1. Biomedical instrumentation is used for monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy by taking measurements of variables in the human body. It involves the fields of engineering, biology, chemistry, and medicine.
2. Biomedical instrumentation is classified into clinical instrumentation for diagnosis and treatment of patients and research instrumentation used primarily to gain new medical knowledge.
3. Biomedical instruments measure various physiological parameters and are classified based on the system or organ they are associated with such as heart, brain, muscle, and lung instruments. Common medical measurements include blood pressure, ECG, EEG, temperature, and pH.
The document provides an introduction to biomedical instrumentation. It discusses the importance of biomedical instrumentation in understanding human physiology and developing diagnostic and therapeutic devices. It describes the major physiological systems of the human body and how biomedical instruments are classified and used to take clinical and research measurements. Common medical measurements include blood pressure, ECG, EEG, pH, and blood gases which are detected using techniques like electrodes, cuffs, and electromagnetic sensors.
Introduction to human body, Definition of anatomy and physiology and its branches, Levels of Structural Organization like Chemical level,
Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level. Systems Of The Human Body like Integumentary System/ Exocrine System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine system,
Cardiovascular system/circulatory system, Lymphatic system and immunity system,
Respiratory system,
Digestive system,
Urinary system and renal system,
Reproductive system and its structure and functions.
Characteristics of the living human organism, Basic life processes like Metabolism, Responsivenes, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction. Homeostasis and Feedback system and its three basic components: Sensor, control center and an effector. Anatomical terminology like prone and supine position. Regional names lie Head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs.
Directional terms like Anterior and posterior. Planes and Sections like Sagittal plane, midsagittal or median plane, parasagittal, Frontal plane, Transverse or horizontal plane, Body Cavity like ventral and dorsal cavity, thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, cranial cavity and spinal cavity. Serous membrane like Parietal layer Visceral layer.
Abdominopelvic region and quadrants: four quadrants and nine areas like right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants and the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right illiac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left illiac divisions.
The document provides an overview of the human body's organization and systems. It discusses the different levels of structural complexity from atoms and molecules to cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The major body systems are described including musculoskeletal, digestive, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, respiratory, integumentary, and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis involves control systems that use negative feedback to regulate internal variables like temperature, pH, and glucose levels. Imbalances can develop if control is poor and threaten health.
This chapter discusses the levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It describes anatomical position and planes used to describe body structure locations. The major body cavities and divisions of the abdominal cavity are presented. Directional terms and an overview of pathology, including causes of disease, diagnosis, and prognosis, are provided to give context to studying the structure and functions of the body and disease states.
The document discusses the key systems and structures of the human body. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and physiology as the study of how the body and its parts work. It then provides information on each of the main organ systems, including their functions. These systems include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body function. The two major types of anatomy are gross anatomy, which involves visible structures, and microscopic anatomy, which involves tiny structures like cells and tissues. Anatomy is further divided into subdisciplines including comparative, developmental, regional, surface, and systemic anatomy. The document also outlines the levels of structural organization in the human body from atoms to organ systems. It lists and describes the 11 major organ systems including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, and physiology as the study of how the body and its organs function. The document then outlines the main subdivisions of both anatomy and physiology. It also lists and briefly describes the 11 major body systems, including their main organs and functions. Finally, it discusses some key characteristics of the living human body, such as the basic life processes and homeostasis through feedback mechanisms that help maintain stability in the internal environment.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology, including:
1. It defines anatomy and physiology, and explains their relationship.
2. It describes the six levels of biological organization in the human body, from chemical to organism.
3. It outlines the 11 major organ systems in the human body and their basic structures and functions.
4. It explains homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite external changes, and the roles of receptors, control centers, and effectors in negative feedback loops that regulate homeostasis.
The document provides an introduction to biomedical instrumentation. It discusses the importance of biomedical instrumentation in understanding human physiology and developing diagnostic and therapeutic devices. It describes the major physiological systems of the human body and how biomedical instruments are classified and used to take clinical and research measurements. Common medical measurements include blood pressure, ECG, EEG, pH, and blood gases which are detected using techniques like electrodes, cuffs, and electromagnetic sensors.
