Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis
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In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably.
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Preparation of alkanes.
The document discusses several methods for preparing alkanes:
1) Sabatier and Senderens reactions involve treating alkenes or alkynes with hydrogen in the presence of nickel to produce alkanes.
2) Decarboxylation of sodium carboxylate salts involves heating with sodalime to produce alkanes and carbon dioxide.
3) Reduction of alkyl halides with nascent hydrogen produces alkanes and hydrogen halides.
4) Reduction of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids with hydriodic acid and phosphorus yields alkanes.
5) The Wurtz reaction uses sodium metal to couple two alkyl halides
Alkynes
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond. They are more unsaturated than alkenes. Alkynes undergo characteristic reactions including addition reactions, oxidation, hydration, and polymerization. They can be prepared through methods such as the dehydrogenation of tetrahalides, dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides, and the reaction of sodium acetylides with primary alkyl halides.
Alkene
Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. They have lower melting and boiling points than alkanes due to weaker intermolecular forces. The number of carbons determines an alkene's name and formula. Alkenes undergo addition reactions, combustion reactions, polymerization reactions, and can be used to test for double bonds. They differ from alkanes in bonding, reactivity and ability to cause soot during combustion. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas, resulting in different physical but same chemical properties.
Alkenes
This document discusses alkenes, including:
1. Alkenes have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and are named using IUPAC rules based on carbon chain length and double bond position.
2. Physical properties of alkenes include higher boiling points with increased carbon chain length and lower boiling points for branched isomers due to decreased intermolecular forces.
3. Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions due to the electron density of the carbon-carbon double bond, allowing attack by electrophiles to form carbocations and adding nucleophiles in a stepwise mechanism.
Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
This document provides information about carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives (esters). It discusses the properties, structures, nomenclature, preparation methods, and reactions of carboxylic acids and esters. Key points include:
- Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group consisting of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon. They have higher boiling points than similar molecules due to hydrogen bonding.
- Esters are carboxylic acid derivatives where the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. They have pleasant aromas and are slightly soluble in water.
- Carboxylic acids and esters undergo acid-base reactions, esterification,
Benzoin Condenstation Reaction
The benzoin addition is an addition reaction involving two aldehydes. The reaction generally occurs between aromatic aldehydes or glyoxals. The reaction produces an acyloin. In the classic application benzaldehyde is converted to benzoin
Alkynes
This document provides an overview of alkynes, including their structure, nomenclature, properties, reactions, and synthesis. Key points include:
- Alkynes contain a triple bond consisting of two pi bonds and one sigma bond, giving them a linear structure.
- They undergo addition reactions due to their relatively weak pi bonds. Common additions include hydrohalogenation, hydration, halogenation, and hydroboration-oxidation.
- Acetylide ions, formed by deprotonation of terminal alkynes, are strong nucleophiles that react through substitution and addition reactions.
Alkenes and their preparation-HYDROCARBONS PART 2
Alkenes can be prepared through various methods including reduction of alkynes, dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, dehydration of alcohols, and heating vicinal dihalogen derivatives with zinc dust. Addition reactions of alkenes follow Markovnikov's rule or anti-Markovnikov's rule in the presence of peroxides. Alkenes undergo addition reactions with halogens, hydrogen halides, water, sulfuric acid and undergo oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization.
Recommended
Preparation of alkanes.
The document discusses several methods for preparing alkanes:
1) Sabatier and Senderens reactions involve treating alkenes or alkynes with hydrogen in the presence of nickel to produce alkanes.
2) Decarboxylation of sodium carboxylate salts involves heating with sodalime to produce alkanes and carbon dioxide.
3) Reduction of alkyl halides with nascent hydrogen produces alkanes and hydrogen halides.
4) Reduction of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids with hydriodic acid and phosphorus yields alkanes.
5) The Wurtz reaction uses sodium metal to couple two alkyl halides
Alkynes
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond. They are more unsaturated than alkenes. Alkynes undergo characteristic reactions including addition reactions, oxidation, hydration, and polymerization. They can be prepared through methods such as the dehydrogenation of tetrahalides, dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides, and the reaction of sodium acetylides with primary alkyl halides.
Alkene
Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. They have lower melting and boiling points than alkanes due to weaker intermolecular forces. The number of carbons determines an alkene's name and formula. Alkenes undergo addition reactions, combustion reactions, polymerization reactions, and can be used to test for double bonds. They differ from alkanes in bonding, reactivity and ability to cause soot during combustion. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas, resulting in different physical but same chemical properties.
