The document discusses various types of amplifiers and signal processing circuits. It begins by explaining the need for signal amplification and conditioning when transducer outputs are too small, noisy, or contain unwanted information. It then describes the basic operation of amplifiers, including voltage gain, input and output impedance. The rest of the document discusses operational amplifiers and various circuits that can be created using op amps, including inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summers, integrators, differentiators, comparators, and more. It also covers analog to digital conversion techniques like sampling, quantization, successive approximation, and flash converters.
Signal conditioning is useful in making of the circuits related to small signals and setting the signals ranges. Sensors are having different outputs and we can set the desired ranges of the voltages as per the necessity.
This document provides an overview of sensors and interfacing techniques. It discusses the basic components and principles of sensors, including the different types (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity), as well as resistor, capacitor and inductor sensor types. It also describes interfacing temperature, humidity, pressure and proximity sensors to microcontrollers, with examples of interfacing the LM35 temperature sensor and a capacitive humidity sensor to an 8051 microcontroller using an ADC0809 analog-to-digital converter. Circuit diagrams and assembly language code are included.
This document discusses transducers, which convert one form of energy to another. It defines transducers as devices that convert a physical quantity into an equivalent electrical signal. It then describes different types of transducers, such as resistive, capacitive, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric transducers. The document also distinguishes between sensors and transducers, and discusses factors to consider when selecting transducers, such as operating principle, sensitivity, accuracy, and environmental compatibility. It concludes by classifying transducers as active/passive, analog/digital, and primary/secondary transducers.
The document discusses different types of transducers including passive transducers which require an external power source, active transducers which generate their own power from the input, analog transducers which output a continuous function over time, and digital transducers which output pulses. It also describes gravitational and elastic pressure transducers and provides an example of calculating the output voltage of a resistive position transducer circuit.
This document provides an overview of various types of signal generators and signal analyzers used in electronics. It describes the basic components and functions of audio and radio frequency signal generators, function generators, square wave and pulse generators. It also discusses considerations for choosing a signal generator such as frequency range, output voltage, resolution, accuracy, and stability. Signal analyzers described include audio/radio frequency wave analyzers, harmonic distortion analyzers, and spectrum analyzers.
The document discusses various types of transducers including mechanical transducers, electrical transducers, LVDT, potentiometer, strain gauge, and resistance thermometer. It provides information on their working principles, construction details, applications, advantages, and limitations. The key points covered are that transducers convert one form of energy to another, electrical transducers are widely used for measurement as they allow remote sensing, and the selection of a transducer depends on factors like required accuracy, environmental conditions, errors, range, and resolution needed.
Pe 4030 ch 2 sensors and transducers part 1 final sept 20 2016Charlton Inao
The document discusses various types of sensors and transducers. It defines sensors as devices that produce an output signal in response to a physical input. Transducers are defined as devices that convert a signal from one form of energy to another. Common transducers include temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and position sensors. The document provides examples of different types of position sensors such as potentiometers, strain gauges, linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), and optical encoders. It also discusses important specifications for sensors like sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, and hysteresis.
The document discusses various types of amplifiers and signal processing circuits. It begins by explaining the need for signal amplification and conditioning when transducer outputs are too small, noisy, or contain unwanted information. It then describes the basic operation of amplifiers, including voltage gain, input and output impedance. The rest of the document discusses operational amplifiers and various circuits that can be created using op amps, including inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summers, integrators, differentiators, comparators, and more. It also covers analog to digital conversion techniques like sampling, quantization, successive approximation, and flash converters.
Signal conditioning is useful in making of the circuits related to small signals and setting the signals ranges. Sensors are having different outputs and we can set the desired ranges of the voltages as per the necessity.
This document provides an overview of sensors and interfacing techniques. It discusses the basic components and principles of sensors, including the different types (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity), as well as resistor, capacitor and inductor sensor types. It also describes interfacing temperature, humidity, pressure and proximity sensors to microcontrollers, with examples of interfacing the LM35 temperature sensor and a capacitive humidity sensor to an 8051 microcontroller using an ADC0809 analog-to-digital converter. Circuit diagrams and assembly language code are included.
This document discusses transducers, which convert one form of energy to another. It defines transducers as devices that convert a physical quantity into an equivalent electrical signal. It then describes different types of transducers, such as resistive, capacitive, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric transducers. The document also distinguishes between sensors and transducers, and discusses factors to consider when selecting transducers, such as operating principle, sensitivity, accuracy, and environmental compatibility. It concludes by classifying transducers as active/passive, analog/digital, and primary/secondary transducers.
The document discusses different types of transducers including passive transducers which require an external power source, active transducers which generate their own power from the input, analog transducers which output a continuous function over time, and digital transducers which output pulses. It also describes gravitational and elastic pressure transducers and provides an example of calculating the output voltage of a resistive position transducer circuit.
This document provides an overview of various types of signal generators and signal analyzers used in electronics. It describes the basic components and functions of audio and radio frequency signal generators, function generators, square wave and pulse generators. It also discusses considerations for choosing a signal generator such as frequency range, output voltage, resolution, accuracy, and stability. Signal analyzers described include audio/radio frequency wave analyzers, harmonic distortion analyzers, and spectrum analyzers.
The document discusses various types of transducers including mechanical transducers, electrical transducers, LVDT, potentiometer, strain gauge, and resistance thermometer. It provides information on their working principles, construction details, applications, advantages, and limitations. The key points covered are that transducers convert one form of energy to another, electrical transducers are widely used for measurement as they allow remote sensing, and the selection of a transducer depends on factors like required accuracy, environmental conditions, errors, range, and resolution needed.
Pe 4030 ch 2 sensors and transducers part 1 final sept 20 2016Charlton Inao
The document discusses various types of sensors and transducers. It defines sensors as devices that produce an output signal in response to a physical input. Transducers are defined as devices that convert a signal from one form of energy to another. Common transducers include temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and position sensors. The document provides examples of different types of position sensors such as potentiometers, strain gauges, linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), and optical encoders. It also discusses important specifications for sensors like sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, and hysteresis.