Introduction to human body, Definition of anatomy and physiology and its branches, Levels of Structural Organization like Chemical level,
Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level. Systems Of The Human Body like Integumentary System/ Exocrine System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine system,
Cardiovascular system/circulatory system, Lymphatic system and immunity system,
Respiratory system,
Digestive system,
Urinary system and renal system,
Reproductive system and its structure and functions.
Characteristics of the living human organism, Basic life processes like Metabolism, Responsivenes, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction. Homeostasis and Feedback system and its three basic components: Sensor, control center and an effector. Anatomical terminology like prone and supine position. Regional names lie Head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs.
Directional terms like Anterior and posterior. Planes and Sections like Sagittal plane, midsagittal or median plane, parasagittal, Frontal plane, Transverse or horizontal plane, Body Cavity like ventral and dorsal cavity, thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, cranial cavity and spinal cavity. Serous membrane like Parietal layer Visceral layer.
Abdominopelvic region and quadrants: four quadrants and nine areas like right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants and the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right illiac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left illiac divisions.
The document provides an overview of the human body's organization and systems. It discusses the different levels of structural complexity from atoms and molecules to cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The major body systems are described including musculoskeletal, digestive, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, respiratory, integumentary, and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis involves control systems that use negative feedback to regulate internal variables like temperature, pH, and glucose levels. Imbalances can develop if control is poor and threaten health.
This chapter discusses the levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It describes anatomical position and planes used to describe body structure locations. The major body cavities and divisions of the abdominal cavity are presented. Directional terms and an overview of pathology, including causes of disease, diagnosis, and prognosis, are provided to give context to studying the structure and functions of the body and disease states.
The document discusses the key systems and structures of the human body. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and physiology as the study of how the body and its parts work. It then provides information on each of the main organ systems, including their functions. These systems include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body function. The two major types of anatomy are gross anatomy, which involves visible structures, and microscopic anatomy, which involves tiny structures like cells and tissues. Anatomy is further divided into subdisciplines including comparative, developmental, regional, surface, and systemic anatomy. The document also outlines the levels of structural organization in the human body from atoms to organ systems. It lists and describes the 11 major organ systems including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, and physiology as the study of how the body and its organs function. The document then outlines the main subdivisions of both anatomy and physiology. It also lists and briefly describes the 11 major body systems, including their main organs and functions. Finally, it discusses some key characteristics of the living human body, such as the basic life processes and homeostasis through feedback mechanisms that help maintain stability in the internal environment.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology, including:
1. It defines anatomy and physiology, and explains their relationship.
2. It describes the six levels of biological organization in the human body, from chemical to organism.
3. It outlines the 11 major organ systems in the human body and their basic structures and functions.
4. It explains homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite external changes, and the roles of receptors, control centers, and effectors in negative feedback loops that regulate homeostasis.
This document provides an overview of physiology and the functional organization of the human body. It discusses cells and tissues, then describes the 11 organ systems that make up the human body and work together to form the whole organism. Finally, it defines homeostasis as the self-regulating processes that maintain stable internal conditions in the body, such as a constant temperature, and provides an example of temperature regulation in humans.
The document summarizes the major human body systems, including:
- The nervous system which includes the central and peripheral nervous systems and neurons.
- The integumentary system which includes skin, hair, and nails to protect the body.
- The respiratory system which allows for intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide through the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea and lungs.
- The digestive system which converts food into nutrients through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Other systems summarized include excretory, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, endocrine, reproductive, and lymphatic.
The document provides an overview of the major human body systems, including:
- The anatomy and physiology of each system and their basic functions. The systems covered include: respiratory, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, and urinary.
- Descriptions of key organs within each system and their roles in essential biological processes like gas exchange, nutrient transport, hormone production, defense against pathogens, fluid transport, movement, and waste removal.
- Reproductive cycles and gamete production in the male and female systems.