Alkenes
This document discusses alkenes, including:
1. Alkenes have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and are named using IUPAC rules based on carbon chain length and double bond position.
2. Physical properties of alkenes include higher boiling points with increased carbon chain length and lower boiling points for branched isomers due to decreased intermolecular forces.
3. Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions due to the electron density of the carbon-carbon double bond, allowing attack by electrophiles to form carbocations and adding nucleophiles in a stepwise mechanism.
Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
This document provides information about carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives (esters). It discusses the properties, structures, nomenclature, preparation methods, and reactions of carboxylic acids and esters. Key points include:
- Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group consisting of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon. They have higher boiling points than similar molecules due to hydrogen bonding.
- Esters are carboxylic acid derivatives where the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. They have pleasant aromas and are slightly soluble in water.
- Carboxylic acids and esters undergo acid-base reactions, esterification,
Benzoin Condenstation Reaction
The benzoin addition is an addition reaction involving two aldehydes. The reaction generally occurs between aromatic aldehydes or glyoxals. The reaction produces an acyloin. In the classic application benzaldehyde is converted to benzoin
Alkynes
This document provides an overview of alkynes, including their structure, nomenclature, properties, reactions, and synthesis. Key points include:
- Alkynes contain a triple bond consisting of two pi bonds and one sigma bond, giving them a linear structure.
- They undergo addition reactions due to their relatively weak pi bonds. Common additions include hydrohalogenation, hydration, halogenation, and hydroboration-oxidation.
- Acetylide ions, formed by deprotonation of terminal alkynes, are strong nucleophiles that react through substitution and addition reactions.
Alkenes and their preparation-HYDROCARBONS PART 2
Alkenes can be prepared through various methods including reduction of alkynes, dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, dehydration of alcohols, and heating vicinal dihalogen derivatives with zinc dust. Addition reactions of alkenes follow Markovnikov's rule or anti-Markovnikov's rule in the presence of peroxides. Alkenes undergo addition reactions with halogens, hydrogen halides, water, sulfuric acid and undergo oxidation, ozonolysis, and polymerization.
Electrophilic addition reaction
Electrophilic additions involve reactions of alkenes where the pi electrons in the double bond attack an electrophile. There are several types of additions including addition of HX, halogens, water, alcohols, and hydroboration. The mechanism typically involves formation of a carbocation intermediate that is then attacked by the nucleophile. Addition occurs regioselectively according to Markovnikov's rule, favoring the most stable carbocation. Exceptions include free radical additions, which give the anti-Markovnikov product. Oxymercuration-demercuration and hydroboration allow for Markovnikov addition without rearrangements.
Grignard reagents
Grignard reagents are organomagnesium compounds formed by the reaction of an organic halide and magnesium. The reaction proceeds through single electron transfers where radicals are converted to carbanions. Grignard reagents are strong nucleophiles similar to organolithium reagents that can form new carbon-carbon bonds. They were analyzed by decomposing ethylmagnesium iodide with sulfuric acid and directing steam through the apparatus to drive off any ethane, proving it did not appreciably dissolve under experimental conditions.
Electrophilic Substitution reactions
This document provides an overview of electrophilic substitution reactions. It defines electrophilic substitution as a reaction where a functional group is attached to a compound by replacing another functional group, often a hydrogen atom. It describes two main types: electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, where an atom attached to an aromatic ring is replaced; and electrophilic aliphatic substitution reactions, where hydrogen in an aliphatic compound is usually replaced. The document also outlines the three step mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions: 1) generating an electrophile, 2) forming a carbocation, and 3) eliminating a proton to restore aromaticity.
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This document summarizes key information about alkenes (olefins):
1) Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Common examples include ethylene and propene.
2) Alkenes undergo characteristic reactions such as addition of halogens, hydrogenation to form alkanes, hydration and polymerization. Many of these reactions follow Markovnikov's rule.
3) Alkenes are industrially important as monomers for polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polystyrene. Ethylene and propylene are the largest volume organic chemicals produced.
