Human physiology
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Human physiology explains the biological and chemical factors responsible for life through the study of the structure and function of the human body. The human body is made up of cells that come together to form tissues, organs and body systems. These systems work interdependently to maintain homeostasis, or internal stability, which is essential for survival. The major body systems include the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, integumentary, nervous, endocrine, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems.
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Muscle tissue
1. Muscle tissue is one of four primary tissue types and is divided into three main categories: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and allows voluntary movement.
2. Skeletal muscle contains bundles of fibers surrounded by connective tissues. Within the fibers are myofibrils composed of thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments that slide past each other to cause muscle contraction.
3. Contraction is triggered when a motor neuron stimulates the neuromuscular junction, causing calcium release and the myosin heads to interact with and pull on the actin filaments. The strength of contraction depends on factors like overlap of filaments and stimulation frequency.
Types of cells and tissues
This document provides an overview of the types of cells and tissues in the human body. It will discuss the structure of cells and different types of tissues, including epithelial and connective tissues. Examples will be provided of where each tissue type is located and its functions. The goals are to identify different cell types, the four primary tissues, examples of epithelial and connective tissues and their locations, and how epithelial and connective tissues differ in structure and function.
MUSCLES (THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES IN THE BODY)
Muscles is a contractile tissue which brings about movement.
Muscle cell responsible for our movement both visible and invisible, example walking, talking, bowel movement ,urination, breathing, heartbeats, the dilation and constriction of the pupils of our eyes and many other.
When we are still sitting or standing muscle cells keep us erect.
CONT...Muscles can be regarded as motors of the body.Muscles comprises about 40% to 50% (approximate) of body weight.There are approximate 650 muscles in body.Alternating contraction and relaxation of cells
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The document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- The cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out specialized functions and transport materials within the cell.
- The nucleus contains
Lecture 1 (introduction to physiology)
The human body contains complex control systems that maintain homeostasis. At the cellular level, organs are made of many cell types that perform specialized functions. The body contains two fluid compartments - intracellular and extracellular fluid, which together make up 60% of the body. The extracellular fluid transports nutrients and wastes between cells and organs. Homeostasis involves multiple organ systems that work together to maintain steady internal conditions through negative feedback loops, including respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems. Disruptions to these control mechanisms can lead to disease states.
Chapter 1 organization of the human body
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study of how the body and its parts function. The document describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the chemical level to the organismal level. It also outlines several important life processes for humans, including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction. Homeostasis and feedback systems that maintain equilibrium in the body are explained. Key anatomical terms are defined to describe body positions, directions, and planes used to divide the body. The major body cavities - thoracic and abdominopelvic - are also outlined.
Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue has four main characteristics - excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity - that allow it to perform important functions like movement, posture, and temperature regulation. There are three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, which is voluntarily controlled and enables movement; smooth muscle, which controls involuntary functions like digestion; and cardiac muscle, which pumps blood through the heart and circulatory system. Each muscle type has distinct cellular features related to their roles and methods of electrical and chemical stimulation to cause contraction.
Cell physiology
Cell is the basic unit of the body and is composed primarily of water, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The cell contains membrane-bound organelles that carry out specific functions. Mitochondria produce energy through ATP production. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus synthesize proteins and lipids. Lysosomes digest materials through hydrolytic enzymes. Cellular waste and debris are removed through autophagy and phagocytosis. Movement of the cell is achieved through ameboid movement and cilia/flagella.
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Muscle tissue
1. Muscle tissue is one of four primary tissue types and is divided into three main categories: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and allows voluntary movement.
2. Skeletal muscle contains bundles of fibers surrounded by connective tissues. Within the fibers are myofibrils composed of thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments that slide past each other to cause muscle contraction.
3. Contraction is triggered when a motor neuron stimulates the neuromuscular junction, causing calcium release and the myosin heads to interact with and pull on the actin filaments. The strength of contraction depends on factors like overlap of filaments and stimulation frequency.
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MUSCLES (THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES IN THE BODY)
Muscles is a contractile tissue which brings about movement.
Muscle cell responsible for our movement both visible and invisible, example walking, talking, bowel movement ,urination, breathing, heartbeats, the dilation and constriction of the pupils of our eyes and many other.
When we are still sitting or standing muscle cells keep us erect.
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- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- The cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out specialized functions and transport materials within the cell.
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The human body contains complex control systems that maintain homeostasis. At the cellular level, organs are made of many cell types that perform specialized functions. The body contains two fluid compartments - intracellular and extracellular fluid, which together make up 60% of the body. The extracellular fluid transports nutrients and wastes between cells and organs. Homeostasis involves multiple organ systems that work together to maintain steady internal conditions through negative feedback loops, including respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems. Disruptions to these control mechanisms can lead to disease states.
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This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study of how the body and its parts function. The document describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the chemical level to the organismal level. It also outlines several important life processes for humans, including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction. Homeostasis and feedback systems that maintain equilibrium in the body are explained. Key anatomical terms are defined to describe body positions, directions, and planes used to divide the body. The major body cavities - thoracic and abdominopelvic - are also outlined.
Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue has four main characteristics - excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity - that allow it to perform important functions like movement, posture, and temperature regulation. There are three main types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, which is voluntarily controlled and enables movement; smooth muscle, which controls involuntary functions like digestion; and cardiac muscle, which pumps blood through the heart and circulatory system. Each muscle type has distinct cellular features related to their roles and methods of electrical and chemical stimulation to cause contraction.
Cell physiology
Cell is the basic unit of the body and is composed primarily of water, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The cell contains membrane-bound organelles that carry out specific functions. Mitochondria produce energy through ATP production. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus synthesize proteins and lipids. Lysosomes digest materials through hydrolytic enzymes. Cellular waste and debris are removed through autophagy and phagocytosis. Movement of the cell is achieved through ameboid movement and cilia/flagella.
The cell
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology, cellular biology, or cytology.
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A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the cell. The nucleus is a structure inside the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell's DNA. It is also where most RNA is made.
Tissues. types
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Histology: Tissues
This document provides an overview of the four basic tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It discusses the characteristics, functions and examples of each tissue type. In particular, it examines the different cell layers, shapes and surfaces of epithelial tissue, the various cell types and extracellular matrix components of connective tissue, and the three main categories of muscle tissue - skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
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Homeostasis
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The Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and cavities and forms glands. It has several key characteristics: it protects underlying tissues, regenerates quickly, is avascular, and is polarized with selectively permeable cells. Epithelial tissue includes glandular epithelium which forms two types of glands - endocrine glands that release secretions into the bloodstream and exocrine glands that secrete into ducts leading outside or inside the body. Exocrine glands are classified by their secretory mechanisms and structures.
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Connective tissues
Connective tissue is one of the four main tissue types found throughout the body. It is the most abundant tissue and develops from mesoderm during embryonic development. Connective tissue consists of cells embedded within an extracellular matrix of fibers and ground substance. The major fibers are collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. Connective tissue provides structure, strength, and binding properties to organs and varies depending on the composition and organization of its cellular and extracellular components.
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The document provides information on cells and their structures. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and describes key cellular components including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles like mitochondria and lysosomes, and other structures. It also explains the process of mitosis and how cells divide to form two daughter cells. Additionally, it discusses the four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue - and provides details on their characteristics and functions.
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The document discusses the major body systems and their roles in homeostasis. It describes the main organs, functions, and homeostatic role of the circulatory, vascular tissue, digestive, excretory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous, and sensory systems. The four systems involved in regulating internal body temperature are listed as the nervous, endocrine, excretory, and circulatory systems.
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Level of structural organization
Living things have several levels of structural organization, from lowest to highest:
1) The chemical level includes atoms and molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals that are essential for life.
2) At the cellular level, molecules combine to form cells, the basic units of life.
3) Cells combine to form tissues like muscle and nerve tissues.
4) Tissues combine to form organs like the heart, lungs, and brain.
5) Organs work together in organ systems like the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems.
6) All the organ systems function together as a whole organism.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system works with other body systems to help maintain homeostasis and regulate energy levels, reproduction, growth, development, and responses to surroundings. It accomplishes these tasks through a network of glands and organs that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemicals that cause different effects on cells and tissues after being secreted. Excessive urination, called polyuria, can be a symptom of diseases like diabetes that affect the endocrine system.
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Physiology is the study of life from biochemical reactions to coordinated cells in living animals. Animal cells have structures like the cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, and organelles that carry out specialized functions. The physiology of domesticated animals involves systems like the muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, nervous, sensory, reproductive, and lymphatic systems. Each system has organs that perform key functions necessary for the animal's life and reproduction. Reproductive hormones regulate sexual characteristics, gamete production, pregnancy, and other reproductive processes.
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ushas anatomy notes
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It discusses the different levels of structural organization in the human body from the chemical level up to the organismal level. It also describes the basic anatomical terminology used to locate body structures and regions. The major organ systems are introduced along with examples of their functions. Homeostasis and the mechanisms that maintain it are explained.
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Physiology. Anatomy
The Science of Life: An In-Depth Physiology Overview.
Physiology in Action: How Your Body Functions
Human body.pptx
The document provides an overview of the human body's organization and systems. It discusses the different levels of structural complexity from atoms and molecules to cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The major body systems are described including musculoskeletal, digestive, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, respiratory, integumentary, and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis involves control systems that use negative feedback to regulate internal variables like temperature, pH, and glucose levels. Imbalances can develop if control is poor and threaten health.
Introduction to Human Body.pptx
Introduction to human body, Definition of anatomy and physiology and its branches, Levels of Structural Organization like Chemical level,
Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level. Systems Of The Human Body like Integumentary System/ Exocrine System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine system,
Cardiovascular system/circulatory system, Lymphatic system and immunity system,
Respiratory system,
Digestive system,
Urinary system and renal system,
Reproductive system and its structure and functions.
Characteristics of the living human organism, Basic life processes like Metabolism, Responsivenes, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction. Homeostasis and Feedback system and its three basic components: Sensor, control center and an effector. Anatomical terminology like prone and supine position. Regional names lie Head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs.