The document discusses transducers, their classification and advantages. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a non-electrical physical quantity into an electrical signal. Transducers provide benefits like an electrical output that can be easily processed and transmitted for measurement purposes. Sensors are defined as devices that convert a physical quantity into a non-electrical signal. Key factors in selecting transducers include linearity, repeatability, ruggedness, stability, reliability and dynamic response. Transducers can be classified based on operating principle, application, power consumption, output signals, and working mechanism. Examples of transducers discussed include the LVDT and thermocouple.
A transducer is a device that converts a non-electrical physical quantity, such as temperature, sound, or light, into an electrical signal. It contains two main parts: a sensor that produces a measurable response to physical changes, and a transduction element that converts the sensor output into a suitable electrical form. When selecting a transducer, factors like sensitivity, operating range, accuracy, cross-sensitivity, errors, operating principle, transient and frequency response, loading effects, environmental compatibility, and insensitivity to unwanted signals must be considered. Transducers can be classified based on whether they produce analog or digital outputs, whether they are primary or secondary devices, their transduction principle, and if they are active or passive. Basic
This document discusses transducers and capacitive transducers. It provides definitions and examples of transducers, noting they convert one type of energy to another, usually electrical or mechanical. Capacitive transducers are described as working by varying capacitance through changes in plate area, plate separation, or dielectric constant between parallel plates. Mathematical equations show how capacitance varies with these factors and can be used to measure linear or angular displacement. Specific capacitor circuit examples are given to demonstrate measurement of linear and angular position using changes in overlapping plate area.
This document discusses different types of sensors and transducers. It begins with an introduction to sensors, defining them as devices that convert non-electrical quantities into electrical signals. It then covers various classifications of sensors including primary/secondary, active/passive, and analog/digital. Specific types of sensors are described in more detail, including resistive sensors such as potentiometers, temperature dependent resistors, and strain gauges. Capacitive and inductive sensors are also briefly mentioned. The document provides examples and equations to explain the functioning and properties of different sensors.
Transducers convert one form of energy to another. They are defined as devices that convert an input signal of one form to an output signal of another form. Transducers can measure many quantities including energy, pressure, temperature, position, and more. Common transducers include thermocouples, thermistors, strain gauges, and magnetic pickups. Transducer parameters that are important to consider include sensitivity, range, span, linearity, hysteresis, accuracy, and precision.
This document provides an introduction to sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus, and a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. The document then discusses different types of sensors classified by their energy form, including displacement, force, pressure, velocity, and level sensors. It provides examples of common sensor types like potentiometers, strain gauges, LVDTs, optical encoders, and piezoelectric sensors. Finally, it covers the topic of signal conditioning, where the signal from the sensor is prepared for use in other parts of a system.
A sweep frequency generator generates a sinusoidal output whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. One complete cycle of the frequency variation is called a sweep. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and electrical components over various frequency bands. The frequency is varied either linearly or logarithmically over the entire sweep range, while the signal amplitude remains constant.
A sweep frequency generator is a type of signal generator that generates a sinusoidal output signal whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. It uses two oscillators - a master oscillator that produces a constant frequency and a voltage-controlled oscillator whose frequency varies. A mixer combines the outputs of the two oscillators to produce a sinusoidal output whose frequency is swept between the frequencies of the two oscillators. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and other electrical components over various frequency bands.
This document provides definitions and information about sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that responds to a physical stimulus and produces a signal and a transducer as a device that converts energy from one form to another. Common sensors measure displacement, position, temperature, pressure, force, velocity and other quantities. Active transducers directly generate a signal in response to stimulation while passive transducers require external power. Performance characteristics like range, sensitivity and hysteresis are also discussed. Examples of common displacement and position sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, capacitive sensors and LVDTs are provided along with their applications.
This document discusses different types of transducers, including variable resistive transducers. It describes how transducers convert one form of energy to another and are divided into active and passive types. Variable resistive transducers include potentiometers, strain gauges, load cells, RTDs, thermistors, and humidity sensors. Thermistors and potentiometers are discussed in more detail, with thermistors having resistance that decreases with increasing temperature and potentiometers acting as displacement transducers using a sliding contact over a resistive material. Resistance hygrometers are also mentioned as measuring humidity by sensing changes in a material's resistance due to moisture content.
Sensors can be used to measure various physical properties by converting one physical quantity to another. Temperature, light, force, displacement, motion, and sound can all be measured. Sensor performance is described by its range, resolution, error, accuracy, precision, linearity, and sensitivity. Common sensor types include resistive thermometers, thermistors, photodiodes, strain gauges, potentiometers, and microphones. Sensor interfacing may be needed to produce output signals in the desired form such as a voltage.
The various types of transducers, along with their selectivity parameters have been discussed. Also the instrumentation amplifiers and their needs have been analyzed.
The document discusses various types of sensors and transducers. It defines sensors as devices that measure physical quantities and produce a corresponding signal, while transducers are elements that experience a related change when subject to some input change. Common physical quantities that can be measured include temperature, pressure, light, current, and weight. Performance characteristics of sensors like range, error, accuracy, sensitivity, hysteresis, nonlinearity, repeatability, and resolution are also described. The document then discusses different types of displacement, position, velocity and motion sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, capacitive, inductive, Hall effect, incremental encoders and tachogenerators.
I. Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy into another. They may convert a physical quantity like pressure, temperature, or light intensity into an electrical signal.
II. Transducers can be classified by their operating principle, type of output signal, energy conversion method, and more. Common types include resistive, capacitive, inductive, and piezoelectric transducers.
III. Examples of transducers include thermocouples and thermistors for temperature measurement, strain gauges and load cells for force/pressure measurement, and tachogenerators and optical sensors for speed measurement.
This document contains the detailed construction ,working principle ,advantages disadvantages and applications of different sensors used in an mechatronic system.
