The document discusses organic functional groups and their naming conventions. It provides the suffixes used to name different classes of organic compounds based on their functional groups, including -ane for alkanes, -ene for alkenes, -yne for alkynes, -ol for alcohols, and -one for ketones. It also gives examples of compound names and formulas for different functional groups like ethane for alkanes and ethene for alkenes.
This is a summary of the topic "Carboxylic Acids" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
This is a summary of the topic "Carboxylic Acids" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
[ Visit http://www.wewwchemistry.com ] This is a summary presentation of the introductory topics in Organic Chemistry, prepared according to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE A Level 9647 H2 Chemistry syllabus.
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably.
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
[ Visit http://www.wewwchemistry.com ] This is a summary presentation of the introductory topics in Organic Chemistry, prepared according to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE A Level 9647 H2 Chemistry syllabus.
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably.
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IB Chemistry on Organic nomenclature and functional groups.
1. Class Functional group/name Suffix Examples Formula
alkane C - C ane ethane CnH2n+2
alkene C = C Alkenyl ene ethene CnH2n
alkyne C ≡ C Alkynyl yne ethyne CnH2n-2
alcohol O-H Hydroxyl ol ethanol CnH2n+1OH
ether C – O - C Ether oxyalkane methoxymethane R –O -R
ketone O
‖
C – C - C
Carbonyl one propanone CnH2nO
or
R-CO-R
aldehyde C = O
׀
H
Aldehyde anal ethanal CnH2nO
or
R -CHO
Carboxylic acid O
‖
C – O H
Carboxyl oic acid ethanoic acid CnH2n+1COOH
ester O
‖
C – O –C
Ester oate ethyl ethanoate R – COO-R
amide CONH2 Amide anamide propanamide
amine NH2 Amine amine ethanamine
nitrile C ≡ N Nitrile nitrile propanenitrile
halogenoalkane F, Br, CI, I Halogeno chloroethane R - CI
Functionalgroup
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – O-H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
IUPAC nomenclature
Systematic naming organic molecules
H CI O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C - OH
׀ ׀
H H C1 – functional gp
C2 – substituent gp - CI
2 – chloropropanoic acid
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
Organic software for 3D model Click here resources Rasmol
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3 2 1
2. H CH3 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – O-H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Hydrocarbon
Aliphatic Aromatic
Saturated Unsaturated
benzene alkylbenzene
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – H
׀ ׀
H H
H H
׀ ׀
C = C
׀ ׀
H H
Alkane Cycloalkane
Compound Ethane Ethanoic acid
Empirical formula CH3 CH2O
Molecular formula C2H6 C2H4O2
Full SF
Condensed SF CH3CH3 CH3COOH
Stereochemical
formula
(3D)
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – H
׀ ׀
H H
H O
׀ ‖
H - C - C - OH
׀
H
Organic Chemistry
Cycloalkene Alkene
IUPAC nomenclature
Ring form
Functionalgroup
Structural formula
2 – chloropropanoic acid
no aromatic ring
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
H CI O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C - OH
׀ ׀
H H C1 – functional gp
C2 – substituent gp - CI
CH3(CH2)3CH3
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
Use of parenthesis
Repeat CH2 x 3
CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH3
Repeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch
H CH3 H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3
CH3 branch
3 2 1
benzene ring
inside
3. H CH3 H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H CH3 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
CI Br H
H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
IUPAC nomenclature
2 – chloropropanoic acid
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
H CI O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C - OH
׀ ׀
H H C1 – functional gp
C2 – substituent gp - CI
CH3(CH2)3CH3
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
Use of parenthesis
Repeat CH2 x 3
CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH3
Repeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3
CH3 branch
Number
carbon
Alkyl
gp
Structure formula
1 Methyl CH3 -
2 Ethyl CH3CH2 -
3 Propyl CH3CH2CH2 -
4 Butyl CH3(CH2)2CH2 -
5 Pentyl CH3(CH2)3CH2 -
6 Hexyl CH3(CH2)4CH2 -
7 Heptyl CH3(CH2)5CH2 -
8 Octyl CH3(CH2)6CH2 -
R Alkyl R -
Substituents - Gp attach to main carbon chain
R - Alkyl gp (carbon branches)
H C2H5 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
2 -methylbutane
2 - ethylpentane
2, 3- dimethylbutane
1 2
2 3 4 51
1 2 3 4
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
CI CI H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
CI CH3 H
1
1
2
2 3
1 2 3
1 - chloro-2-bromopropane
1, 2 - dichloropropane
1-chloro-2-methylpropane
C2H5
׀
C2H5 - C – H
׀
C2H5
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H OH H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C = C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
4 3 2 1
but – 1- ene
butan – 2- ol
1 2 3 4
3 - ethylpentane
3
Start with smallest number
Start with smallest number
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
3 2 1
substituents – attached to main carbon chain
4. C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
׀
CH3
Nomenclature for Organic Molecules
Name the parent (longest unbranched carbon chain)
Choose chain which has more alkyl groups attached
1
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
׀
CH3
7 carbon - heptane
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
׀
CH3
7 carbon - heptane
2
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
׀
CH3
4 alkyl gps
Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number3
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
׀
CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 or more identical substituent present
2 - di , 3- tri , 4 - tetra .
2, 4, 5 trimethyl
3 - ethyl
4
Use comma, to separate numbers
Use hyphen – to separate number and word
Write prefix and parent as one word
Arrange substituents according alphabetical order
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
׀
CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 -ethyl-2, 4, 5-trimethylheptane
Choose chain which has more alkyl groups attached
3 alkyl gps
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
׀
CH3
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3, 4, 6 trimethyl
5 - ethyl
2, 4, 5 -trimethyl-3-ethylheptane
Name the parent (longest unbranched carbon chain)
wrong
wrong
wrong
Click here organic notesClick here e text organic
Click here chemical search.
