The limbic system includes structures that border the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. It is involved in emotional processing and behavior. The key structures are the hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus. These structures are interconnected and connected to the hypothalamus. Damage or abnormalities in limbic system structures have been implicated in conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, autism, and Alzheimer's disease. The limbic system plays an important role in emotions, memory, motivation, and other cognitive functions.
The reference material used to make video is: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson.
Pons is part of brain stem, present superior to medulla, inferior to mid brain and anterior to cerebellum.
Pons means a bridge. As the name denotes, it connects other areas of brain.
Neurons extending from cerebral cortex to pons makes corticopontine tract.
Pons is connected to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle.
Pons has vestibular nuclei, which is part of equilibrium pathways from inner ear to brain.
Pons has also respiratory nuclei. Along with rhythmicity area of medulla, pons controls basal respiratory rhythm.
Pons also contains nuclei for cranial nerve number V, VI,VII, and VIII.
For the video, Kindly visit my you tube channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7xXKrK7pDObSfXvk9aOgDA.
Love you guys with my whole Limbic system...
Limbic System from where the main feelings comes... Here we go..
It got the main structures seen here along with some other related areas...
CONNECTIONS (Papez circuit simplified)
Different functions of Limbic system... Fear vs. Rage, sham rage, reward and punisment, hippocampus and memory related functions...
Some applied aspects are also covered...
THANK YOU
The reference material used to make video is: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson.
Pons is part of brain stem, present superior to medulla, inferior to mid brain and anterior to cerebellum.
Pons means a bridge. As the name denotes, it connects other areas of brain.
Neurons extending from cerebral cortex to pons makes corticopontine tract.
Pons is connected to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle.
Pons has vestibular nuclei, which is part of equilibrium pathways from inner ear to brain.
Pons has also respiratory nuclei. Along with rhythmicity area of medulla, pons controls basal respiratory rhythm.
Pons also contains nuclei for cranial nerve number V, VI,VII, and VIII.
For the video, Kindly visit my you tube channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7xXKrK7pDObSfXvk9aOgDA.
Love you guys with my whole Limbic system...
Limbic System from where the main feelings comes... Here we go..
It got the main structures seen here along with some other related areas...
CONNECTIONS (Papez circuit simplified)
Different functions of Limbic system... Fear vs. Rage, sham rage, reward and punisment, hippocampus and memory related functions...
Some applied aspects are also covered...
THANK YOU
My presentation on neurotransmitter glutamate. References from Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry 9th edition and Stahl's essential psychopharmacology 4th edition.
The SlideShare 101 is a quick start guide if you want to walk through the main features that the platform offers. This will keep getting updated as new features are launched.
The SlideShare 101 replaces the earlier "SlideShare Quick Tour".
Limbic system by Dr.Mrs Sunita M Tiwale, Professor, Dept of Physiology, DYPM...Physiology Dept
Introduction :
Emotions play very important role in our day to day life.
Aid in the survival of individual.
Makes person more successful in the struggle of existence.
These emotions are developed in a specialised system of CNS - Limbic system.
On the medial and ventral surfaces of each cerebral hemisphere is a ring of mostly paleocortex that surrounds a group of deep structures associated with overall behaviour and emotions.
Ring of limbic cortex function as a two-way communication and association linkage between the neocortex and the lower limbic structures.
Many of the behavioural function of the limbic system are also mediated through the reticular nuclei in the brainstem and their associated nuclei.
These are interconnected complex of basal brain elements.
In the middle, hypothalamus is located which is the central elements of the limbic system.
Subcortical components of limbic system includes;
Septum .
Psychobiologist study the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms that are responsible for human behavior and try to understand how the brain functions in order to understand why humans behave the way we do.
Anatomy of Human Brain Presented by Dr Arman MD (Resident) Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. reference taken from latest book & journal.
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. What is limbic system?
It includes structures
forming a border
between
hypothalamus and
cerebral cortex.
It is simply functional
anatomic system of
interconnected
cortical and
subcortical structures.
3. History
Paul Broca– coined the term limbic(Le
Grand Lobe Limbique) to include
curved rim of cortex including
cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus
which was different from the rest of the
cerebral mantle(appeared paler).
This cortex later shown to be
composed of only three layers–
labelled allocortex to distinguish it
from the six layered eucortex that
make up most of the cerebral mantle.
4. Contd..
James Papez(1937)– postulated
these cortical regions(the
cingulate gyrus and the
parahippocampal gyrus ) are
linked to hippocampus,
mamillary body and anterior
thalamus in circuit that mediated
emotional behaviour(Papez
circuit).
Emotions tend to go round and
round in this circuit.