This document discusses transducers, which are devices that convert one form of energy into another. It describes various types of transducers such as temperature, displacement, and resistance transducers. Transducers are classified based on the transduction form used, whether they are primary or secondary, passive or active, analog or digital. Key factors in selecting a transducer include operating principle, sensitivity, range, accuracy, and environmental compatibility. The basic construction of a transducer includes a sensing element that responds to changes and a transduction element that converts this to an electrical signal. Transducers have applications in equipment like audio/video and advantages like remote output and electrical amplification.
Transducers,Active Transducers and Passive TransducersAL- AMIN
Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy into another. They are used in a variety of applications like detecting muscle movement, measuring engine loads and knocks, converting temperature, pressure, and sound into electrical signals. Transducers are also used in antennas to convert electromagnetic waves to electrical signals. There are two main types: active transducers like thermocouples and photovoltaic cells convert non-electrical energy into electrical energy themselves, while passive transducers like strain gauges and differential transformers require an external force and convert non-electrical energy into electrical energy with help.
Digital signals represent data as discrete values using a finite number of levels, unlike analog signals which represent continuous values. The analog to digital conversion process quantizes a sampled analog voltage into discrete digital codes using an ADC. Key components of the ADC process include a buffer amplifier, low-pass filter, sample and hold amplifier, and ADC interfaced with a computer. The resolution of an ADC is determined by the number of bits used to digitize the analog input. Common ADC designs include successive approximation, flash encoding, and delta-sigma modulation. Data transmission converts process signals into transmittable forms like pneumatic or electrical signals to send to remote recorders over various distances using methods like hydraulic, pneumatic, magnetic, or electrical transmission.
This document presents a classification of transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. The document then discusses several classifications of transducers including active vs passive, transducer vs inverse transducer, analog vs digital, and primary vs secondary. Examples are provided for each classification. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of transducers as well as common applications. In conclusion, transducers are useful devices for converting one energy form to another for various applications.
Autrol America is a global leader in Smart pressure, differential pressure, and temperature transmitters for industrial use. This document summarizes the various model series offered.
Sullair screw air compressor as 04 - 110kWAlexander Chan
Sullair is a manufacturer of compressed air systems that aims to lower operating costs and maximize return on investment for customers. They offer complete compressed air solutions to help users reduce costs and improve productivity. Sullair distributors can provide information and help satisfy special requirements for compressed air systems. Sullair's product line includes screw compressors from 4-110kW that are designed for reliability, efficiency and performance to meet customer needs.
The document discusses transducers, their classification and advantages. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a non-electrical physical quantity into an electrical signal. Transducers provide benefits like an electrical output that can be easily processed and transmitted for measurement purposes. Sensors are defined as devices that convert a physical quantity into a non-electrical signal. Key factors in selecting transducers include linearity, repeatability, ruggedness, stability, reliability and dynamic response. Transducers can be classified based on operating principle, application, power consumption, output signals, and working mechanism. Examples of transducers discussed include the LVDT and thermocouple.
A transducer is a device that converts a non-electrical physical quantity, such as temperature, sound, or light, into an electrical signal. It contains two main parts: a sensor that produces a measurable response to physical changes, and a transduction element that converts the sensor output into a suitable electrical form. When selecting a transducer, factors like sensitivity, operating range, accuracy, cross-sensitivity, errors, operating principle, transient and frequency response, loading effects, environmental compatibility, and insensitivity to unwanted signals must be considered. Transducers can be classified based on whether they produce analog or digital outputs, whether they are primary or secondary devices, their transduction principle, and if they are active or passive. Basic
This document discusses transducers and capacitive transducers. It provides definitions and examples of transducers, noting they convert one type of energy to another, usually electrical or mechanical. Capacitive transducers are described as working by varying capacitance through changes in plate area, plate separation, or dielectric constant between parallel plates. Mathematical equations show how capacitance varies with these factors and can be used to measure linear or angular displacement. Specific capacitor circuit examples are given to demonstrate measurement of linear and angular position using changes in overlapping plate area.
This document discusses different types of sensors and transducers. It begins with an introduction to sensors, defining them as devices that convert non-electrical quantities into electrical signals. It then covers various classifications of sensors including primary/secondary, active/passive, and analog/digital. Specific types of sensors are described in more detail, including resistive sensors such as potentiometers, temperature dependent resistors, and strain gauges. Capacitive and inductive sensors are also briefly mentioned. The document provides examples and equations to explain the functioning and properties of different sensors.
Transducers convert one form of energy to another. They are defined as devices that convert an input signal of one form to an output signal of another form. Transducers can measure many quantities including energy, pressure, temperature, position, and more. Common transducers include thermocouples, thermistors, strain gauges, and magnetic pickups. Transducer parameters that are important to consider include sensitivity, range, span, linearity, hysteresis, accuracy, and precision.
This document provides an introduction to sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus, and a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. The document then discusses different types of sensors classified by their energy form, including displacement, force, pressure, velocity, and level sensors. It provides examples of common sensor types like potentiometers, strain gauges, LVDTs, optical encoders, and piezoelectric sensors. Finally, it covers the topic of signal conditioning, where the signal from the sensor is prepared for use in other parts of a system.
A sweep frequency generator generates a sinusoidal output whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. One complete cycle of the frequency variation is called a sweep. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and electrical components over various frequency bands. The frequency is varied either linearly or logarithmically over the entire sweep range, while the signal amplitude remains constant.
A sweep frequency generator is a type of signal generator that generates a sinusoidal output signal whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. It uses two oscillators - a master oscillator that produces a constant frequency and a voltage-controlled oscillator whose frequency varies. A mixer combines the outputs of the two oscillators to produce a sinusoidal output whose frequency is swept between the frequencies of the two oscillators. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and other electrical components over various frequency bands.
This document provides definitions and information about sensors and transducers. It defines a sensor as a device that responds to a physical stimulus and produces a signal and a transducer as a device that converts energy from one form to another. Common sensors measure displacement, position, temperature, pressure, force, velocity and other quantities. Active transducers directly generate a signal in response to stimulation while passive transducers require external power. Performance characteristics like range, sensitivity and hysteresis are also discussed. Examples of common displacement and position sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, capacitive sensors and LVDTs are provided along with their applications.