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The document discusses aldol condensation, an organic reaction where two molecules of an aldehyde or ketone undergo a condensation reaction in the presence of a base to yield a β–hydroxyaldehyde or β–hydroxyketone. It involves the reaction of an enolate ion, formed from deprotonation of an aldehyde, with a carbonyl compound to form an aldol. This may then undergo dehydration to form a conjugated enone. The mechanism proceeds through enolate formation, carbon-carbon bond formation between the enolate and carbonyl, and protonation to form the aldol intermediate. Crossed aldol condensation refers to the reaction between two different aldehyde or ketone
ALKANES
Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbons whose members contain only single carbon-hydrogen bonds. The document discusses the structure, properties, conformations, and reactions of several alkanes including methane, ethane, propane, butane, and higher alkanes. It also covers topics such as torsional strain, Grignard reagents, halogenation reactions, and IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alkanes.
Physical properties of alkanes
The first 4 alkanes are gases, the next 13 are liquids, and higher alkanes after C18 are waxy solids. Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. The boiling point of alkanes increases with molecular weight in a steady manner, while the melting point does not. Density also increases with larger alkane molecules. Branched chain alkanes have lower boiling points than their straight chain isomers.
Aldehydes and Ketones Reactions
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
Aromaticity
This document discusses aromatic compounds and Hückel's rule for aromaticity. It defines aromatic compounds as cyclic, planar and fully conjugated compounds that have 4n + 2 π electrons according to Hückel's rule. These compounds are highly stable due to delocalization of π electrons over the whole ring. They undergo substitution rather than addition reactions and have intermediate bond lengths and diatropic NMR properties. Anti-aromatic compounds have 4n π electrons and show the opposite NMR characteristics. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of aromatic compounds.
Preparation and Reaction of Alkenes
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Another term used to describe alkenes is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.
DIELS- ALDER REACTION
The document discusses the Diels-Alder reaction, which involves a diene reacting with a dienophile to form a six-membered ring. Key characteristics include versatility, stereoselectivity, and reversibility. The mechanism involves overlap of the HOMO of the diene and LUMO of the dienophile. The stereochemistry of products is governed by the cis principle and endo rule. Variations include retro Diels-Alder reactions and cycloadditions involving allyl cations/anions.
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Reactions of alkenes
Alkenes undergo addition reactions with halogens, hydrogen, and oxygen. When bromine is added to ethene, it produces dibromoethane by adding one bromine atom to each carbon in the double bond. Alkenes also react with hydrogen through hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added across the carbon-carbon double bond at 1500C with a nickel catalyst under pressure to produce the saturated alkane. When pentene undergoes hydrogenation, it forms pentane by adding hydrogen across the carbon-carbon double bond.
Addition Reaction.pptx
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Ozonolysis
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Diels elder reaction
Addition to alkynes
Factors associated with alkenes
Perkins
This document presents information about the Perkin reaction, which was discovered in the 19th century by English chemist William Henry Perkin. The Perkin reaction is an aldol condensation that converts an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride to an alpha beta unsaturated cinnamic acid. It involves a four step mechanism - abstraction of alpha hydrogen from the acid anhydride, attack of the carbanion on the carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde, an intramolecular acetyl shift, and loss of the acetate ion to form the unsaturated carboxylic acid product. The Perkin reaction is used to synthesize cinnamic acids, phytoestrogens, stilbenes, and resver
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Hydrogenation
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Alcohols_and_phenols.pptx
This document summarizes key information about alcohols and phenols. It discusses their structures, properties, synthesis methods, and reactions. Alcohols contain an OH group bonded to a saturated carbon. They are important solvents and intermediates. Phenol has diverse uses and gives its name to phenolic compounds. The document describes methods for synthesizing alcohols from alkenes, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, and Grignard reagents. It also outlines reactions of alcohols including dehydration, oxidation, conversion to halides, and incorporation into esters. Phenol is produced industrially from benzene sulfonic acid or chlorobenzene. Its hydroxyl group
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Electrophilic addition reaction
Electrophilic additions involve reactions of alkenes where the pi electrons in the double bond attack an electrophile. There are several types of additions including addition of HX, halogens, water, alcohols, and hydroboration. The mechanism typically involves formation of a carbocation intermediate that is then attacked by the nucleophile. Addition occurs regioselectively according to Markovnikov's rule, favoring the most stable carbocation. Exceptions include free radical additions, which give the anti-Markovnikov product. Oxymercuration-demercuration and hydroboration allow for Markovnikov addition without rearrangements.
Grignard reagents
Grignard reagents are organomagnesium compounds formed by the reaction of an organic halide and magnesium. The reaction proceeds through single electron transfers where radicals are converted to carbanions. Grignard reagents are strong nucleophiles similar to organolithium reagents that can form new carbon-carbon bonds. They were analyzed by decomposing ethylmagnesium iodide with sulfuric acid and directing steam through the apparatus to drive off any ethane, proving it did not appreciably dissolve under experimental conditions.