This document provides a review of various human body systems, including the integumentary, respiratory, circulatory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, endocrine, nervous, and excretory systems. It lists the key parts and functions of each system and explains how some systems work together, such as the respiratory and circulatory systems in gas exchange and the circulatory and excretory systems in waste removal. Key terms related to anatomy and physiology are also defined.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It begins by defining anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It describes different methods of studying anatomy, including surface observation, dissection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion. It then discusses the hierarchy of biological complexity from molecules to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. The document also defines and provides examples of organs, tissues, organelles, and molecules. It lists and describes the 11 major organ systems of the human body. Finally, it introduces some key anatomical concepts and terminology used to describe the human body.
This document discusses the basic levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It covers cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human body as an organism. It also defines anatomical terms used to describe the body such as anatomical position, body planes, cavities, abdominal quadrants and regions, and divisions of the spinal column. The purpose is to provide understanding of general anatomical concepts relevant to the study of pathology.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in the introduction to human anatomy and physiology, including:
1. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body from chemicals to organ systems.
2. It outlines the 11 major organ systems and their basic functions.
3. It discusses the basic life processes and physiological needs required to maintain life, including homeostasis, and the mechanisms by which the body maintains stable internal conditions.
The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, describing the basic levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems, and covering the key functions and components of major body systems including the nervous, respiratory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, lymphatic, integumentary, excretory, reproductive and endocrine systems. It also discusses basic life processes, homeostasis, and feedback systems that help maintain stable internal body conditions.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes their levels of organization from atoms to organ systems. The 11 organ systems of the body are identified. Basic life processes like metabolism, movement, growth and homeostasis are explained. Key anatomical terminology is introduced, including body cavities, planes, sections and abdominal regions. Feedback mechanisms like thermoregulation and insulin control of blood glucose are summarized as examples of homeostasis.
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body parts and their relationships, including gross/macroscopic anatomy which looks at large body structures, as well as microscopic anatomy including cytology and histology. Physiology is defined as the study of body functions.
The document then discusses the different levels of structural organization in the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. It provides an overview of the 11 major organ systems and their basic structures and functions. Finally, it introduces several basic life processes like nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, movement, and reproduction that are necessary to maintain life.
The human body is organized into four hierarchical levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and when cells perform similar functions they are organized into tissues like skin tissue. Organs are made up of combinations of tissues and perform vital functions like the heart pumping blood. Organ systems are groups of organs that work together, like the circulatory system which transports blood and nutrients around the body. Homeostasis refers to the dynamic maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body, which is essential for life.
Anatomy and physiology concerned with the structures and functions of the human body.
• Anatomy describes the structures of the body -- their scientific names, composition,
location, and associated structures. Anatomy (“a cutting open”) is a plan or map of the
body.
• Physiology studies the function of each structure, individually and in combination with
other structures.
• Anatomy and physiology always work together. As we examine each part of the body,
always consider both its structure and its function.
This document discusses anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, and physiology as the study of how the body and its parts work. It describes different levels of structural organization from the chemical to the organismal level. It also discusses the necessary life functions that allow organisms to maintain homeostasis, or internal stability, despite external changes. This includes processes like movement, digestion, metabolism, and reproduction. The document emphasizes that communication via the nervous and endocrine systems allows for homeostatic control mechanisms to sense changes and respond appropriately.
The nervous system controls thoughts, movements, sensations and vital functions through the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It is composed of billions of neurons that transmit electrical and chemical signals, forming networks to control voluntary, involuntary and digestive functions. The nervous system works with all other body systems including the muscular, integumentary, and skeletal systems.
The muscular system consists of muscle tissues that connect to bones and contract to create movement. It works with the skeletal, digestive, respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems to enable various body functions through muscle contraction.
The integumentary system includes skin, skin appendages, subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia. It forms a barrier between
The document describes the major organ systems of the human body. It outlines 12 systems: circulatory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, muscular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, reproductive, urinary, lymphatic, and circulatory. Each system is briefly described in one to three sentences explaining its main functions and key organs involved.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyYukti Sharma
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It describes the different levels of organization in the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. It explains homeostasis as the maintenance of equilibrium in the internal environment and feedback mechanisms that help regulate homeostasis. It also defines important anatomical terminology and describes the major body cavities and planes.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart, arteries and veins. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that are absorbed in the small intestine. The endocrine system regulates body functions through hormones released directly into the bloodstream from glands. The immune system defends the body against infections and diseases using white blood cells and antibodies.