This document discusses different types of transducers, including variable resistive transducers. It describes how transducers convert one form of energy to another and are divided into active and passive types. Variable resistive transducers include potentiometers, strain gauges, load cells, RTDs, thermistors, and humidity sensors. Thermistors and potentiometers are discussed in more detail, with thermistors having resistance that decreases with increasing temperature and potentiometers acting as displacement transducers using a sliding contact over a resistive material. Resistance hygrometers are also mentioned as measuring humidity by sensing changes in a material's resistance due to moisture content.
Sensors can be used to measure various physical properties by converting one physical quantity to another. Temperature, light, force, displacement, motion, and sound can all be measured. Sensor performance is described by its range, resolution, error, accuracy, precision, linearity, and sensitivity. Common sensor types include resistive thermometers, thermistors, photodiodes, strain gauges, potentiometers, and microphones. Sensor interfacing may be needed to produce output signals in the desired form such as a voltage.
The various types of transducers, along with their selectivity parameters have been discussed. Also the instrumentation amplifiers and their needs have been analyzed.
The document discusses various types of sensors and transducers. It defines sensors as devices that measure physical quantities and produce a corresponding signal, while transducers are elements that experience a related change when subject to some input change. Common physical quantities that can be measured include temperature, pressure, light, current, and weight. Performance characteristics of sensors like range, error, accuracy, sensitivity, hysteresis, nonlinearity, repeatability, and resolution are also described. The document then discusses different types of displacement, position, velocity and motion sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, capacitive, inductive, Hall effect, incremental encoders and tachogenerators.
I. Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy into another. They may convert a physical quantity like pressure, temperature, or light intensity into an electrical signal.
II. Transducers can be classified by their operating principle, type of output signal, energy conversion method, and more. Common types include resistive, capacitive, inductive, and piezoelectric transducers.
III. Examples of transducers include thermocouples and thermistors for temperature measurement, strain gauges and load cells for force/pressure measurement, and tachogenerators and optical sensors for speed measurement.
This document contains the detailed construction ,working principle ,advantages disadvantages and applications of different sensors used in an mechatronic system.
This document discusses transducers, which are devices that convert one form of energy into another. It describes various types of transducers such as temperature, displacement, and resistance transducers. Transducers are classified based on the transduction form used, whether they are primary or secondary, passive or active, analog or digital. Key factors in selecting a transducer include operating principle, sensitivity, range, accuracy, and environmental compatibility. The basic construction of a transducer includes a sensing element that responds to changes and a transduction element that converts this to an electrical signal. Transducers have applications in equipment like audio/video and advantages like remote output and electrical amplification.
Transducers,Active Transducers and Passive TransducersAL- AMIN
Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy into another. They are used in a variety of applications like detecting muscle movement, measuring engine loads and knocks, converting temperature, pressure, and sound into electrical signals. Transducers are also used in antennas to convert electromagnetic waves to electrical signals. There are two main types: active transducers like thermocouples and photovoltaic cells convert non-electrical energy into electrical energy themselves, while passive transducers like strain gauges and differential transformers require an external force and convert non-electrical energy into electrical energy with help.
Digital signals represent data as discrete values using a finite number of levels, unlike analog signals which represent continuous values. The analog to digital conversion process quantizes a sampled analog voltage into discrete digital codes using an ADC. Key components of the ADC process include a buffer amplifier, low-pass filter, sample and hold amplifier, and ADC interfaced with a computer. The resolution of an ADC is determined by the number of bits used to digitize the analog input. Common ADC designs include successive approximation, flash encoding, and delta-sigma modulation. Data transmission converts process signals into transmittable forms like pneumatic or electrical signals to send to remote recorders over various distances using methods like hydraulic, pneumatic, magnetic, or electrical transmission.
This document presents a classification of transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. The document then discusses several classifications of transducers including active vs passive, transducer vs inverse transducer, analog vs digital, and primary vs secondary. Examples are provided for each classification. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of transducers as well as common applications. In conclusion, transducers are useful devices for converting one energy form to another for various applications.
Autrol America is a global leader in Smart pressure, differential pressure, and temperature transmitters for industrial use. This document summarizes the various model series offered.
Sullair screw air compressor as 04 - 110kWAlexander Chan
Sullair is a manufacturer of compressed air systems that aims to lower operating costs and maximize return on investment for customers. They offer complete compressed air solutions to help users reduce costs and improve productivity. Sullair distributors can provide information and help satisfy special requirements for compressed air systems. Sullair's product line includes screw compressors from 4-110kW that are designed for reliability, efficiency and performance to meet customer needs.
This document discusses two types of signals: analog and digital. Analog signals change continuously over a given range of values, like temperature over time. Digital signals are subsets of analog signals that are defined only at discrete time intervals, like measuring temperature only at 11am each day, resulting in a graph with disconnected points rather than a continuous curve. While based on analog signals, digital signals only contain data at specific moments in time rather than across a continuous range.
Eaton Compressor & Fabrication is an air compressor company headquartered in Ohio that ships compressors across the United States under the Polar Air brand. The company offers electric rotary screw compressors available in single, dual, or three-phase models with options like variable speed drives. Eaton's recently redesigned Nex-Gen rotary screw compressor uses new air ends and sound insulating cabinets. Rotary screw compressors, used for industrial purposes, compress air using two helical rotors that trap air as they turn. They are efficient and largely noiseless due to continuous compression.
The document provides operating instructions for Polar Air rotary screw compressors. It discusses safety guidelines including proper personal protective equipment, inspection procedures, installation instructions, system descriptions, maintenance schedules, troubleshooting guides, and warranty information. The document contains specification charts listing the technical details of various compressor models ranging from 5 to 200 horsepower.
Hart protocol physical and data link layer implementation projectMohan Patel
HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) was developed to add digital communication capabilities to existing 4-20mA analog loops. It uses frequency-shift-keying to modulate two frequencies onto the analog signal without affecting the average current. The HART protocol allows simultaneous analog and digital multi-drop communication for monitoring and configuration of smart field devices. A C8051F340 microcontroller and HART modem chip like the DS8500 can be used to implement the physical and data link layers of the HART protocol for communication with field transmitters.
