Anatomy of brain pain and symptoms of the blood pressure is the child with pem considered as an emergency treatment for security and security symptoms and to be lethal in a report verification why you think that it would possible to get an the appointment with the police to get be information signs me the soon
2. Diencephalon
•The diencephalon forms the central core of the and is almost completely
• surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres of the telencephalon.
•The narrow midline cavity within the diencephalon is the third ventricle.
3. •Laterally, the diencephalon fuses with the telencephalon and separated
from the diencephalon by the internal capsule.
•Inferiorlly, the diencephalon is continuous with the midbrain.
4.
5. •On the ventral surface of the brain, only a small part (hypophysis,
mammillary bodies) of the diencephalon is visible.
6. Divisions of Diencephalon
The diencephalon consists largely of three paired structures—the
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus, each of which consists
primarily of gray matter.
7. Thalamus
•The paired thalamus is a large oval (or egg-shaped) mass of gray matter,
constituting nearly 80% of the diencephalon.
8.
9.
10. •The thalamus forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle of its
respective cerebral hemisphere.
•In some people, the right and left thalamus are joined by a small midline
connection, the interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass).
11. In back of the thalamus, there are two eminences, called the medial and
lateral geniculate bodies
12. •Internally, the thalamus
contains about 12
major nuclei that are
organized into groups.
•Axons from these
nuclei project to
particular regions of
the cerebral cortex
for interpretation.
•Sensory inputs from
all the conscious
senses except smell
converge on the
thalamus and synapse
in at least one of its
nuclei.
13. •For example, the ventral
posterior lateral nucleus
receives general somatic
sensory information
from body wall and limbs,
the ventral posterior
medial nucleus receives
general somatic sensory
information from the
head and neck, and the
lateral and medial
geniculate nuclei receive
visual and auditory
information, respectively.
14. •Therefore, the principal
function of the thalamus
is to act as a principal
and final relay center
for all sensory
impulses (except smell)
that will be processed
and projected to the
primary somatosensory
cortex of the cerebrum.
15. •However, only a relatively
small portion of the
sensory information that
arrived at the thalamus
is forwarded to the
cerebral cortex because
the thalamus acts as an
information filter.
•For instance, the
thalamus is responsible
for filtering out the
sounds and sights in a
busy dormitory cafeteria
when you trying to study.
16. •The thalamus also “tells”
the cerebrum about
where a sensory input
comes from. For example,
the thalamus lets the
cerebrum know that a
nerve impulse it receives
came from the eye,
indicating that the
information is visual.
17. Additionally, thalamus
itself can interprets
some sensory
information.
•The cerebral cortex
discriminates pain
and other tactile
(touch) stimuli, but
the thalamus
responds to
general sensory
stimuli and provides
crude awareness
18. Functions of thalamus
A relay center for all sensory impulses except smell
Every part of the brain that communicates with the cerebral
cortex must relay its signals through a nucleus of the thalamus.
Therefore, thalamus can be thought of as the “gateway” to the
cerebral cortex. For example, the ventral posterior lateral nucleus
relays general somatic sensory information.
Processing some sensory information
The thalamus not only relays information to the cerebral cortex
but also actively processes the information as it passes through the
thalamus. The thalamus “edit” information, and provides the body
crud awareness before sending it to cerebral cortex.
19. Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the inferior portion of the diencephalon. It forms the
inferolateral walls of the third ventricle. On the underside of the brain, it
lies between the optic chiasma (point of crossover of the optic nerves)
and the posterior border of the mammillary bodies, rounded bumps that
bulge from the hypothalamic floor
20. •The rounded, pea-shaped
pituitary gland, or cerebral
hypophysis, which secretes
many hormones, is located
on the inferior aspect of the
diencephalon.
•It is attached to the
hypothalamus by the funnel-
shaped infundibulum and is
supported by the sella turcica
of the sphenoid bone.
•The pituitary gland, which has
an endocrine function, is
structurally and functionally
divided into an anterior
portion, called the
adenohypophysis, and a
posterior portion, called the
neurohypophysis.
21.
22.
23. Despite its small
size, the
hypothalamus,
like the thalamus,
contains a lot of
nuclei of gray matter.
24. Functions of the hypothalamus
Functionally, the hypothalamus is the main visceral control center
of the body, regulating many activities of the visceral organs. It
also has emotional and instinctual functions. The principal
autonomic and emotional functions of the hypothalamus are as
follows:
Cardiovascular regulation
Body temperature regulation
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
Regulation of hunger and control of gastrointestinal activity
Regulation of sleeping and wakefulness
Sexual response
Emotion
Control of endocrine functions
26. •A small mass of tissue
called the pineal gland,
, extends outward
from the posterior end
of the epithalamus. This
gland, is a hormone-
secreting organ. Under
the influence of the
hypothalamus, the
pineal gland secretes
the hormone melatonin,
which signals the body
to prepare for the
night time stage of the
sleep-wake cycle.
•The posterior commissure, located inferior to the pineal gland, is a tract
of commissural fibers that connects the right and left superior colliculi
of the midbrain.