5. • memberdifferby CH2 gp
• same functionalgroup
• similar chemicalproperties
• chemicalformulaCnH2n+2
• end with ane
Class Functionalgp Suffix Example Formula
Alkane C - C - ane ethane CnH2n+2
Homologous Series
Class Functional Suffix Example Formula
Alkene Alkenyl - ene ethene CnH2n
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – H
׀ ׀
H H
• memberdiffer by CH2 gp
• same functionalgroup
• similar chemicalproperties
• chemicalformula CnH2n
• end with ene
H
׀
H - C – H
׀
H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Number
carbon
Word IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Meth Methane CH4 CH4
2 Eth Ethane CH3CH3 C2H6
3 Prop Propane CH3CH2CH3 C3H8
4 But Butane CH3(CH2)2CH3 C4H10
5 Pent Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH3 C5H12
6 Hex Hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3 C6H14
7 Hept Heptane CH3(CH2)5CH3 C7H16
8 Oct Octane CH3(CH2)6CH3 C8H18
9 Non Nonane CH3(CH2)7CH3 C9H20
10 Dec Decane CH3(CH2)8CH3 C10H22
methane ethane propane butane
Saturated hydrocarbon (C – C single bond)
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
2 Ethene CH2CH2 C2H4
3 Propene CH2=CHCH3 C3H6
4 Butene CH2=CHCH2CH3 C4H8
5 Pentene CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3 C5H10
6 Hexene CH2=CH(CH2)3CH3 C6H12
7 Heptene CH2=CH(CH2)4CH3 C7H14
8 Octene CH2=CH(CH2)5CH3 C8H16
9 Nonene CH2=CH(CH2)6CH3 C9H18
10 Decene CH2=CH(CH2)7CH3 C10H20
H H
׀ ׀
C = C
׀ ׀
H H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
C = C – C - H
׀ ׀
H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
C = C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
Unsaturated hydrocarbon (C = C double bond)
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
C = C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
ethene propene butene pentene
6. Class Functional group/name Examples
alkene C = C Alkenyl ethene
alkyne C ≡ C Alkynyl ethyne
alcohol OH Hydroxyl ethanol
ether C – O - C Ether methoxymethane
ketone O
‖
C – C - C
Carbonyl propanone
aldehyde CHO Aldehyde ethanal
Carboxylic acid COOH Carboxyl ethanoic acid
ester O
‖
C – O -R
Ester ethyl ethanoate
amide O
‖
C – NH2
Amide propanamide
amine NH2 Amine ethanamine
nitrile C ≡ N Nitrile propanenitrile
Class Functional gp Suffix Example Formula
Alkane C - C - ane ethane CnH2n+2
Homologous Series
carbon IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
Boiling
point
1 Methane CH4 CH4 Gas
2 Ethane CH3CH3 C2H6 Gas
3 Propane CH3CH2CH3 C3H8 Gas
4 Butane CH3(CH2)2CH3 C4H10 Gas
5 Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH3 C5H12 Liquid
6 Hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3 C6H14 Liquid
Physical properties
• Increase RMM / molecular size
•RMM increase ↑ - Van Der Waals forces stronger ↑
↓
Melting /boiling point increases ↑
(Increasing polarisability ↑)
London dispersion forces/temporary dipole ↑
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
number carbons – RMM ↑
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
m/p+ b/p
increase ↑
boiling point
room temp
gas
liquid
Homologous Series
number
Carbons / RMM ↑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
boiling point
boiling point increase with increase carbon atoms
alcohol
alkane
alkene
alkyne
London dispersion force
(temporary dipole)
H2 bonding
carboxylic acid > alkane/alkene/alkyne
alcohol
carboxylic acid
7. • member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+2
• end with ane
Class Functionalgp Suffix Example Formula
Alkane C - C - ane ethane CnH2n+2
Homologous Series
Class Functional Suffix Example Formula
Alkene C = C - ene ethene CnH2n
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – H
׀ ׀
H H
• member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n
• end with ene
H
׀
H - C – H
׀
H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Number
carbon
Word IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Meth Methane CH4 CH4
2 Eth Ethane CH3CH3 C2H6
3 Prop Propane CH3CH2CH3 C3H8
4 But Butane CH3(CH2)2CH3 C4H10
5 Pent Pentane CH3(CH2)3CH3 C5H12
methane ethane propane butane
Saturated hydrocarbon
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
2 Ethene CH2=CH2 C2H4
3 Propene CH2=CHCH3 C3H6
4 Butene CH2=CHCH2CH3 C4H8
5 Pentene CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3 C5H10
6 Hexene CH2=CH(CH2)3CH3 C6H12
H H
׀ ׀
C = C
׀ ׀
H H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
C = C – C - H
׀ ׀
H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
C = C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
C = C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
ethene propene butene pentene
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
ethane
CH3CH3
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – H
׀ ׀
H H
propene
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
C = C – C - H
׀ ׀
H H
CH2=CHCH3
8. • member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n-2
• end with yne
Class Functional gp Suffix Example Formula
Alkyne C ≡ C - yne ethyne CnH2n-2
Homologous Series
Class Functional Suffix Example Formula
Alcohol Hydroxyl - ol methanol CnH2n+1OH
H - C ≡ C – H
• member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+1OH
• end with ol
H
׀
H - C ≡ C – C – H
׀
H
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula
2 Ethyne CH≡CH C2H2
3 Propyne H-C≡C-CH3 C3H4
4 Butyne H-C≡C-CH2CH3 C4H6
5 Pentyne H-C≡C-(CH2)2CH3 C5H8
6 Hexyne H-C≡C-(CH2)3CH3 C6H10
ethyne propyne butyne
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methanol CH3OH CH3OH
2 Ethanol CH3CH2OH C2H5OH
3 Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH C3H7OH
4 Butanol CH3(CH2)2CH2OH C4H9OH
5 Pentanol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH C5H11OH
methanol ethanol propanol butanol
H H
׀ ׀
H - C ≡ C – C – C- H
׀ ׀
H H
H
׀
H - C – OH
׀
H
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – OH
׀ ׀
H H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Functional gp Hydrocarbon skeleton Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Ball /stick model SpacefillingCondensed SFDisplay full SF
H
׀
H - C ≡ C – C – H
׀
H
CH≡C-CH3
propyne
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – OH
׀ ׀
H H
CH3CH2OH
ethanol
9. • member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2nO
• end with one
Class Functionalgp Suffix Example Formula
Ketone Carbonyl (C=O) - one propanone CnH2nO
Homologous Series
Class Fumctional Suffix Example Formula
Aldeyde Aldeyde - al methanal CnH2nO
• member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2nO
• end with al
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
3 Propanone CH3COCH3 C3H6O
4 Butanone CH3COCH2CH3 C4H8O
5 Pentanone CH3CH2COCH2CH3 C5H10O
6 Hexanone CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3 C6H12O