Human Anatomy and Physiology are the branches of biology that concerns with forms (structures) and functions of human body. ANATOMY- Study of structure of whole body and individual parts (organs) and their correlation with each other.
Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that is inspired by the human brain's neural networks. It uses artificial neural networks to process raw data without human supervision by discovering hierarchical patterns and representations to enable tasks like object detection, speech recognition, translation, medical diagnosis, and predictive forecasting. Deep learning algorithms are able to continuously improve performance as they are trained on larger datasets and can leverage massive amounts of both labeled and unlabeled data for supervised and unsupervised learning applications.
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This document provides an overview of physiology and the functional organization of the human body. It discusses cells and tissues, then describes the 11 organ systems that make up the human body and work together to form the whole organism. Finally, it defines homeostasis as the self-regulating processes that maintain stable internal conditions in the body, such as a constant temperature, and provides an example of temperature regulation in humans.
The document summarizes the major human body systems, including:
- The nervous system which includes the central and peripheral nervous systems and neurons.
- The integumentary system which includes skin, hair, and nails to protect the body.
- The respiratory system which allows for intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide through the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea and lungs.
- The digestive system which converts food into nutrients through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Other systems summarized include excretory, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, endocrine, reproductive, and lymphatic.
The document provides an overview of the major human body systems, including:
- The anatomy and physiology of each system and their basic functions. The systems covered include: respiratory, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, and urinary.
- Descriptions of key organs within each system and their roles in essential biological processes like gas exchange, nutrient transport, hormone production, defense against pathogens, fluid transport, movement, and waste removal.
- Reproductive cycles and gamete production in the male and female systems.
This document provides a review of various human body systems, including the integumentary, respiratory, circulatory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, endocrine, nervous, and excretory systems. It lists the key parts and functions of each system and explains how some systems work together, such as the respiratory and circulatory systems in gas exchange and the circulatory and excretory systems in waste removal. Key terms related to anatomy and physiology are also defined.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It begins by defining anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It describes different methods of studying anatomy, including surface observation, dissection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion. It then discusses the hierarchy of biological complexity from molecules to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. The document also defines and provides examples of organs, tissues, organelles, and molecules. It lists and describes the 11 major organ systems of the human body. Finally, it introduces some key anatomical concepts and terminology used to describe the human body.
This document discusses the basic levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It covers cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human body as an organism. It also defines anatomical terms used to describe the body such as anatomical position, body planes, cavities, abdominal quadrants and regions, and divisions of the spinal column. The purpose is to provide understanding of general anatomical concepts relevant to the study of pathology.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in the introduction to human anatomy and physiology, including:
1. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body from chemicals to organ systems.
2. It outlines the 11 major organ systems and their basic functions.
3. It discusses the basic life processes and physiological needs required to maintain life, including homeostasis, and the mechanisms by which the body maintains stable internal conditions.
The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, describing the basic levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems, and covering the key functions and components of major body systems including the nervous, respiratory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, lymphatic, integumentary, excretory, reproductive and endocrine systems. It also discusses basic life processes, homeostasis, and feedback systems that help maintain stable internal body conditions.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes their levels of organization from atoms to organ systems. The 11 organ systems of the body are identified. Basic life processes like metabolism, movement, growth and homeostasis are explained. Key anatomical terminology is introduced, including body cavities, planes, sections and abdominal regions. Feedback mechanisms like thermoregulation and insulin control of blood glucose are summarized as examples of homeostasis.
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body parts and their relationships, including gross/macroscopic anatomy which looks at large body structures, as well as microscopic anatomy including cytology and histology. Physiology is defined as the study of body functions.
The document then discusses the different levels of structural organization in the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. It provides an overview of the 11 major organ systems and their basic structures and functions. Finally, it introduces several basic life processes like nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, movement, and reproduction that are necessary to maintain life.
The human body is organized into four hierarchical levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and when cells perform similar functions they are organized into tissues like skin tissue. Organs are made up of combinations of tissues and perform vital functions like the heart pumping blood. Organ systems are groups of organs that work together, like the circulatory system which transports blood and nutrients around the body. Homeostasis refers to the dynamic maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body, which is essential for life.