Simple description about the analog and digital signals
and a description about analog to digital conversion &
digital to analog conversion..............
Calculating Air Compression Energy Costs for Manufacturing PlantsEaton Compressor
Providing a broad array of air compressor models, Eaton Compressor & Fabrication, Inc., is based in Englewood, Ohio. Eaton Compressor & Fabrication focuses on producing energy-efficient air compression technology and devices.
Maui EMC Presents: An Electical Engineers Guide to EMC/EMI. This show helps with some basic concepts of Electromagnetic Compliance and Interference. This is a great starting point for engineers looking for some basic definitions about EMC/EMI.
Rotary screw air compressors work by having two screws - a male and female rotor - rotate together to suck in and compress air. As the screws mesh and their lobes engage, they reduce the volume of the air pockets to continuously compress the air. There are different types of rotary screw compressors depending on their cooling method, stages, and drive type. They are more efficient than reciprocating compressors but also more expensive.
A multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. It combines the functions of a voltmeter, ammmeter, and ohmmeter into a single device. To measure voltage, the multimeter is connected in parallel across two points in a circuit. To measure current, it is connected in series so that all current passes through it. To measure resistance, the component must be removed from the circuit and the multimeter connected across it. Proper connection methods and safety precautions are required for accurate measurements.
This document provides information about programming and operating an Allen Bradley Powerflex 4M 400W adjustable frequency AC drive. It includes sections about wiring the drive, I/O wiring examples, and parameter organization. The parameter organization section describes numerous drive parameters including output frequency, commanded frequency, output current, drive status, and others. It also separates parameters into categories for display, program, and terminal parameters.
A dragline excavator is a large piece of heavy equipment used in surface mining and civil engineering projects. It consists of a large bucket suspended from a boom by wire ropes. The bucket is maneuvered using hoist and drag ropes powered by large diesel or electric motors to perform excavation cycles of lowering the bucket, dragging it along the surface to collect material, lifting it, and dumping the collected material. The largest draglines are among the largest mobile machines ever built, weighing over 13,000 tons. While expensive, draglines are effective at removing large volumes of overburden material with each cycle in open pit mining operations.
Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) is an industrial standard protocol which is widely well established and used by most of the industries.Among the 45-50 Million industrial devices,48% devices are non-smart devices and 52% devices are smart devices.Among the 52% means around 25-26 million smart devices 26% means near about 12-13 million devices are HART based devices.
Electrical safety risks include shock, arc flash, and arc blast. Shock can cause electrocution and death from contact with any live electricity source. An arc flash is created by a short circuit and passes current through ionized air, while an arc blast is the explosive result and causes hazards like heat, shock waves, and metal shrapnel. Transients from switching equipment can trigger an arc flash. Proper personal protective equipment and following guidelines like NFPA 70E can reduce risks when working with electricity. Test equipment must be rated for the voltage category of the circuit and independently certified to safety standards to avoid hazards.
variable frequency drive (VFD) installationSakshi Vashist
This document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs) and their use in industrial settings. It describes the basic components and functioning of a VFD, including how they convert AC power to DC and then back to variable AC to control motor speed. VFDs allow motors to operate at optimal speeds, saving energy and reducing wear. The document outlines how to determine if a location would benefit from a VFD, such as if a pump valve is more than 30% closed. It provides examples of energy savings from installing VFDs on pumps. Key considerations for VFD installation include motor specifications, cable sizing, and programming start parameters. The major advantages of VFDs are energy savings, improved process control, lower maintenance needs
The document summarizes the key components of a compressed air system and adsorption air dryer. The compressed air system supplies instrument and plant air using four screw compressors, separate piping headers, air filters, receivers, and dryers. It regulates air pressure and has safety features. The adsorption air dryer uses a desiccant to remove moisture from compressed air in cycles of drying, regeneration using heated air, and purging. It has components like towers, valves, heaters and instruments to control the process and ensure dry air output.
This document discusses signal conditioning, which involves processing sensor output signals to prepare them for the next stage of a measurement system. Common issues with raw sensor outputs are low amplitude, noise, and incorrect voltage/current form. Signal conditioning circuits are used to amplify, filter, convert, and isolate signals to meet requirements. Processes like amplification, filtering, attenuation, linearization, and bridge completion are described. Signal conditioning is necessary to convert sensor outputs into a form that can be accurately measured, processed, transmitted, and stored in digital systems.
Data acquisition involves sampling signals from physical processes, converting the analog signals to digital numeric values, and processing the data with a computer. Data acquisition systems typically use transducers to sense physical variables and convert them to electrical signals, condition the signals for analog to digital conversion, and convert the signals to digital formats for computer processing, analysis, storage and display. Signal conditioning improves signal quality and may include amplification, isolation, filtering and linearization. Analog to digital converters change analog voltage or current levels into digital values that computers can process.
Micronics are specialists in the design & manufacture of ultrasonic clamp on non-invasive flow meters & open channel meters. Here are a few terms that may help you when using our terms.
A multimeter is a device used to measure voltage, resistance, and current in electrical equipment. There are two main types, analog and digital. A multimeter has different ports and probe tips for measuring different electrical properties safely. The display and dials are used to select the correct function and measurement range. Common symbols seen on multimeters represent different electrical units and components. Proper connection of the multimeter leads depending on the measurement ensures accurate readings while avoiding shorts or interfering with the circuit.
Sensors are devices that receive and respond to external stimuli. They can be classified as passive or active, absolute or relative, based on their operating principles and energy requirements. Sensors have characteristics like transfer function, span, accuracy, calibration, hysteresis, nonlinearity, repeatability, and resolution that describe their performance. Environmental factors like temperature, humidity can affect sensor stability and accuracy over time. An example temperature sensing application using a thermistor sensor interfaced with an analog to digital converter is provided.