Electrophilic Substitution reactions
This document provides an overview of electrophilic substitution reactions. It defines electrophilic substitution as a reaction where a functional group is attached to a compound by replacing another functional group, often a hydrogen atom. It describes two main types: electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, where an atom attached to an aromatic ring is replaced; and electrophilic aliphatic substitution reactions, where hydrogen in an aliphatic compound is usually replaced. The document also outlines the three step mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions: 1) generating an electrophile, 2) forming a carbocation, and 3) eliminating a proton to restore aromaticity.
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1) Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Common examples include ethylene and propene.
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ALKANES
Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbons whose members contain only single carbon-hydrogen bonds. The document discusses the structure, properties, conformations, and reactions of several alkanes including methane, ethane, propane, butane, and higher alkanes. It also covers topics such as torsional strain, Grignard reagents, halogenation reactions, and IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming alkanes.
Physical properties of alkanes
The first 4 alkanes are gases, the next 13 are liquids, and higher alkanes after C18 are waxy solids. Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. The boiling point of alkanes increases with molecular weight in a steady manner, while the melting point does not. Density also increases with larger alkane molecules. Branched chain alkanes have lower boiling points than their straight chain isomers.
Aldehydes and Ketones Reactions
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde.
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This document discusses aromatic compounds and Hückel's rule for aromaticity. It defines aromatic compounds as cyclic, planar and fully conjugated compounds that have 4n + 2 π electrons according to Hückel's rule. These compounds are highly stable due to delocalization of π electrons over the whole ring. They undergo substitution rather than addition reactions and have intermediate bond lengths and diatropic NMR properties. Anti-aromatic compounds have 4n π electrons and show the opposite NMR characteristics. Molecular orbital theory is used to explain the stability and properties of aromatic compounds.
Preparation and Reaction of Alkenes
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Another term used to describe alkenes is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.
DIELS- ALDER REACTION
The document discusses the Diels-Alder reaction, which involves a diene reacting with a dienophile to form a six-membered ring. Key characteristics include versatility, stereoselectivity, and reversibility. The mechanism involves overlap of the HOMO of the diene and LUMO of the dienophile. The stereochemistry of products is governed by the cis principle and endo rule. Variations include retro Diels-Alder reactions and cycloadditions involving allyl cations/anions.
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Alkenes undergo addition reactions with halogens, hydrogen, and oxygen. When bromine is added to ethene, it produces dibromoethane by adding one bromine atom to each carbon in the double bond. Alkenes also react with hydrogen through hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added across the carbon-carbon double bond at 1500C with a nickel catalyst under pressure to produce the saturated alkane. When pentene undergoes hydrogenation, it forms pentane by adding hydrogen across the carbon-carbon double bond.
Addition Reaction.pptx
Addition reaction of organic compounds in organic chemistry
Electrophilic addition reaction
Nucleophilic addition reaction
Markonikov's addition
Ozonolysis
Polar addition reactions
Non polar addition reactions
Cycloaddition reactions
Free radical addition
Diels elder reaction
Addition to alkynes
Factors associated with alkenes
Perkins
This document presents information about the Perkin reaction, which was discovered in the 19th century by English chemist William Henry Perkin. The Perkin reaction is an aldol condensation that converts an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride to an alpha beta unsaturated cinnamic acid. It involves a four step mechanism - abstraction of alpha hydrogen from the acid anhydride, attack of the carbanion on the carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde, an intramolecular acetyl shift, and loss of the acetate ion to form the unsaturated carboxylic acid product. The Perkin reaction is used to synthesize cinnamic acids, phytoestrogens, stilbenes, and resver
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I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
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Icht 91 unit iii org.rea. ii organoboran compounds, industrial applications ...
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This document provides information about carbonyl compounds, specifically aldehydes and ketones. It discusses their IUPAC nomenclature, methods of preparation including oxidation of alcohols and oxidative cleavage of alkenes, and physical and chemical properties. The chemical reactions covered include nucleophilic addition, reduction, condensation, and oxidation reactions. Examples of important aldehydes and ketones are also mentioned along with their structures and uses.