Directional terms like Anterior and posterior. Planes and Sections like Sagittal plane, midsagittal or median plane, parasagittal, Frontal plane, Transverse or horizontal plane, Body Cavity like ventral and dorsal cavity, thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, cranial cavity and spinal cavity. Serous membrane like Parietal layer Visceral layer.
Abdominopelvic region and quadrants: four quadrants and nine areas like right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants and the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right illiac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left illiac divisions.
1-Overview of ANAPHY.pptx
The document discusses the key systems and structures of the human body. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and physiology as the study of how the body and its parts work. It then provides information on each of the main organ systems, including their functions. These systems include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate and maintain internal stability despite external changes. The document discusses homeostasis at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels. At the cellular level, cells require a stable internal environment to function properly, with optimal conditions like temperature and pH. The body maintains homeostasis through negative feedback mechanisms that detect deviations from normal internal conditions and activate systems like sweating and vasodilation to correct them and keep temperatures stable. Key organs like the kidneys also play an important role in homeostasis by filtering the blood and regulating water, electrolyte, and pH levels. The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and selectively reabsorbs or secretes molecules to maintain homeostasis.
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Locomotion and Movement Class 11 Biology Free Study Material in PDF
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Human physiology
- 1. Human physiologyHuman physiology DefinitionDefinition physiology explains physical andphysiology explains physical and chemical factors that arechemical factors that are responsible for the origin,responsible for the origin, development, and progression ofdevelopment, and progression of life ,(each type of lifelife ,(each type of life( .( .
- 2. Human physiologyHuman physiology DefinitionDefinition Specific characteristic and mechanismsSpecific characteristic and mechanisms of the human body that make it a livingof the human body that make it a living being. All organs and tissues performbeing. All organs and tissues perform functions that help to maintain internalfunctions that help to maintain internal environment constant (Homeostasis (environment constant (Homeostasis (
- 3. Fig. 1-5, p. 9 Maintain Body systems Homeostasis Cells Make up Is essential for survival of
- 4. Fig. 1-1, p. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chemical level Cellular level Organ level Tissue level Body system level Organism level
- 5. Fig. 1-3a (left), p. 4 Digestive system mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, liver, gallbladder Circulatory system heart, blood, blood vessels Respiratory system Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
- 6. Fig. 1-3a (right), p. 4 Urinary system kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Skeletal system bones, cartilage, joints Muscular system skeletal muscles
- 7. Fig. 1-3b (left), p. 5 Integumentary system skin, hair, nails Immune system lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, spleen, appendix, and, not shown, white blood cells, gut- associated lymphoid tissue, and skin-associated lymphoid tissue Nervous system brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and, not shown, special sense organs
- 8. Fig. 1-3b (right), p. 5 Endocrine system all hormone-secreting tissues, including hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, endocrine, pancreas, gonads, kidneys, pineal, thymus, and, not shown, parathyroids, intestine, heart, and skin Reproductive system Male: testes, penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and associated ducts Female: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, breasts
- 9. Fig. 1-6, pp. 10-11 Information from the external environment relayed through the nervous system O2 CO2 Urine containing wastes and excess water and electrolytes Nutrients, water, electrolytes Feces containing undigested food residue Sperm leave male Sperm enter female EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT BODY SYSTEMS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Exchanges with all other systems CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Exchanges with all other systems MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM IMMUNE SYSTEM INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Body systems maintain homeostasis Keeps internal fluids in Keeps foreign materials out HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis essential for cell survival CELLS Cells make up body system Enables the body to interact with the external environment Protects against foreign invaders Regulate
- 10. Control systemsControl systems Genetic controlGenetic control organ level entire bodyorgan level entire body Intra- & extracellular part of inter relationsIntra- & extracellular part of inter relations functions the organ b/w the organsfunctions the organ b/w the organs
- 11. ““We remain alive isWe remain alive is almost beyond our ownalmost beyond our own control”control”
- 12. HungerHunger seek foodseek food FearFear seek refugeseek refuge SexSex seek fellowshipsseek fellowships
- 13. InstinctsInstincts Food intakeFood intake defensedefense SexSex MaternityMaternity
- 14. Control systemsControl systems Genetic controlGenetic control organ level entire bodyorgan level entire body Intra- & extracellular part of inter relationsIntra- & extracellular part of inter relations functions the organ b/w the organsfunctions the organ b/w the organs
Editor's Notes
- FIGURE 1-5: Interdependent relationship of cells, body systems, and homeostasis. The depicted interdependent relationship serves as the foundation for modern-day physiology: homeostasis is essential for the survival of cells, body systems maintain homeostasis, and cells make up body systems.
- FIGURE 1-1: Levels of organization in the body.
- FIGURE 1-3: Components of the body systems.
- FIGURE 1-3: Components of the body systems.
- FIGURE 1-3: Components of the body systems.
- FIGURE 1-3: Components of the body systems.
- FIGURE 1-6: Role of the body systems in maintaining homeostasis.