The document discusses various types of sensors and transducers used to measure physical properties such as position, temperature, force, and pressure. It describes common sensors like resistive position transducers, strain gauges, capacitive transducers, inductive transducers, and temperature sensors. It provides details on the basic principles and examples of linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, and thermistors.
The document provides an overview of the oscilloscope by explaining that it is a graph-displaying device that draws a graph of an electrical signal over time, with voltage on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. It then describes how an oscilloscope can be used to determine signal parameters like frequency, see circuit components represented by a signal, check for signal distortions, and more. The document also summarizes how analog and digital oscilloscopes work and key oscilloscope specifications and controls.
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- Single-ended inputs are susceptible to ground loop errors and electrical noise, while differential inputs eliminate grounding errors and have better noise immunity.
- Sinking inputs receive power from an external source, while sourcing inputs provide power. A sinking input must connect to a sourcing output and vice versa.
- The EXTSUP option provides a sinking output from a signal conditioner, allowing compatibility with a PLC's single-ended inputs which may have a different ground than differential inputs.
Ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer
It is used to measure the current in a circuit in amperes
Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by using a low resistance wire in parallel with the galvanometer
the resistance of the wire depends upon the range of the ammeter
As shunt resistance is small the combined resistance of the galvanometer & the shunt is very low hence the ammeter has much lower resistance than galvanometer
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance
It is the most common instrument used to measure voltage
It measure either AC or DC voltage
It is a measure of the voltage between two points of an electrical current
What is transducer?Where are they used and what for?AL- AMIN
The document discusses transducers, which convert one form of energy into another. It provides examples of how transducers are used to detect muscle movement, measure engine loads, sense engine knock, convert temperature to electrical signals, and convert electrical signals to sound waves. It distinguishes between active and passive transducers and defines inverse transducers. It also describes different types of temperature transducers and discusses true RMS and average responding voltmeters and Q meters.
Presentation_ON-CHIP CURRENT SENSING TECHNIQUE FOR CMOS MONOLITHIC SWITCH-MOD...Manmeet Singh
This document discusses current sensing techniques for CMOS monolithic switch-mode power converters. It begins with an overview of why current sensing is needed for control schemes like current-mode PWM. It then reviews six common current sensing methods: using a sense resistor, sensing the MOSFET RDS, filtering the inductor voltage, sensorless/observer approaches, averaging current, and using current transformers. The document focuses on the SENSEFET technique, describing how it uses a small "sense MOSFET" in parallel with the power MOSFET to mirror the current. Design considerations for current-mode buck converters are also covered, such as pole-zero cancellation compensation and avoiding subharmonic oscillations.
This document discusses signal conditioning circuits. It defines signal conditioning as the manipulation of an analog signal to meet the requirements of subsequent processing stages. Some key functions of signal conditioning circuits include amplification, filtering, attenuation, and linearization. Operational amplifiers are commonly used to amplify signals in signal conditioning stages. The document provides examples of signal conditioning circuits and discusses their use in applications like analog to digital conversion and control engineering.
This document provides an overview of electronics concepts including:
- Basic definitions of current, voltage, and resistance according to Ohm's Law.
- Components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers.
- Sensor fundamentals and transducers that convert physical quantities to electrical signals.
- Interfacing sensors to the Handy Board and concepts related to digital and analog signals, sampling, quantization, and filtering.
This document provides an overview of electronics concepts including:
- Basic definitions of current, voltage, and resistance according to Ohm's Law.
- Components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers.
- Sensor fundamentals and transducers that convert physical quantities to electrical signals.
- Interfacing sensors to the Handy Board and concepts related to digital and analog signals, sampling, quantization, and filtering.
This document discusses transducers, which are electronic devices that convert energy from one form to another. It describes two types of transducers - active transducers, which do not require an external power source, and passive transducers, which do require external power. The document also covers how transducers are classified based on their transduction medium and lists some key characteristics like accuracy, repeatability, sensitivity and dynamic error. Finally, it provides several examples of applications for transducers, such as in ultrasound machines, speakers, engines, and antennas.
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier simulation (with/without filter capacitor)Jaspreet Singh
1) The document describes a full wave bridge rectifier circuit with and without a filter capacitor.
2) It explains how the circuit works by using 4 diodes to convert an AC input voltage into a DC output voltage that only contains the positive half of the sinusoidal wave.
3) The summary compares the results with and without a filter capacitor, noting that the capacitor reduces the ripple in the output when used.
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier simulation (with/without filter capacitor)Jaspreet Singh
1) The document describes a full wave bridge rectifier circuit with and without a filter capacitor.
2) It explains how the circuit works by using 4 diodes to convert an AC input voltage into a DC output voltage that only contains the positive half of the sinusoidal wave.
3) The summary compares the results with and without a filter capacitor, noting that the capacitor reduces the ripple in the output when used.
Sensors for Biomedical Devices and systemsGunjan Patel
This document provides an overview of sensors used in biomedical devices and systems. It begins by defining key terms like sensor, transducer, and actuator. It then discusses different types of sensors like active and passive sensors. Examples of commonly used biomedical sensors are presented. Sources of sensor error and important sensor terminology are explained. The document provides details on displacement transducers, piezoelectric transducers, and strain gauges. It also describes the Wheatstone bridge circuit configuration often used with biomedical sensors.
Similar to Industrial process signal conditioning terms and conditions (20)
PID is short for "proportional plus integral and derivative control", the three actions used in managing a control loop. Process loop controllers use one, two or all three of these to optimally control the process system. PID control is used in a wide variety of applications in industrial control and process system management.
Courtesy of Eurotherm. Eurotherm offers a wide range of single & multi-loop PID controllers.
Smokeless Flares
Smokeless flares incinerate flammable hazardous vent gas with the assistance of supplemental high-velocity air or steam to prevent the formation of soot or smoke. Excessive injection of air or steam reduces combustion efficiency, resulting in the release of hazardous VOC gases. Meanwhile, inadequate injection of air or steam results in the formation of undesirable soot and smoke. Although modern flares are designed for high flow rates associated with an emergency condition, they most commonly operate at high-turn-down, low-flow rates, making it challenging for the flare to operate at optimal combustion efficiency.