6. Contd..
This concept was supported by
Heinrich Kluver and Paul
Bucy(1939)—by removing
temporal lobes in monkeys they
found that amygdala of temporal
lobe has role in taming and other
basic instincts– fighting, fleeing,
feeding and sex.
7. Contd..
Paul Maclean(1952) -- coined
the term limbic system to
describe broca’s lobe and
related subcortical nuclei as
the neural substitute for
emotion.
8. Concept of limbic system
Originally term limbic system encompassed only
Broca’s cortex and Papez’s circuitry and later
amygdala is included.
Further, the functions of amygdala and
hippocampal system proved to have more to do
with attention and formation of specific memories
than with emotions.
9. Components of limbic system
Parts mostly listed are,
Limbic cortex - the cingulate and the parahippocampal
gyri
The hippocampal formation - the dentate gyrus, the
hippocampus, the subicular complex.
The amygdala
The septal area
The hypothalamus, the related thalamic and cortical areas
Other parts included are -- insula, entorhinal cortex,
nucleus accumbens
10. Drawing of the major anatomical structures of the
limbic system
11.
12. The Cingulate gyrus
Located dorsal to corpus callosum
Includes several cortical regions
that are heavily interconnected
with the association areas of the
cerebral cortex
Posteriorly, it becomes
continuous (via cingulate bundle
of fibres in the white matter) with
the parahippocapal gyrus.
)
13. The Parahippocampal gyrus
Located in medial
temporal lobe
Lies between the
hippocampal fissure and
the collateral sulcus
Continuous with the
hippocampus along with
the medial edge of the
temporal lobe
)
14. The Dentate gyrus
Narrow notched band of gray
matter.
Comprises of 3 layers - outer
acellular layer, middle granule
cell layer, inner polymorphic
layer.
Lies between fimbria of the
hippocampus and the
parahippocampal gyrus
Anteriorly– continued into the
uncus
Posteriorly– continuous with
indusium griseum
)
15. The Hippocampus
Curved elevation of gray matter.
Extends throughout the entire legnth of the
floor of the inferior horn of the lateral
ventricle.
Expanded anterior end - Pes hippocampus
Terminates posteriorly– beneath the
splenium of corpus callosum
Alveus– thin layer of white matter beneath
the convex ventricular surface & adjacent to
the polymorphic layer of hippocampus.
Fimbria– bundle formed by nerve fibres
originated in hippocampus becomes
continuous with the crus of fornix passes
anteriorly and inferiorly coloumn of
fornix pass through hypothalamus into the
mamillary bodies
16. The Subicular complex
Includes presubiculum,
parasubiculum, and the
subiculam parts.
The transition region
between the hippocampus
and parahippocampal
gyrus.
)
17.
18. The Amygdala
Located in medial temporal lobe.
Just anterior to the hippocampal formation.
It is fused with the tip of the tail of the caudate nucleus.
Stria terminalis emerges from its posterior aspect.
These nuclei form several distinct clusters: the basolateral
complex, the centromedial amygdaloid group, the olfactory
group.
CB1 receptor immunoreactivity found in basolateral complex.
***
Centromedial amygdala appears to be part of a larger
structure that is continuous through the sublenticular
substantia innominata with the bed nucleus of stria
terminalis (extended amygdala).
19. The Septal area
Gray matter
structure located
immediately above
the anterior
commissure.
20. The hypothalamus, The Thalamus and
Cortical areas
Is a crucial component of neural circuitry regulating not
only emotions, but also autonomic, endocrine, and some
somatic functions.
Subdivided from anterior to posterior into 3 zones: the
supraoptic region, the infundibular region, and the
mamillary region.
These 3 zones also are divided on each side into medial
and lateral areas by the fornix.
***
The lateral and medial mamillary nuclei receive
hippocampal input through fornix and project to the
anterior nuclei of hypothlamus.
21.
22. The Entorhinal cortex
Located in the anterior part of the parahippocampal
gyrus, on medial surface of temporal lobe
Transition zone between hippocampus and temporal
neocortex
23. The Uncus
Formed by the amygdala and the rostral
hippocampus.
The Insula
Medial cortical gyrus located between the amygdala
and the frontal lobe.
)
24. Connections of the limbic system
The major structures of limbic system are
interconnected with each other and with other
components of nervous system in various ways.
In general, it is area of intimate processing between
hypothalamus and cortical information processing.
The connecting pathways of limbic system are– the
alveus, the fimbriae, the fornix, the mamillothalamic
tract, and the stria terminalis
26. Functional circuit b/w amygdala, hypothalamus
Prefrontal and temporal association cortices
27. Contd..
Basolateral nuclei of amygdala directly and reciprocally
connected with the temporal, insular and prefrontal
cortices and shares bidirectional connections with the
medial dorsal thalamic nuclei.