Anatomy and physiology concerned with the structures and functions of the human body.
• Anatomy describes the structures of the body -- their scientific names, composition,
location, and associated structures. Anatomy (“a cutting open”) is a plan or map of the
body.
• Physiology studies the function of each structure, individually and in combination with
other structures.
• Anatomy and physiology always work together. As we examine each part of the body,
always consider both its structure and its function.
This document discusses anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, and physiology as the study of how the body and its parts work. It describes different levels of structural organization from the chemical to the organismal level. It also discusses the necessary life functions that allow organisms to maintain homeostasis, or internal stability, despite external changes. This includes processes like movement, digestion, metabolism, and reproduction. The document emphasizes that communication via the nervous and endocrine systems allows for homeostatic control mechanisms to sense changes and respond appropriately.
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The muscular system consists of muscle tissues that connect to bones and contract to create movement. It works with the skeletal, digestive, respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems to enable various body functions through muscle contraction.
The integumentary system includes skin, skin appendages, subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia. It forms a barrier between
The document describes the major organ systems of the human body. It outlines 12 systems: circulatory, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, muscular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, reproductive, urinary, lymphatic, and circulatory. Each system is briefly described in one to three sentences explaining its main functions and key organs involved.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyYukti Sharma
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It describes the different levels of organization in the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. It explains homeostasis as the maintenance of equilibrium in the internal environment and feedback mechanisms that help regulate homeostasis. It also defines important anatomical terminology and describes the major body cavities and planes.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology are the branches of biology that concerns with forms (structures) and functions of human body. ANATOMY- Study of structure of whole body and individual parts (organs) and their correlation with each other.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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1. Bio Medical Instrument –
Introduction
ER. FARUK BIN POYEN, Asst. Professor
DEPT. OF AEIE, UIT, BU, BURDWAN, WB, INDIA
faruk.poyen@gmail.com
2. Contents
Introduction
Importance of Bio Medical Instrumentation
Basic Objectives of Biomedical Instrumentation
Anatomy and Physiology of Human Body
Physiological Systems of Human Body
Classification of Bio Medical Instruments
Biomedical Measurements
Sources of Biomedical Signals
Man – Instrumentation System
Constraints in Medical Instrumentation Design
Common Medical Measurements and Instruments
2
3. Introduction:
Medical instrumentation is a subdivision of biomedical engineering. It emphasizes the measurement of
all the variables in the body for the use of diagnosis and all the devices that perform therapy.
It is a cross-disciplinary field of study comprising
Engineering
Biology
Chemistry
Medicine
Biomedical Instrumentation is used to take measurements for
Monitoring
Diagnostic means
Therapy
Biomedical instrumentation is generally classified into two major types:
Clinical Instrumentation is devoted to diagnosis, care and treatment of patients.
Research Instrumentation is used primarily in search for new knowledge pertaining to various systems
composing the human organism.
3
4. Importance of Bio Medical Instrumentation:
Studying of Biomedical Instrumentation helps in the followingmanners:
1. To understand mechanisms, efficiencies & physical changes of varioussubsystems of
the body.
2. To evolve an instrumentation system for diagnosis, therapy and supplementation of
body function.
3. To obtain qualitative & quantitative knowledge through different instruments which
can help for analysis of disorders, and further the Biomechanics of the cureprocess.
4. To understand Bio-Chemico-Electro – Thermo- Hydraulico- Pneumatico- Physico-
Magnato- Mechano – Dynamic actions and changes of various sub systems of the body
in normal states.
5. To understand above actions & changes in various sub systems of the body in the
abnormal states i.e. in Pathology.
6. To obtain qualitative & quantitative knowledge of what drug does to the body
(Pharmacodynamics) and what body does to the drug.
4
5. Basic Objectives of the Biomedical Instrumentation
Under mentioned are the principal objectives of a biomedical
instrumentation system
1. Information Gathering: Instruments used to measure natural
phenomena to aid man in the quest of knowledge about himself.
2. Diagnosis: Measurements are made to help detect and correct
malfunction of the system being measured.