Pilot Monitor
Flammable vent gases are ignited by a pilot flame when released into the atmosphere by refineries, natural gas processing plants, and petrochemical plants. The proper incineration of these gases is a critical safety and environmental concern. Therefore, it is essential to confirm that the pilot is lit at all times. Monitoring via a thermocouple is common, however, failures frequently occur and replacements can require costly process shutdowns. Remote sensing IR technology (PM) is the superior alternative.
Flame Intensity Monitors
Williamson Flame Intensity Monitors (FI) are the single-wavelength sensors of choice for a variety of flare applications where the more sophisticated dual-wavelength flare products are not appropriate or are not required.
Some materials can be difficult or near impossible to measure with precision using single-wavelength or ratio pyrometers because of their complex emissivity characteristics. These types of materials are called non-greybody materials and their emissivity varies with wavelength.
Multi-wavelength pyrometers use application specific algorithms to characterize infrared energy and emissivity across the measured wavelengths to accurately calculate both the actual temperature and emissivity of these complex non-greybody materials.
The 3000 series gives you high accuracy, fast response time and low temperature drift – without compromise. All 6 mm devices can be mounted on a standard DIN rail or power rail with no air gap separation.
Bronkhorst has over 35 years experience in designing and manufacturing precise and reliable measurement and control equipment and the widest range of mass flow and pressure meters and controllers available on the market.
Bronkhorst offers innovative solutions for many different applications across a great many different markets, and has a particular strong wealth of knowledge and reputation within the plastics and rubber market.
The document provides information on the Tek-Cor 1100A series Coriolis mass flowmeters from Tek-Trol, including their measuring principle, configurations (U-shaped, micro-bend shaped, and triangle shaped), transmitter, benefits, applications, dimensional drawings, specifications, flow ranges, and installation guidelines. The Coriolis mass flowmeters directly measure the mass of fluids flowing through oscillating tubes to provide accurate flow, density, and other measurements regardless of temperature and pressure factors that impact volumetric flow.
AP Tech is a manufacturer of gas handling components – primarily pressure regulators and valves. AP Tech’s competitive advantage are products that deliver specialty gases for high purity through ultra high purity applications. Starting from the source vessel to point of use and into the process tool or equipment itself, AP Tech products are known to deliver gases with uncompromising quality, performance and reliability.
The L100 Bubble-Tube Level System is a fully self contained instrument, requiring only connections to air or gas supply, dip tube and electrical power source to provide precise level indication. Because only the stationary dip tube and the purge gas come in contact with the liquid, this system is ideal for applications involving hazardous locations or liquids which are highly corrosive, viscous, hot, (molten metal), explosive, slurry type or foodstuff.
For applications where rapid transition from open to closed positions is warranted, the Mark 76 is a solid choice. Designed with a short stroke and straight through fluid path, the Mark 76 also incorporates other features to assure good service for process operations using on/off control.
Tek-Trol provides process measurement and control products for Flow, Level, Temperature and Pressure measurement and Control Valves and Analyzers systems for the Process, Power and Oil and Gas Industries.
EL-FLOW Prestige is the next generation of Bronkhorst Mass Flow Meters / Controllers for gases. Nearly all core components have been redesigned and many improvements and innovations have been incorporated. With this new series Bronkhorst introduced the “Differential Temperature Balancing” technology, ensuring a superb sensor stability.
Each ReFlexIO unit allows you to connect (2) Analog Inputs and (2) Digital Inputs which are wirelessly transferred to (2) Analog Outputs and (2) Digital Outputs on the other end. The 2 ReFlexIO 'paired' units work bi-directionally, so it's possible, for example, to turn on a relay (digital input to digital output on the other end) and get a signal back (digital input to sense replay closure returned to digital output on the original sending unit) to turn on a light telling you that the relay is indeed on.
The T2750 PAC hardware provides high-performance control with cost-effective redundancy options in a versatile modular system. Powerful instruments, the control units, and the I/O system form the basis of a complete distributed control and recording environment. This environment is capable of continuous analog, logic, sequential control, batch management, secure data recording at point of measurement, and setpoint programming.
The T2550 PAC is a high performance solution offering extremely cost effective redundancy options - making high availability viable for more of your process.
The control unit and I/O system form the basis of a complete distributed control and recording environment capable of continuous analog, logic and sequential control combined with secure data recording at point of measurement - all designed to maximize Return on Investment (ROI) from your process.
ControlAir Inc. is a leading manufacturer of precision air pressure regulators, I/P transducers, E/P transducers, P/I transducers, valve positioners, air relays, volume boosters, air filter regulators and frictionless diaphragm air cylinders.
The LowFlow JRDL Series line of diaphragm sensed, high pressure regulators have the ability to handle very high pressures and very low flows. These valves are typically used in research and sampling systems for general, corrosive and specialty gas and liquid service. Typical applications include gas chromatography and flame ionization detectors, as well as other industrial controls.
The Model TCL measures total chlorine in water, and is ideal for seawater chlorine analysis applications. The system consists of a sample conditioning unit, a sensor, and transmitter
The EL2200 series of electromagnetic flowmeters represent the state of the art for the accurate measurement for water cycle and process applications. This new generation flowmeter utilizes an innovative structure to route the electromagnetic signal generated by the electrodes, providing a flowmeter with an extremely wide measurement range. The new EL Series meters are capable of a measurement range up to 1000:1.
The new PowerVUE™ design utilizes the same rugged Hagan actuator and frame construction, combined with the accuracy and reliability of the Fisher FieldVUE DVC6000 Digital Valve Controller. The pneumatic power positioner remains the most reliable and cost-effective method of actuation. Torque ranges are from 400 ft-lbs to 4,600 ft.-lbs.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Industrial process signal conditioning terms and conditions
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Manufacturer of Quality Signal Conditioners Transmitters & Isolators
■ General Info
❏ Temperature
❏ Pressure
❏ Flow
❏ Speed
❏ Weighing
❏ Process
Accuracy: The closeness of an indication or reading of a measurement
device to the actual value of the quantity being measured. Accuracy calcula-
tions are based on the linearity, hysteresis, and repeatability characteristics of
the transducer/sensor and supporting electronics, the range of the transduc-
er/sensor, as well as the resolution being displayed. It is usually expressed as
a ±% of full scale output of the transducer/sensor/system.