7 Heptanone CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH2CH3 C7H14O
propanone butanone pentanone
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methanal HCHO CH2O
2 Ethanal CH3CHO C2H4O
3 Propanal CH3CH2CHO C3H6O
4 Butanal CH3(CH2)2CHO C4H8O
5 Pentanal CH3(CH2)3CHO C5H10O
methanal ethanal propanal butanal
H - C = O
׀
H
H
׀
H - C – C = O
׀ ׀
H H
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – C = O
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C = O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H O H
׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀
H H
H O H H
׀ ‖ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H O H H H
׀ ‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Functional gp Hydrocarbon skeleton Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H O H
׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀
H H
CH3COCH3
propanone ethanal
H
׀
H - C – C = O
׀ ׀
H H
CH3CHO
10. • member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+1COOH
• end with oic acid
Class Functional Suffix Example Formula
Carboxylic acid Carboxyl - oic acid ethanoic acid CnH2n+1COOH
Homologous Series
Class Functional Suffix Formula
Ester Ester - oate R –COO-R
• member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2nO2
• end with oate
methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methyl methanoate HCOOCH3 R–COO-R
2 Methyl ethanoate CH3COOCH3 R–COO-R
3 Methyl propanoate CH3CH2COOCH3 R–COO-R
4 Methyl butanoate CH3CH2CH2COOCH3
R–COO-R
methyl methanoate methyl ethanoate methyl propanoate
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula
1 Methanoic acid HCOOH HCOOH
2 Ethanoic acid CH3COOH CH3COOH
3 Propanoic acid CH3CH2COOH C2H5COOH
4 Butanoic acid CH3(CH2)2COOH C3H7COOH
5 Pentanoic acid CH3(CH2)3COOH C4H9COOH
O
‖
H - C - O H
H O
׀ ‖
H - C - C - OH
׀
H
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C - OH
׀ ׀
H H
O H
‖ ׀
H - C – O – C - H
׀
H
H O H
׀ ‖ ׀
H - C - C – O - C - H
׀ ׀
H H
H H O H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – C – O - C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
O
‖
H - C - O H
methanoic acid
HCOOH
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
O H
‖ ׀
H - C – O – C - H
׀
H
HCOOCH3
Methyl methanoate
11. • member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+1NH2
• end with amine
Class Functional Suffix Example Formula
Amine NH2 - amine ethanamine CnH2n+1NH2
Homologous Series
Class Functional Suffix Example Formula
Amide Amide - amide ethanamide CnH2n+1CONH2
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – N - H
׀ ׀
H H
• member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+1CONH2
• end with amide
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – N - H
׀
H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – N - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula
1 Methanamine CH3NH2 CH3NH2
2 Ethanamine CH3CH2NH2 C2H5NH2
3 Propanamine CH3CH2CH2NH2 C3H7NH2
4 Butanamine CH3(CH2)2CH2NH2 C4H9NH2
5 Pentanamine CH3(CH2)3CH3NH2 C5H11NH2
methanamine ethanamine propanamine
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula
1 Methanamide HCONH2 HCONH2
2 Ethanamide CH3CONH2 CH3CONH2
3 Propanamide CH3CH2CONH2 C3H7CONH2
4 Butanamide CH3(CH2)2CONH2 C4H9CONH2
5 Pentanamide CH3(CH2)3CONH2 C5H11CONH2
O H
‖ ׀
H - C – N - H
H O H
׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – N - H
׀
H
H H O H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – C – N - H
׀ ׀
H H
methanamide ethanamide propanamide
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
methanamine
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – N - H
׀
H
CH3NH2
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
methanamide
O H
‖ ׀
H - C – N - H HCONH2
12. • member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+1CN
• end with nitrile
Class Functional Suffix Example Formula
Nitrile C ≡ N - nitrile ethanenitrile CnH2n+1CN
Homologous Series
Class Functional Suffix Example
Ether Ether -oxyalkane methoxymethane
H
׀
H - C – C ≡ N
׀
H
• member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula R – O - R
• end with oxyalkane
H - C ≡ N
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – C ≡ N
׀ ׀
H H
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular formula
1 Methanenitrile HCN HCN
2 Ethanenitrile CH3CN CH3CN
3 Propanenitrile CH3CH2CN C2H5CN
4 Butanenitrile CH3(CH2)2CN C3H7CN
5 Pentanenitrile CH3(CH2)3CN C4H9CN
methanenitrile ethanenitrile propanenitrile butanenitrile
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methoxymethane CH3 - O – CH3 R –O -R
2 Methoxyethane CH3CH2 - O – CH3 R –O -R
3 Methoxypropane CH3CH2CH2 - O –CH3 R –O -R
4 Methoxybutane CH3(CH2 )3 - O –CH3 R –O -R
5 Methoxypentane CH3(CH2 )4 - O –CH3 R –O -R
methoxymethane methoxyethane methoxypropane
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C ≡ N
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – O – C - H
׀ ׀
H H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – O - C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – O - C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
ethanenitrile
H
׀
H - C – C ≡ N
׀
H
CH3CN
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
methoxymethane
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – O – C - H
׀ ׀
H H
CH3–O– CH3
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
13. H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – CI
׀ ׀
H H
Class Functional Prefix Example
Halogenoalkane F, CI, Br, I - chloro chloroethane
• member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n-1 X
Homologous Series
Class Functional Suffix Example Formula
Alcohol Hydroxyl - ol methanol CnH2n+1OH
• member differ by CH2 gp
• same functional group
• similar chemical properties
• chemical formula CnH2n+1OH
• end with ol
chloromethane chloroethane chloropropane
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methanol CH3OH CH3OH
2 Ethanol CH3CH2OH C2H5OH
3 Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH C3H7OH
4 Butanol CH3(CH2)2CH2OH C4H9OH
5 Pentanol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH C5H11OH
methanol ethanol propanol butanol
H
׀
H - C – OH
׀
H
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – OH
׀ ׀
H H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Ball /stick model SpacefillingCondensed SFDisplay full SF
CH3CI
chloromethane
Structural formula – arrangement atoms in molecule
Display full SF Condensed SF Ball /stick model Spacefilling
H H
׀ ׀
H - C – C – OH
׀ ׀
H H
CH3CH2OH
ethanol
H
׀
H - C – CI
׀
H
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – CI
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp
Number
carbon
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 chloromethane CH3CI CH3CI