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Group #7 from COMSATS Institute of Information Technology presented on the chemistry of petrochemical processes related to ethylene. They discussed ethylene properties, major products including ethylene oxide and acetaldehyde. For ethylene oxide, they described its production through the controlled oxidation of ethylene over a silver catalyst. For acetaldehyde, they explained its production through both older ethanol oxidation methods and newer ethylene oxidation using a homogeneous Wacker catalyst at 130°C. They concluded that ethylene is a very important raw material for chemicals and polymers.
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Chemical conversion
1. The document discusses various chemical conversion processes for biomass energy including hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and solvolysis. Hydrolysis involves using water to break chemical bonds, hydrogenation uses hydrogen gas and a catalyst to add hydrogen atoms to molecules, and solvolysis uses a solvent instead of water.
2. Specific examples of hydrolysis covered include salt hydrolysis, acid-base hydrolysis of esters and amides, and ATP hydrolysis which releases energy. Hydrogenation is commonly used to reduce double bonds in alkenes and methods include batch and continuous-flow systems. Solvolysis uses solvents like water or alcohols in substitution reactions.
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- 1. Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis Md. Saiful Islam Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences North South University Facebook Group: Pharmacy Universe Md. Saiful Islam Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences North South University Facebook Group: Pharmacy Universe
- 2. Diverse Reactions of Alkenes • Alkenes react with many electrophiles to give useful products by addition (often through special reagents) 2
- 3. Preparation of Alkenes: A Preview of Elimination Reactions • Alkenes are commonly made by – elimination of HX from alkyl halide (dehydrohalogenation) • Uses heat and KOH – elimination of H-OH from an alcohol (dehydration) • require strong acids (sulfuric acid, 50 ºC) 3
- 4. Addition of Halogens to Alkenes • Bromine and chlorine add to alkenes to give 1,2-dihaldes, an industrially important process – F2 is too reactive and I2 does not add • Cl2 reacts as Cl+ Cl- – Br2 is similar 4
- 5. Addition of Br2 to Cyclopentene • Addition is exclusively trans 5
- 6. Mechanism of Bromine Addition • Br+ adds to an alkene producing a cyclic ion • Bromonium ion, bromine shares charge with carbon – Gives trans addition 6
- 7. Bromonium Ion Mechanism • Electrophilic addition of bromine to give a cation is followed by cyclization to give a bromonium ion • This bromonium ion is a reactive electrophile and bromide ion is a good nucleophile • Stereospecific anti addition 7
- 8. Addition of Hypohalous Acids to Alkenes: Halohydrin Formation • This is formally the addition of HO-X to an alkene to give a 1,2- halo alcohol, called a halohydrin • The actual reagent is the dihalogen (Br2 or Cl2 in water in an organic solvent) 8
- 9. Mechanism of Formation of a Bromohydrin • Br2 forms bromonium ion, then water adds – Orientation toward stable C+ species – Aromatic rings do not react 9
- 10. Addition of Water to Alkenes: Oxymercuration • Hydration of an alkene is the addition of H-OH to to give an alcohol • Acid catalysts are used in high temperature industrial processes: ethylene is converted to ethanol 10
- 11. Oxymercuration Intermediates • For laboratory-scale hydration of an alkene • Use mercuric acetate in THF followed by sodium borohydride • Markovnikov orientation – via mercurinium ion 11
- 12. Reduction of Alkenes: Hydrogenation • Addition of H-H across C=C • Reduction in general is addition of H2or its equivalent, or a loss of O from the molecule • Requires Pt or Pd as powders on carbon and H2 • Hydrogen is first adsorbed on catalyst • Reaction is heterogeneous (process is not in solution) 12
- 13. Catalytic Hydrogenation Mechanism • Heterogeneous – reaction between phases • Addition of H-H is syn 13
- 14. Permanganate Oxidation of Alkenes • Oxidizing reagents other than ozone also cleave alkenes • Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) can produce carboxylic acids and carbon dioxide if H’s are present on C=C 14
- 15. Free Radical Polymerization: Initiation • Initiation - a few radicals are generated by the reaction of a molecule that readily forms radicals from a nonradical molecule • A bond is broken homolytically 15
- 16. Polymerization: Propagation • Radical from initiation adds to alkene to generate alkene radical • This radical adds to another alkene, and so on many times • Chain propagation ends when two radical chains combine • Not controlled specifically but affected by reactivity and concentration 16 Termination
- 17. Other Polymers • Other alkenes give other common polymers • Radical stability: 3o > 2o > 1o (just like with carbocations) 17