A/D (Analog to Digital): Conversion of a continuously varying signal (ana-
log) to discrete binary numbered values (digital).
Alarm Condition: The input (process signal) has crossed the set (trip) point
and the relay has changed states into the alarm condition. The relay will
remain in this state until the input signal returns to the normal condition.
Background Noise: The total amount of noise from all sources of interfer-
ence in a process loop, independent of the presence of a data/control signal.
Chatter: Describes a condition where the input signal hovers near the set
(trip) point, causing the relay to trip off, then back on in short bursts.
Generally solved by adding or expanding the deadband.
Clipping: A phenomena which occurs when an output signal is limited in
some way (usually in amplitude) by the full range of an amplifier/unit.
Common-Mode Rejection (CMR): The ability of a device to eliminate the
effect of AC or DC noise between the input signal and ground. Normally
expressed in dB at DC to 60 Hz.
D/A (Digital to Analog): Conversion of a discrete binary numbered values
(digital) to a continuously varying signal (analog).
Deadband: The range through which an input can be varied without initiat-
ing an observable response. Deadband is usually expressed in percent of
span.
Dual Alarm Trip: A unit that accepts one input signal, has two set (trip)
points, and one output relay per set point. Each set point is independent of the
other and can be set between 0-100% of the input range.
Electrical Interference: Electrical noise induced upon the signal wires that
obscures (interferes with) the wanted information signal.
Fail-Safe: Relay coil is energized when the input signal is in the normal oper-
ating condition. In the alarm condition, the relay coil de-energizes.
Considered a safety measure because, in the event of a loss of power to the
unit or other failure, the unit “fails” to an alarm condition.
Gain: The amount of amplification used in an electrical circuit.
High Alarm: The relay changes state when the input signal reaches or
exceeds the set (trip) point.
Hysteresis: The difference in output from a transducer/sensor when a meas-
ured value is first approached with increasing and then decreasing values.
Input Impedance: The total opposition, both resistive and reactive, that the
unit presents to the input signal loop.
Linearity: The closeness of a calibration curve to a specified straight line.
Linearity is expressed as the maximum absolute deviation of any calibration
point on a specified straight line during any one calibration cycle.
Loop Resistance: The total resistance in a circuit to current flow caused by
the resistance of all components.
Loop Impedance: The total opposition (resistive plus reactive) to current
flow in a circuit.
Low Alarm: The relay changes state when the input signal falls to or below
the set (trip) point
MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor): A voltage dependent resistor whose resist-
ance predictably changes with voltage, often used as transient protectors.
Negative Temperature Coefficient: A decrease in resistance with an
increase in temperature.
Noise: An unwanted electrical signal on any signal wires.
Non-Fail-safe (Reverse Acting): Relay coil is de-energized when the input
signal is in the normal condition. In the alarm condition, the relay coil ener-
gizes. There is no alarm when there is a loss of power.
Normal (Non-Alarm) Condition: The process signal has not crossed the set
(trip) point.
Normally Closed: Describes a set of relay contacts that in the unpowered
state have continuity across them.
Normally Open: Describes a set of relay contacts which in the unpowered
state have no continuity across them.
Optical Isolation: Two circuits which are connected only through an LED
transmitter and photoelectric receiver with no electrical continuity between
them.
Positive Temperature Coefficient: An increase in resistance with an
increase in temperature.
Relay (Mechanical): An electromechanical device that completes or inter-
rupts a circuit by physically moving electrical contacts.
Relay (Solid State): A solid state switching device which completes or inter-
rupts a circuit electrically with no moving parts. Commonly called an SSR.
Repeatability: The ability of a transducer/sensor to reproduce output read-
ings when the same measured value is applied to it consecutively.
Reset: The action of returning to the normal (non-alarm) condition.
Resistance: Opposition to current flow offered by a purely resistive compo-
nent, measured in ohms.
Response Time: The time required by a sensor to reach 63.2% of its final
value in response to a step-change input. This is typically called “one time
constant”. Five time constants are required for the sensor to stabilize at 100%
of the step change value.
Root Mean Square (RMS): Square root of the mean of the square of the sig-
nal taken during one full cycle.
Sensitivity: The minimum change in input signal to which an instrument/sen-
sor can respond.
Set Point: The point at which an alarm/controller is set to control a system.
Single Alarm Trip: A unit that accepts one input signal, has one set (trip)
point, and one output relay. The set point can be set between 0-100% of the
input range.
Span: The difference between the upper and lower limits of a range
expressed in the same units as the range.
Span Adjustment: The ability to adjust the gain of a sensor/unit so that the
output signal corresponds to the maximum input signal. The adjustment
range is normally expressed in counts or percentage.
Transducer: A device that converts energy from one form to another. This
term is generally applied to devices that take physical phenomenon (pressure,
temperature, humidity, flow, etc.) and convert it to an electrical signal.
Triac: A solid state switching device used to control alternating current.
Trip Point: Value at which the alarm relays change to the alarm condition.
True RMS: The true root-mean-square value of an AC or AC-plus-DC sig-
nal, for a perfect sine wave the RMS value is 1.11072 times the rectified aver-
age value. This value is often used to determine the power of a signal. For sig-
nificantly non-sinusoidal signals a true RMS converter is required.
Volt: The unit of potential difference and electromotive force. One volt will
send a current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm.
Voltage: The electrical potential difference that exists between two points
and is capable of producing a flow of current when a closed circuit is con-
nected between the two points.
Zero Adjustment: The ability to adjust the output from a sensor/unit so that
the minimum output corresponds to the minimum input. The adjustment
range is normally expressed in counts or percentage.
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