2 chloroethane CH3CH2CI C2H5CI
3 chloropropane CH3CH2CH2CI C3H7CI
4 chlorobutane CH3(CH2)2CH2CI C4H9CI
5 chloropentane CH3(CH2)3CH2CI C5H11CI
H
׀
H - C – CI
׀
H
14. H CH3 CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C = C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C = C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
C – C – C – C – C = C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C = C - H
׀ ׀
H Br
H H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C = C – C – C - CI
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
1 2 3 4 5
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C – C = C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
C2H5
׀
CI – C = C – C – C – C
׀
C
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C = C – H
׀
CI
C2H5 H H
׀ ׀ ׀
C2H5 - C – C = C – H
׀
C2H5
H C2H5 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C = C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C = C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
IUPAC nomenclature
1 – chloropent-2-ene
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C – C = C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
CH3(CH2)2CHCH2
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C = C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
Repeat CH2 x 2
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CHCH2
CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CH=C(CH3)CH3
CH3 branch
3 -methylbut-1-ene
4 – methylhex-2-ene
2-chloro- 4-ethylhex-2-ene
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
3 - chloropropene
5-chloro-3-methylpent-2-ene 3 –bromobut-1-ene
4 3 2 1
3, 3-diethylpent-1-ene
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
Alkene and Nomenclature
CI - substituent
6 5 4 3 2 12 3 4 5 6
1
Double bond
Alkene start from 2 carbon - ethene
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 – chloropent-2-ene
5 – chloropent- 4 -ene
Ethene/propene – no numberingneeded
3, 5 – dimethylhex-1-ene
carbon IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
2 Ethene CH2=CH2 C2H4
3 Propene CH2=CHCH3 C3H6
4 Butene CH2=CHCH2CH3 C4H8
5 Pentene CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3 C5H10
4 3 2 1 3 2 1
CH3CH(CH3)CHC(CH3)CH3
15. H CH3 CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C = C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C = C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
C – C – C – C – C = C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
H CH3 CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C = C - H
׀ ׀
H CH3
H H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C = C – C – C - F
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
1 2 3 4 5
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C – C = C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
C2H5
׀
Br – C - C – C – C – C
‖
C
CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 - C – C = C – H
׀
H
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C = C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
IUPAC nomenclature
1 – chloropent-2-ene
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C – C = C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
CH3(CH2)2CHCH2
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C = C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
Repeat CH2 x 2
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CHCH2
CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CHC(CH3)CH3
CH3 branch
2- methylbut-2-ene
3-methylpent-1-ene
2-bromo- 3-ethylhex-1-ene
4 3 2 1
3 2 1
2, 3 –dimethylbut-2-ene
5-fluoro-3,4-dimethylpent-2-ene 2, 3, 3 trimethylbut-1-ene
4 3 2 1
3-methylbut-1-ene
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
Alkene and Nomenclature
CI - substituent
6 5 4 3 2 12 3 4 5 6
1
Double bond
Alkene start from 2 carbon - ethene
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 – chloropent-2-ene
5 – chloropent- 4 -ene
Ethene/propene – no numberingneeded
3, 5 – dimethylhex-1-ene
carbon IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
2 Ethene CH2CH2 C2H4
3 Propene CH2=CHCH3 C3H6
4 Butene CH2=CHCH2CH3 C4H8
5 Pentene CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3 C5H10
1 2 3 4
CH3 H
׀ ׀
CH3 - C = C - C – H
׀ ׀
H CH3
1 2 3 4
C – C
׀
CH3 – C – C = C
4 5
CH3CH(CH3)CH=C(CH3)CH3
16. H CH3 H CH3 O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H H O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
C
׀
C – C – C – C – C – C
׀
H- C=O
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀
CI CI
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀
CI Br
C2H5 O
׀ ‖
C2H5 - C – C – H
׀
C2H5
O C2H5 H H H
‖ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H O
׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
IUPAC nomenclature
2 – chloropropanal
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
H CI O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C - O
׀ ׀
H H C1 – functional gp
(numbering start here)
C2 – substituent gp - CI
CH3(CH2)3CHO
H H H H O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Repeat CH2 x 3
CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CHO
Repeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CHO
CH3 branch
3 - methylbutanal
2 - ethylpentanal
2-ethyl- 4-methylpentanal
12
2 3 4 51
1
1
2
3 2
3 - chloro- 2- bromopropanal
2, 3 - dichloropropanal
O H H H
‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
OH H H
O H H H
‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C = C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
But – 3 –en-1-al
2 -hydroxybutanal
1 2 3 4
2, 2 - diethylbutanal
3
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
Aldehyde and Nomenclature
carbon IUPAC
name
Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methanal HCHO CH2O
2 Ethanal CH3CHO C2H4O
3 Propanal CH3CH2CHO C3H6O
4 Butanal CH3(CH2)2CHO C4H8O
5 Pentanal CH3(CH2)3CHO C5H10O
4 3 2 1
3 2 1
3 -hydroxypropanal
functional gp aldehyde – at the end
OH - substituent
3 -aldehydepropanol
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
1
Double bond
(3 – butenal)
CHO – functional gp, not OH
3 2 1
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
HO - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀
H H
17. H CH3 CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀ ׀
H H O H H
H CH3 H O H
׀ ׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H O H H H
׀ ‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C – C – C = C - H
׀ ׀
H H
H H O H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H OH H
H O H H H
׀ ‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
1 2 3 4 5
H O H H H
׀ ‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C – C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