Medial amygdaloid nucleus has reciprocal connections
with endocrine portion of hypothalamus.
Lateral part of extended amygdala connected with
brainstem and lateral hypothalamus and receives cortical
limbic region and the basolateral amygdaloid complex.
28. Contd..
Both of these pathways reveal how the limbic system
is able to integrate the highly processed sensory and
cognitive information content of the cerebral cortical
circuit with the hypothalamic pathways that control
autonomic and endocrine systems.
In addition,
The limbic system also interacts with components of
the basal ganglia system.
30. Contd..
The septal area reciprocally connected with the
hippocampus, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus
and projects to numerous structures in the
brainstem.
Limbic system also receives inputs from the smell
receptors in the nose.
31. Functions of the limbic system
Olfaction – entorhinal cortex
Appetite and eating behaviours
Amygdala – food choice & modulation of food intake
Lateral nucleus – feeding
Ventromedial nucleus – satitey
Sleep and dreams
Suprachiasmatic nucleus – circadian rhythm/ sleep-wake
cycle
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) – sleep switch/
promoting (REM) sleep
32. Contd..
Emotional responces
Fear – amygdala
Rage – neocortex, ventromedial nucleus, septal
nucleus
Placidity – B/L amygdala
Autonomic and endocrine responces to emotion –
cingulate gyrus & hypothalamus
Sexual behaviour – medial preoptic area of
hypothalamus (MPOA) & medial amygdala (MeA)
Addiction and motivation – amygdala & nucleus
accumbens
34. LS Vs Adrenal gland
Anatomy and physiology of the adrenal gland are
reflected in the anatomy and physiology of the
amygdala circuit and hippocampal circuit
Adrenaline secreted by the adrenal core is processed
by the amygdala system
Cortisone secreted by adrenal cortex is processed by
the hippocampal formation
35. The LS (amygdala) in Emotions
In generel, amygdala assign emotional significance
to sensory experiences.
LS directs the hypothalamus to express the motor
and endocrine components of emotional states.
Emotional experiences and expressions per se are
accompanied and even initiated by body responses
(change in heart and respiratory rate and blood
pressure). The responses waned with repetition as
they become familiar (habituation).
36. Contd..
The amygdala was shown to be important to
processing these experiences.
The body responses help a person to attain via the
amygdala, a certain kind of memory and that
emotions is due to a challenge to the pattern of that
memory, not the body responses themselves.
Fear is not an expression of an experience per se,
but of a memory based anticipation of pain that may
be realistic and imagined.
37. The LS (hippocampus) in Memory
Hippocampus is concerned
with recent memory
converting it to long term
memory– memory of the
remote past events before
the lesion developed is
unaffected.
In damage to
hippocampus– the memory
of what is happening to the
patient personally fails to
become familiar.
38. Contd..
The hippocampus is important to an organism’s ability
to reset an internal co-ordinate system. This process is
critical to navigation and episodic memory.
While the amygdala is processing what is novel during
habituation, the hippocampus is processing the context
within which habituation is happening, the hippocampus
is processing what is already familiar.
The co-ordinates are constructed by attending to what is
not, at the moment, the focus of navigating our world.
Eg: to walk through a door we must process the walls so
as not to bump into them.
39. The LS (hippocampus) in Motivation and
Attidude
The hippocampal circuit brings together emotion
and motivation,
The emotion—the processing of familiarty
The motivation– the processing of readiness to
engage the world in practical manner
Attitudes (emotions plus motivation) are
dispositional states that embody the experience of
the individual.
40. The LS in Sexual behavior
Directly involved in elements of sexual functioning.
Stimulation of various sites of the limbic system have
elicited penile erection.
Hippocampus– genital tumescence, regulation of
release of gonadotropins.
Amagdala– in oral and then in genital benaviour.
Olfactory sense is strongly involved in both feeding
and mating.
Those areas activated by emotions of fear and
anxiety are notably quiescent when the woman
experience an orgasm.
41. The LS in Violence behavior
The fear is processed in amygdala – stimulation of it
elicits defensive and aggressive responses.
Other parts involved are– hypothalamus and septal
area.
The prefrontal cortex allows humans to exercise
some control over their responses.
Aggressive behavior have been noted individual with
damage to the medial temporal lobe and with
developing brain tumor in the limbic system.
Frontal lobe injury commonest type in infancy and
early childhood have lifelong consequences.
42. Case of Arthur Shawcross
Was an American serial killer, also known as the Genesee
River Killer in Rochester, New York.
Psychiatrists had assessed Shawcross as a "schizoid psychopath".
Shawcross pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity.
Prosecution psychiatrist Dr. Park Dietz said Shawcross had antisocial
personality disorder.
