules
Case-based reasoning : Systems encode expert knowledge as
cases

4. Knowledge
Base
Rules
Objects
Attributes
Hypothesis
Relationship
Definition
Events
Processes
Facts
Heuristics

5. KBS AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
Diagnosis - Identification about a problem
Interpretation – Understanding of a situation from
available information
Design – Develops configurations that satisfy constraints of
the problem
Monitoring – Checks performance & flags inconsistencies
Control – Collects & evaluate evidence from opinions on
that evidence
Debugging – Identifies and prescribes remedies for
malfunctions

6. DEVELOPING A KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM
 Determining characteristics of the problem
 To describe problem, knowledge engineer and domain
expert work together
 Knowledge engineer : A computer scientist that design and
implement programs that incorporate AI techniques
 Knowledge Engineer job : translate knowledge into
computer usable language, designs an inference engine,
integrate use of uncertain knowledge in the reasoning
process, determine useful explanation to end user
 Domain expert : An individual who has significant expertise
in the domain of the expert system being developed.

7. Interface
• Enables users to query the knowledge based system
Inference Engine
• Interacts with the knowledge base to glean insights to support decisions
Knowledge Base
• Expert knowledge encoded as rules
• Solutions to old problems represented as cases
KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

8. WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION?
Part of AI which concerned with AI agents thinking and how
thinking contributes to intelligent behavior of agents
Make computer understand the real world information to
solve the complex real world problems such as diagnosis a
medical condition, communicating humans in natural
language
Knowledge representation enables an intelligent machine to
learn from that knowledge and experiences so that it can
behave intelligently like a human.

9. APPROACHES TO KNOWLEDGE
REPRESENTATION
Simple relational knowledge
 Simplest way of storing facts and each fact about a set of the
object is set out systematically in columns
 Use in database system where the relationship between
different entities is represented
Inheritable knowledge
 In this, all data stored into hierarchy of classes
 This approach contains inheritable knowledge
 This shows a relation between instance and class, and it is
called instance relation

10. APPROACHES TO KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
Inferential knowledge
Represents knowledge in the form of formal logics
Use to derive more facts
 Procedural knowledge
This approach use small programs and codes which describes
how to do specific things, and how to proceed
Rule used : If-Then rule
Coding languages used : LISP language and Prolog language

11. Assignment
 Explain Knowledge based System and its
representation with example.