O C2H5
‖ ׀
CI – C – C – C – C – C
׀
C
H O H
׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀
CI H
C2H5 O H
׀ ‖ ׀
C2H5 - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀
C2H5 H
H C2H5 O H H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 O H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀
H H
IUPAC nomenclature
1 – chloropentan- 2-one
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
H O H H H
׀ ‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C – C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
CH3(CH2)2COCH3
H H H O H
׀ ׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Repeat CH2 x 2
CH3CH(CH3)CH2COCH3
CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)COCH(CH3)CH3
CH3 branch
3 - methylbutanone
4 – methylhexan–3-one
2-chloro- 4-ethylhexan-3-one
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
1 - chloropropanone
pentan-2-one
3 -hydroxybutanone
4 3 2 1
3, 3 – diethylpentan-2-one
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
Ketone and Nomenclature
functional gp ketone – inside carbon chain
CI - substituent
1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6
1
Double bond
Ketone start from 3 carbon - propanone
carbon IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
3 Propanone CH3COCH3 C3H6O
4 Butanone CH3COCH2CH3 C4H8O
5 Pentanone CH3CH2COCH2CH3 C5H10O
6 Hexanone CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3 C6H12O
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 – chloropentan- 2 -one
5 – chloropentan- 4 -one
Propanone/Butanone – no numberingneeded
Pent-4-en-2-one
CO – functional gp, not OH
4 3 2 1 1 2 3
18. H OH H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H CH3 H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C - C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H OH H H
H CH3 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C - C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C – C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
C – C – C – C = C
׀
OH
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
OH H OH
H H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C - C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H OH CH3 H H
1 2 3 4 5
CH3
׀
HO– C – C – C
׀
C
H H OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – C - OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H H H
H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
OH H H H
IUPAC nomenclature
5–chloropent-4-ene-1-ol
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C = C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
CH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH3
H H H OH H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
Repeat CH2 x 2
CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH2OH
CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CH(OH)CH(CH3)CH3
CH3 branch
2- methylbutan-1-ol
4 – methylpentan-1-ol
2- methylbutan--2-ol
3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
2- methylpropan-1-ol
3,3 -dimethylpentan-2-ol propane-1,2-diol
1 2 3
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
Alcohol and Nomenclature
CI - substituent
1 2 3 4 52 3 4
1 Double bond
5 4 3 2 1
5– chloropentan-1-ol
1– chloropentan-5-ol
Methanol/Ethanol – no numberingneeded
pen-4-ene-2-ol
1 2 3 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Repeat CH2 x 2
carbon IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methanol CH3OH CH3OH
2 Ethanol CH3CH2OH C2H5OH
3 Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH C3H7OH
4 Butanol CH3(CH2)2CH2OH C4H9OH
5 Pentanol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH C5H11OH
OH – functional gp, not alkene
2- methylpropan-2-ol
OH – functional gp, not alkene
19. H CH3 H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C - C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H OH H H
H CH3 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C - C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C – C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
OH
׀
C – C – C – C – C = C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C = C - H
׀ ׀
H OH
H H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C - C – C – C - CI
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H OH H H H
1 2 3 4 5
OH C2H5
׀ ׀
CI – C - C – C – C – C
׀
C
H H OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
CI H H
C2H5 H H
׀ ׀ ׀
C2H5 - C – C - C – OH
׀
C2H5
H C2H5 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H OH H H
H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ l
H H OH H
IUPAC nomenclature
5–chloropent-4-ene-1-ol
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C = C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
CH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH3
H H H OH H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
Repeat CH2 x 2
CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH2OH
CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CH(OH)CH(CH3)CH3
CH3 branch
3 – methylbutan-2-ol
4 – methylhexan-3-ol
2-chloro-4-ethylhexan-2-ol
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
3 – chloropropan-1-ol
5-chloro-3-methylpentan-2-ol But-3-ene-2-ol
1 2 3 4
3, 3 – diethylpentan-1-ol
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
Alcohol and Nomenclature
CI - substituent
6 5 4 3 2 12 3 4 5 6
1
Double bond
5 4 3 2 1
5– chloropentan-1-ol
1– chloropentan-5-ol
Methanol/Ethanol – no numberingneeded
3, 5 – dimethylhex-1-ene-3-ol
4 3 2 1 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Repeat CH2 x 2
OH – functional gp, not alkene
carbon IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methanol CH3OH CH3OH
2 Ethanol CH3CH2OH C2H5OH
3 Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH C3H7OH
4 Butanol CH3(CH2)2CH2OH C4H9OH
5 Pentanol CH3(CH2)3CH2OH C5H11OH
20. H CH3 H CH3 O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H H O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
C
׀
C – C – C – C – C – C
׀
COOH
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀
CI CI
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀
CI Br
C2H5 O
׀ ‖
C2H5 - C – C – OH
׀
C2H5
O C2H5 H H H
‖ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
HO- C – C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H O
׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
IUPAC nomenclature
2 – chloropropanoic acid
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
C1 – functional gp
(numbering start here)
C2 – substituent gp - CI
CH3(CH2)3COOH
H H H H O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Repeat CH2 x 3
CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2COOH
Repeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)COOH
CH3 branch