43. The LS in positive mental health
(anterior cingulate and insula)
Both the limbic anterior cingulate and insula appears
to be active in the positive emotions of humor, trust
and empathy.
The prosocial biological activity of the anterior
cingulate cortex and insula was highest in
individiuals with highest level of social awareness
the biological differences for positive mental health.
Anterior cingulate gyrus links valence and memory
to create attachment.
Along with the hippocampus, the anterior cingulate
is the brain region most responsible for making the
past meaningful.
44. Contd..
Anterior cingulate fMRI images light up when a lover
gazes at pictures of a partner’s face or when a new
mother hear her infant’s cry.
Insula helps to bring visceral feelings into consciousness.
The pain in one’s heart or grief , the warmth in one’s
heart or love, and the tightness in one’s gut from fear all
make their way into consciousness through the insula.
fMRI studies of kundalini yoga practitioners
demonstrates the meditation activates the activity of
the hippocampus and right lateral amygdala which in
turn leads to parasympathetic stimulation and sensation
of deep peacefulness.
46. Schizophrenia
Because of its role in controlling emotions, the LS has
been hypothesized to be involved in pathophysiology of
schizophrenia.
Limbic activation is diminished.
Abnormally increased limbic activation time (threat
related fascial emotions of anger and fear).
Antipsychotics block limbic receptors to dopamine as
well as receptors of the extrapyramidal system.
47. Contd..
Neuropathology findings—decrease in size of
regions including the amygdala, the hippocampus
and parahippocmapal gyrus.
Hippocampus is not only smaller, but is functionally
abnormal as indicated by disturbances in glutamate
transmission.
Disorganisaion of neurons within the hippocampus
has also been reported.
48. BPAD
Evidence of hyperactivity and hyperfunction of some
limbic and para limbic areas - including amygdala
and ventral striatum as well as in the cerebellum.
Evidence of limbic hyperactivity is consistent with
the lack of modulation and overswings in both manic
and depressive behaviours.
Amygdala is small in children and large in adults
when compared to controls in BPAD.
The number of hospitalizations for mania was
directly associated with increased size of the
amygdala.
49. Anxiety and OCD
In addition to receiving noradrenergic and
serotonergic innervation the LS contains highest
concentration of GABA A receptors.
Increased activity of the septohippocampal pathway
leads to anxiety.
Cingulate gyrus has been particulary implicated in
pathophysiology of OCD.
50. Disproportionate impairment in specific aspects of
social cognition.
Limbic structures involved - cingulate gyrus and
amygdala which mediate cognitive and affective
processing.
The basolateral circuit integral for social cognition is
disrupted in autism spectrum disorders.
Autism
51. Alzhiemers disease
Gross– medial temporal lobe atrophy and
hippocampal atrophy most common.
Plaques and tangles most frequently present in
hippocampal and entorhinal cortex.
52. Limbic encephalopathy
Usually due to metastatic ca of lung.
Marked disturbance of memory for recent events.
Affective disturbance - severe anxiety and
depression.
Pathology - combination of degeneration and
inflammation on the medial temporal lobe structures
-the hippocampus, uncus, amygdaloid nucleus,
dentate gyrus, insular and posterior orbital cortex.
Where memory failure is predominat feature the
possibity of limbic encephalopathy should be
considered.
53. Wernicke and Korsakoff
Caused by B1 deficiency.
Changes involve periventricular areas: medial
thalamus, hypothalamus, mamillary bodies, reticular
formation.
Lesions show petechial hemorrhages, edema, myelin
loss, and reactive gliosis. Neurons generally
preserved.
54. Epilepsy in hippocampal sclerosis
Hippocampal cell loss can be considered as a cause
and consequence of repeated seizures.
Hippocampal sclerosis seen in 47—70% of all TLE.
55. Limbic epilepsy
Limbic epilepsy can originate in the amygdala,
hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, cingulate or orbital
frontal cortex.
Pts classically describe fear, déjà vu, jamais vu,
elementary and complex visual hallucinations,
illusions, forced thinking, or emotional distress.
56. Kluver Bucy syndrome
Bilateral removal of temporal lobe– amygdala, para
amygdala area.
Features No evidence of fear or anger, unable to
appreciate object visually, increased appetite,
increased sexual activity - indscriminately seek
partnership with male, female animals.
57. Psychosurgery
Stereotactic operations on the amygdaloid nuclei:
decreased emotional excitability.
OCD: cingulotomy, anterior cingulotomy, and limbic
leucotomy may be effective.
Pain: cingulotomy.
Epilepsy (TLE)
Tourette: disconnection of the anterior cingulate from
the thalamus results in improvement of symptoms.