3. Evaluation: It is used to determine the ability of a system to meet its
functional requirements.
4. Monitoring: It is used to monitor certain situation for continuous or
periodic information.
5. Control: It is used to automatically control the operation of a system
based on changes in multiple internal parameters.
5
6. Anatomy and Physiology:
The science of structure of the body is known as Anatomy and that of its functioning is
known as Physiology.
Anatomy is further classified as
1. Gross Anatomy: It deals with the study of structure of the organs with naked eyes on
dissection.
2. Topographical Anatomy: It deals with the position of the organs in relation to each other.
3. Microscopic Anatomy (Histology): It is the study of the minute structures of the organs by
means of microscopy. Cytology is a special field where structure, function and
development of the cells are studied.
Physiology is classified into
1. Cell Physiology: The study of the functions of the cells.
2. Pathophysiology: It relates to the pathological (symptoms of diseases) functions of the
organs.
3. Circulatory Physiology: The study of blood circulation relating to the functioning of the
heart.
4. Respiratory Physiology: It deals with the functioning of the breathing organs.
6
7. Physiological Systems of the Human Body:
There are several systems working parallel to each other in our body. They are as
mentioned below.
1. Cardiovascular System.
2. Respiratory System.
3. Nervous System.
4. Skeletal System.
5. Muscular System.
6. Digestive System.
7. Endocrine System.
8. Exocrine System.
9. Lymphatic System.
10. Urinary System.
11. Reproductive System.
7
8. System Highlights:
Cardiovascular System: The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system
or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport
nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones,
and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in
fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
Respiratory System: The respiratory system (called also respiratory apparatus,
ventilator system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures
used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved
in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the
environment. In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings, respiration takes place in
the respiratory organs called lungs.
Nervous System: The network of nerve cells and fibers which transmits nerve impulses
between parts of the body. It consists of two main parts, the central nervous system
(CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and
spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the
long fibers or axons that connect the CNS to every other part of thebody.
8
9. System Highlights:
Skeletal System: The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body.
Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and
minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the
soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides
attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints.
Muscular System: The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal,
smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and
circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular system in vertebrates is controlled
through the nervous system, although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle) can
be completely autonomous. Together with the skeletal system it forms the
musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for movement of the human body.
Digestive System: The digestive system is a group of organs working together to
convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes
through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and largeintestines.
9
10. System Highlights:
Endocrine System: The endocrine system includes all of the glands of the body and the
hormones produced by those glands. The glands are controlled directly by stimulation
from the nervous system as well as by chemical receptors in the blood and hormones
produced by other glands. By regulating the functions of organs in the body, these
glands help to maintain the body’s homeostasis.
Exocrine System: The exocrine system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair,
nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the
largest organ in the body. The average person’s skin weighs 10 pounds and has a
surface area of almost 20 square feet. Skin forms the body’s outer covering and forms a
barrier to protect the body from chemicals, disease, UV light, and physicaldamage.
Lymphatic System: The immune and lymphatic systems are two closely related organ
systems that share several organs and physiological functions. The immune system is
our body’s defense system against infectious pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi as
well as parasitic animals and protists. The immune system works to keep these harmful
agents out of the body and attacks those that manage to enter.
10
11. System Highlights:
Urinary System: The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The
ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary tract, which acts as a
plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys, store it, and then release it during
urination. Besides filtering and eliminating wastes from the body, the urinary system
also maintains the homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium and red
blood cells.
Reproductive System: The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes,
spermatic ducts, sex glands, and penis. These organs work together to produce sperm,
the male gamete, and the other components of semen. These organs also work together
to deliver semen out of the body and into the vagina where it can fertilize egg cells to
produce offspring. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian
tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands and breasts. These organs are involved
in the production and transportation of gametes and the production of sex hormones.
The female reproductive system also facilitates the fertilization of ova by sperm and
supports the development of offspring during pregnancy andinfancy.
11
12. Classification of Biomedical Instruments:
All biomedical instruments are categorized into different sectors of operations.
Following shows different instruments those are employed in different functional areas.