3-methylbutanoic acid
2 -ethylpentanoic acid
2-ethyl-4-methylpentanoic acid
12
2 3 4 51 13 2
3 - chloro- 2- bromopropanoic acid
2, 3 - dichloropropanoic acid
O H H H
‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
HO- C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
OH H H
O H H H
‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
HO- C – C – C = C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
But -3 -enoic acid
2 –hydroxybutanoic acid
1 2 3 4
2, 2 – diethylbutanoic acid
3 2 1
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
Carboxylic acid and Nomenclature
4 3 2 1
3 2 1
3 –hydroxypropanoic acid
functional gp acid – at the end
OH - substituent
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
1
Double bond
(3 – butenoic acid)
COOH – functional gp, not OH
carbon IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methanoic acid HCOOH HCOOH
2 Ethanoic acid CH3COOH CH3COOH
3 Propanoic acid CH3CH2COOH C2H5COOH
4 Butanoic acid CH3(CH2)2COOH C3H7COOH
5 Pentanoic acid CH3(CH2)3COOH C4H9COOH
3 2 1
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
HO - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀
H H
H CI O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C - OH
׀ ׀
H H
21. H CH3 H CH3 O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H H O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
C
׀
C – C – C – C – C – C
׀
COOH
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀
Br H
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀
H CH3
CH3 O
׀ ‖
CH3 - C – C – C – OH
׀
CH3
O H H H OH
‖ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
HO- C – C – C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H O
׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H H CH3
IUPAC nomenclature
2 – chloropropanoic acid
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem Suffix
Position and
substituent
Longest carbon
chain
Functional
gp
H CI O
׀ ׀ ‖
H - C – C – C - OH
׀ ׀
H H C1 – functional gp
(numbering start here)
C2 – substituent gp - CI
CH3(CH2)3COOH
H H H H O
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ‖
H - C - C – C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Repeat CH2 x 3
CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2COOH
Repeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)COOH
CH3 branch
2, 3 -dimethylbutanoic acid
5 – hydroxypentanoic acid
2-ethyl- 4-methylpentanoic acid
12
2 3 4 51 13 2
2- methylpropanoic acid
3- bromopropanoic acid
O H H O
‖ ׀ ׀ ‖
HO- C – C – C – C -OH
׀ ׀
H H
O H H H
‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
HO- C – C – C = C - H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
But-3 -enoic acid
Butanedioic acid
1 2 3 4
3, 3 -dimethylbutanoic acid
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
Carboxylic acid and Nomenclature
4 3 4 3 2 1
3 2 1
3 –hydroxypropanoic acid
functional gp acid – at the end
OH - substituent
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
1
Double bond
(3 – butenoic acid)
H H O
׀ ׀ ‖
HO - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀
H H
(1, 4 butanedioic acid)
3 2 1
carbon IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
1 Methanoic acid HCOOH HCOOH
2 Ethanoic acid CH3COOH CH3COOH
3 Propanoic acid CH3CH2COOH C2H5COOH
4 Butanoic acid CH3(CH2)2COOH C3H7COOH
5 Pentanoic acid CH3(CH2)3COOH C4H9COOH
3 2 1
22. H O H H H
׀ ‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C –O – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H O H H H
׀ ‖ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – O – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – O – C – H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H H O H
H CH3 H O H
׀ ׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – O – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H O
׀ ‖
H – C – C – O – C – C - C – C
׀ ׀
H C
H H O H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – C – O – C- H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
H O H H
׀ ‖ ׀ ׀
H – C- O – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
O
‖
C – C – C – O – C – C – C
׀
C
H O H
׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – O - C – H
׀ ׀
H H
CH3 O H
׀ ‖ ׀
C2H5 - C – C – O - C – H
׀ ׀
CH3 H
H C2H5 O H H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C– O - C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 O H
׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C – C – C – O - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
IUPAC nomenclature
Propyl ethanoate
Systematic naming organic molecules
Ethanoate Propyl
(Ethanoic acid) (Propanol)
CH3(CH2)2COOCH3
H H H O H
׀ ׀ ׀ ‖ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – O– C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
Repeat CH2 x 2
CH3CH(CH3)CH2COOCH3
CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)COOCH3
CH3 branch
Methyl 2-methylpropanoate
Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate
Propyl 2-methylpropanoate
Methyl ethanoate
Methyl propanoate (same structure)
Methyl 2,2 dimethylbutanoate
Ester and Nomenclature
Ethyl propanoate
2-methylbutyl ethanoate
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
Methyl methanoate HCOOCH3 R–COO-R
Methyl ethanoate CH3COOCH3 R–COO-R
Methyl propanoate CH3CH2COOCH3 R–COO-R
Methyl butanoate CH3CH2CH2COOCH3 R–COO-R
Propyl ethanoate
Ethanoate = Acetate
Propyl acetate
23. H H H H H
׀ l ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C –O – C – C – C – H
׀ l ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H H H H H
׀ l ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – O – C – C – C – H
׀ l ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – O – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H CH3 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – O – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H
׀
H – C – C – O – C – C - C – C – C
׀ ׀
H C
H H H H
׀ ׀׀׀
H - C – C – C – O – C- H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C- O – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
C – C – C – C – O – C – C
׀
C
H H H
׀׀׀
H - C – C – O - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H H
CH3 H H
׀׀׀
C2H5 - C – C – O - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 H H
H C2H5 H H H
׀ ׀׀׀ ׀
H - C – C – C– O - C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H CH3 H H
׀ ׀׀׀
H - C – C – C – O - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H
IUPAC nomenclature
Ethoxy propane
Systematic naming organic molecules
Ethoxy Propane
(Ethane)
CH3(CH2)2CH2OCH3
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C –O – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
Repeat CH2 x 2
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2OCH3
CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CH2OCH3
CH3 branch
Methoxy 2-methylpropane
Ethoxy 2-methylbutane
Ethoxy 2-methylbutane
Methoxy ethane
Methoxy propane (same structure)
Methoxy 2,2-dimethylbutane
Ether and Nomenclature
Propoxy ethane
Ethoxy 2-methylpentane
Ethyl Propyl ether
IUPAC name Structure formula Molecular
formula
Methoxymethane CH3 - O – CH3 R –O -R
Methoxyethane CH3CH2 - O – CH3 R –O -R
Methoxypropane CH3CH2CH2 - O –CH3 R –O -R
Methoxybutane CH3(CH2 )3 - O –CH3 R –O -R
Click here, diff naming system ether
Ethoxy propane
Shorter carbon 1st
Longer carbon 2nd
24. H H H CI H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C – C – H
l l ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H Br H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H CH3 H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C - C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H CI H H
H CH3 H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C - C – CI
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
CI - C – C – C – C = C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
C – C – C – C = C
׀
CI
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
CI H CI
H H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C - C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H CI CH3 H H
1 2 3 4 5
CH3
׀
CI – C – C – C
׀
C
H H CI
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – C - F
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H H H
H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
I H H H
IUPAC nomenclature
2–chloropentane
Systematic naming organic molecules
Prefix Stem
Position and
functional gp
Longest carbon
chain
CH3(CH2)2CH(CI)CH3
H H H CI H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C - C – C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H H
Repeat CH2 x 2
CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH2CI
CH3 branch
CH3CH(CH3)CH(CI)CH(CH3)CH3
CH3 branch
1-iodo-2-methylbutane
1-fluoro-4–methylpentane
2-chloro-2-methylbutane
3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
1-chloro-2-methylpropane
2-chloro-3,3-dimethylpentane 1,3-dichloropropane
1 2 3
Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number
Halogenoalkane and Nomenclature
CI - halogen
5 4 3 2 12 3 4
1 Double bond
5 4 3 2 1
5– chloropent- 1-ene
1– chloropent-4-ene
4-chloropen-1-ene
1 2 3 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
Repeat CH2 x 2
2-bromo-2-methylpropane
C=C – functional gp, not halogen
carbon IUPAC name Structureformula Molecular
formula
1 chloromethane CH3CI CH3CI
2 chloroethane CH3CH2CI C2H5CI
3 chloropropane CH3CH2CH2CI C3H7CI
4 chlorobutane CH3(CH2)2CH2CI C4H9CI
5 chloropentane CH3(CH2)3CH2CI C5H11CI
25. Nomenclature for Organic Molecule (Alkane)
C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
4- ethyl-2-methylhexane
1 2 3 4 5 6
3- ethyl- 5-methylhexane
wrong
C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1
Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number
2, 3 -dimethylpentane
C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
4-ethyl- 2, 3, 6 -trimethyloctane
CH2CH3
׀
C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2
2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane
CH3
׀
C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
5 4 3 2 1
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
׀
CH3
3 -ethyl-2, 5-dimethylheptane
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H- C-H H
׀
H
H H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H-C – C – C – C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H- C-H H H
׀
H- C- H
׀
H- C- H
׀
H
2-methylpropane 4 -ethylheptane
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
C
׀
C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
C C
׀
C
׀
C
4- ethyl -2, 2- dimethylheptane
C
׀
C C
׀ ׀
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀
C
׀
C
4-ethyl-3, 5- dimethyloctane
1 2 3 4
1
2
348 7 6 5
5
Give IUPAC names for alkanes
CH3CH2CH(CH3)2 (CH3)3 – C – C2H5
2 methylbutane
CH(C2H5)3 CH(C3H7)3
2,2 - dimethylbutane 3-ethylpentane 4-propylheptane
6
5
6
7
5
6
7
26. Nomenclature for Organic Molecule (Alkane)
C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
4- ethyl-2-methylhexane
1 2 3 4 5 6
3- ethyl- 5-methylhexane
wrong
C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1
Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number
2, 3 - dimethylpentane
C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
4 -ethyl- 2, 3, 6 -trimethyloctane
CH2CH3
׀
C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2
2, 2, 4 - trimethylpentane
CH3
׀
C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
5 4 3 2 1
C – C – C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
׀
CH3
3 -ethyl -2, 5- dimethylheptane
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4
Give IUPAC names for following molecule
CH3CH2CH(CH3)2
2-methylbutane
(CH3)3CC2H5
2,2 - dimethylbutane
CH(C2H5)3
3-ethylpentane
CH(C3H7)3
4-propylheptane
(CH3 )3C-Br
2-bromo-2-methylpropane
CH3CH=C(CH3)2
2-methylbut-2-ene
(CH3)3C-CH=CH2
3, 3-dimethylbut-1-ene
CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2
2-methylbut-1,3-diene
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
but-1,3-diene
(CH3)2CH-CH=CH2
3-methylbut-1-ene
CH2 =C(CH3)2
2-methylpropene
CH3-CH(CH3)COCH2CH3
2 -methylpentan-3-one
CH3(CH2)2CH2NH2
butanamine
3
CH3(CH2)2COOCH2CH3
ethyl butanoate
CH3(CH2)2OCH3
methoxypropane
27. Nomenclature for Organic Molecules (Alkene)
C – C = C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
4- ethyl-2-methylhex-2-ene
1 2 3 4 5 6
3- ethyl- 5-methylhex-4-ene
wrong
C – C = C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1
Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number
2, 3 -dimethylpent-2-ene
C – C = C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
4 -ethyl- 2, 3, 6 -trimethyloct-3-ene
CH2CH3
׀
C – C – C = C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2
2, 2, 4 -trimethylpent-1-ene
CH3
׀
C – C – C – C = C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
5 4 3 2 1
C – C – C = C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
׀
CH3
3 -ethyl -2, 5- dimethylhept-3-ene
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C = C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H- C-H H
׀
H
H H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H-C – C – C = C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H H H H- C-H H H
׀
H- C- H
׀
H- C- H
׀
H
2-methylpropene 4 – ethylhept-3-ene
1 2 3 4
C
׀
C = C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
C C
׀
C
׀
C
4- ethyl -2, 2- dimethylhept-1-ene
C
׀
C C
׀ ׀
C – C – C – C – C = C – C
׀
C
׀
C
4-ethyl-3, 5- dimethyloct-3-ene
1 2 3 4
1
2
348 7 6 5
5
Give IUPAC names for alkenes
CH3CH=C(CH3)2 (CH3)3C-CH=CH2