12
BLOOD INSTRUMENTS HEART INSTRUMENT
Blood Pressure meter ECG
Blood PH meter Pace Maker
Blood flow meter Defibrillator
Blood cell counter Heart Lung Machine
Calorimeter Bed side Monitor
Spectra – Photometer Plethysmograph
Flame photometer Electronic stethoscope
Digital BP meter Phonocardiograph
13. Classification of Biomedical Instruments:
BRAIN INSTRUMENTS MUSCLE INSTRUMENTS
EEG EMG
Tomograph Muscle Stimulator
13
KIDNEY INSTRUMENTS EAR INSTRUMENTS
Dialysis Instrument Audiometer
Lithotripsy Hearing aid
EYE INSTRUMENTS LUNG INSTRUMENTS
Occulometer Spirometer
Aid for blind
14. Classification of Biomedical Instruments:
BODY INSTRUMENTS PHYSIOTHERAPHY INSTRUMENTS
Ultrasonography Diathermy, Short Wave
Thermograph Electro Sleeper
Radiograph Vibrator (Massage type)
EPF U.V. Lamph
Endoscope Microwave Diathermy
14
15. Biomedical Measurements
Biomedical instrumental measurements are divided in to two categories.
1. IN VIVO MEASURMENTS – In vivo measurements are made on or
within the living organism itself, e.g. a device inserted into the blood
stream to measure the pH of the blood directly.
2. IN VITRO MEASURMENTS – In vitro measurements are made
outside the body, even though it relates to the functions of the body,
e.g. measurements of pH of sample of blood that has been drawn from
patients’body.
15
16. Sources of Biomedical Signals:
Biometrics is the branch of science that deals with the measurement of physiological
variables and parameters.
Biomedical signals are used primarily for extracting information on biological system
under investigation.
1.Bioelectric Signals: These are unique to the biomedical systems. They are generated by
nerve cells and muscle cells. Their basic source is the cell membrane potential which under
certain conditions may be excited to generate an action potential. The electric field generated by
the action of many cell constitutes the bio-electric signal. The most common examples of
bioelectric signals are the ECG (electrocardiographic) and EEG (electroencephalographic)
signals.
2.Bio acoustic Signals: The measurement of acoustic signals created by many biomedical
phenomena provides information about the underlying phenomena. The examples of such
signals are; flow of blood in the heart, through the heart's valves and flow of air through the
upper and lower airways and in the lungs which generate typical acoustic signal.
3.Biomechanical Signals: These signals originate from some mechanical function of the
biological system. They include all types of motion and displacement signals, pressure and
flow signals. The movement of the chest wall in accordance with the respiratory activity is an
example of this type of signal.
16
17. Sources of Biomedical Signals:
4.Biochemical Signals: The signals which are obtained as a result of chemical measurements from
the living tissues or from samples analyzed in the laboratory. The examples are measurement of
partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and concentration of
various ions in the blood.
5.Bio magnetic Signals: Extremely weak magnetic fields are produced by various organs such as the
brain, heart and lungs. The measurement of these signals provides information which is not available
in other types of bio signals such bioelectric signals. A typical example is that of magneto
encephalograph MEG signals from the brain.
6.Bio – optic Signals: These signals are generated as result of optical functions of the biological
systems, occurring either naturally or induced by the measurement process. For example, blood
oxygenation may be estimated by measuring the transmitted/back scattered light from a tissue at
different wavelengths.
7.Bio – impedance Signals: The impedance of the tissue is a source of important information
concerning its composition, blood distribution and volume. The measurement of galvanic skin
resistance GSR is a typical example of this type of signal. The bio-impedance signal is also obtained
by injecting sinusoidal current in the tissue and measuring the voltage drop generated by the tissue
impedance. The measurement of respiration rate based on bio-impedance technique is an example of
this type of signals.
17
19. Man - Instrumentation System:
The overall system including both the human body and the
instrumentation required for its measurement is called the man –
instrumentation system. The set of instruments and equipment utilized in
the measurement of multiple characteristics plus the presentation of
these information in a readable and interpretable manner is called an
instrumentation system. In the man – instrumentation system, the human
body is treated as the black box (the unknown system) within which
several kinds of signals and systems are found, all interacting with each
other.