2 methylbut-2-ene
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
3, 3- dimethylbut-1-ene 2-methylbut-1,3-diene but-1,3-diene
6
No numbering needed
1 2 3 4
CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2
5
6
7
5
6
7
28. Nomenclature for Organic Molecules (Alkene)
C – C = C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
4- ethyl- 2-methylhex-2-ene
1 2 3 4 5 6
3- ethyl- 5-methylhex-4-ene
wrong
C – C = C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1
Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number
2, 3 -dimethylpent-2-ene
C – C = C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
4 -ethyl- 2, 3, 6 -trimethyloct-3-ene
CH2CH3
׀
C – C – C = C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2
2, 2, 4 -trimethylpent-1-ene
CH3
׀
C – C – C – C = C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
5 4 3 2 1
C – C – C = C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
CH3 CH2 CH3
׀
CH3
3 -ethyl -2, 5- dimethylhept-3-ene
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4
5
Give IUPAC names for following molecule
CH3CHBrCH2CH2OH
3- bromobutan-1-ol
CH3-CH(OH)-CH3
propan-2–ol
CH3CH(OH)-CH2CH3
butan-2-ol
(CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH3
2-methylbutan-2-ol
(CH3)2CHCH2OH
2-methylpropan-1-ol
CH3CH2CH(CH3)OH
(CH3 )3C-OH
2-methylpropan-2-ol
CH3-CH2CH(CH3)CHO
2-methylbutanal
(CH3)2CHCH(CH3)CHO
2,3 -dimethylbutanal
CH3(CH2)2CH(CH3)COCH3
3-methylhexan-2-one
CH3CH2CH(CI)CH(CI)COOH
2, 3-dichloropentanoic acid
CH3(CH2)2COOH
butanoic acid
HO-C(CH3)2CH2CH2-COOH
4- hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid
CH3(CH2)2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)COOH
2, 3-dimethylhexanoic acid
CH3-C(CH3)2-CH2CHO
3, 3-dimethylbutanal
29. H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – C – F
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H H H
H CH3
׀ ׀
CI – C – C – C
׀ ׀
H CH3
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – Br
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
I H H H
H C
׀ ׀
C – C – C – C - C
׀
CI
C CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
CI H H
CH3
׀
CI – C – C – C
׀
H
H H CI
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
Halogenoalkane and Nomenclature
H
׀
CH3 – C – CI
׀
H
Types of halogenoalkane
Primary 1 0
NO alkyl /1 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to halogen
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – CI
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H
׀
H - C – CI
׀
H
Secondary 2 0
2 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to halogen
H
׀
CH3 – C – CI
׀
CH3
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CI H
H
׀
R – C – CI
׀
R
Tertiary 3 0
3 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to halogen
CH3
׀
CH3 – C – CI
׀
CH3
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CI H
R
׀
R – C – CI
׀
R
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CI H
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
H CI H
CH3
׀
CH3 – C – CI
׀
CH3
C CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H Br H
CH3
׀
CI – C – C – C
׀
C – C
Br CH3
׀ ׀
C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
C CI C
׀ ׀ ׀
C – C – C – C – C
׀
C
Primary 1 o
Secondary2 o
Tertiary 3 o
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H F
H H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C - C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H CI CH3 H H
H
׀
CH3 – C – CI
׀
CH3
30. CH3
׀
HO – C – C – C
׀
C – C
H CH3
׀ ׀
HO – C – C – C
׀ ׀
H CH3
H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H H H
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
OH H H H
H C
׀ ׀
C – C – C – C - C
׀
OH
C CH3
׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
OH H H
CH3
׀
HO – C – C – C
׀
H
H H OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
Alcohol and Nomenclature
H
׀
CH3 – C – OH
׀
H
Types of alcohol
Primary 1 0
NO alkyl /1 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to OH
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – OH
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H
׀
H - C – OH
׀
H
Secondary 2 0
2 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to OH
H
׀
CH3 – C – OH
׀
CH3
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H OH H
H
׀
R – C – OH
׀
R
Tertiary 3 0
3 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to OH
CH3
׀
CH3 – C – OH
׀
CH3
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H OH H
R
׀
R – C – OH
׀
R
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H OH H
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
H OH H
CH3
׀
CH3 – C – OH
׀
CH3
C CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H OH H
OH CH3
׀ ׀
C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
C OH C
׀ ׀ ׀
C – C – C – C – C
׀
C
Primary 1 o
Secondary2 o
Tertiary 3 o
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H OH
H H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C - C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H OH CH3 H H
H
׀
CH3 – C – OH
׀
CH3
31. H H H H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – C –NH2
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H H H
H CH3
׀ ׀
NH2 – C – C – C
׀ ׀
H CH3
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – NH2
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
NH2 H H H
H C
׀ ׀
C – C – C – C - C
׀
NH2
C CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
NH2 H H
CH3
׀
NH2 – C – C – C
׀
H
H H NH2
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
Amines and Nomenclature
H
׀
CH3 – C – NH2
׀
H
Types of amines
Primary 1 0
NO alkyl /1 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to nitrogen
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – NH2
׀ ׀ ׀
H CH3 H
H
׀
H - C – NH2
׀
H
Secondary 2 0
2 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to nitrogen
H
׀
CH3 – C – NH2
׀
CH3
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H NH2 H
H
׀
R – C – NH2
׀
R
Tertiary 3 0
3 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to nitrogen
CH3
׀
CH3 – C – NH2
׀
CH3
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H NH2 H
R
׀
R – C – NH2
׀
R
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H NH2 H
H CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – C
׀ ׀ ׀
H NH2 H
CH3
׀
CH3 – C – NH2
׀
CH3
C CH3 H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C – C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H NH2 H
CH3
׀
NH2 – C – C – C
׀
C – C
NH2 CH3
׀ ׀
C – C – C – C – C
׀ ׀
CH3 CH3
C NH2 C
׀ ׀ ׀
C – C – C – C – C
׀
C
Primary 1 o
Secondary2 o
Tertiary 3 o
H H H
׀ ׀ ׀
H - C – C - C – H
׀ ׀ ׀
H H NH2
H H CH3 H H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H – C – C - C – C – C - H
׀ ׀ ׀ ׀ ׀
H NH2 CH3 H H
H
׀
CH3 – C – NH2
׀
CH3