19
20. Man - Instrumentation System:
Components of the Man – Instrumentationsystem:
1. The system components of Man – Instrumentation system are listedbelow.
2. The subject - The human being on which the measurements are to be carried out is
referred to as the subject under study or monitoring.
3. Stimulus: in many cases, an external triggering is required to initiate the measurement
process. This stimulus may be visual, auditory, tactile or direct electrical stimulation of
some part of the nervous system. This forms of the major components of the man –
instrumentation system.
4. Transducer: This is a device capable to converting the measured signal into a form of
energy interpretable and recording for further study and analysis.
20
21. Man - Instrumentation System:
5. Signal conditioning equipment: Most signals those are received from human body are
very light signals. Therefore these signals need amplification, modification so that they
can be interpreted properly.
6. Display Equipment: To be meaningful, the electrical output of the previous component
must be converted into a form that can be perceived by human senses. This requirement
makes the display equipment one of the vital components in man – instrumentation
system.
7. Recording, Data – processing and Transmission Equipment: for later and further
analysis of the measured variables, the data needs to be recorded and transmitted over
locations making this module a very vital composition of the system.
8. Control Device: this forms the final component of the system giving the operators the
flexibility of automatic control of the stimulus. This is achieved by incorporating a
feedback loop in the system.
21
22. Man - Instrumentation System: 22
Fig 2: Man – Instrument System
Fig 3: Basic Medical Instrumentation System
23. Common Medical Measurands:
The following table shows few of the measurement parameters generally used in
medical instrumentation system along with its operational range and methods
employed in attaining the same.
TABLE I: Measurement Parameters with range
23
Measurement Type Range Frequency Hz Method
Blood Flow 1 to 300 mL/s 0 to 20 EM or US
Blood Pressure 0 to 400 mm Hg 0 to 50 Cuff or Strain Gage
Cardiac Output 4 to 25 L/min 0 to 20 Fick, dye dilution
ECG 0.5 to 4 mV 0.05 to 150 Skin Electrodes
EEG 5 to 300 μV 0.5 to 150 Scalp Electrodes
EMG 0.1 to 5 mV 0 to 10000 Needle Electrodes
Electroretinography 0 to 900 μV 0 to 50 Contact Lens Electrodes
pH 3 to 13 pH units 0 to 1 pH Electrodes
pCO2 40 to 100 mm Hg 0 to 2 pCO2 Electrodes
pO2 30 to 100 mm Hg 0 to 2 PO2 Electrodes
Pneumotachography 0 to 600 L/min 0 to 40 Pneumatochometer
Respiratory Rate 2 to 50 breaths/min 0.1 to 10 Impedance
Body Temperature 32 °C to 40 °C 0 to 0.1 Thermistor
24. Recording Instruments
Following are the set of few instruments that found application as a recording
instrument.
1. Electrocardiography
2. Electromyography
3. Electro encephalography
4. Expirography
5. Phonocardiography
6. Plethysmography
7. Thermography
8. Tomography
9. Ultrasonography
10. Radio graph (X-ray)
24
25. Constraints in Medical Instrument Designs:
The signal to be measured inflicts limitations on how it should be acquired and
administered. Also the frequency range or signal strength is much lower than
conventional measuring parameters. .
Interference and cross talk between different organs and systems of the body may bring
down the accuracy and therefore diagnosis of the problem.
Placement of sensors is one major challenge in the scope of biomedical instruments as
perfect and most appropriate position is of primordial importance but it varies from
person to person.
Safety is the biggest concern in this field. The process of measurement must not
endanger the person on whom measurements are being made.
Operators’ expertise and constraints is a challenging aspect in this field.
Measurement variability is inherent at molecular, organ and body level. It is often
impossible to hold one variable constant while measuring the relationship between two
others.
25
26. References:
Introduction To Biomedical Equipment Technology; J. J. Carr, John Michael Brown
Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design; John G.
Webster
Biomedical Instrumentation And Measurements; Leslie, Cromwell.
Biomedical Instrumentation; R. S Khandpur and Raghbir Khandpur.
Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation; Barbara Christe.
Biomedical Instrumentation; Dr. M Arumugam.
Introduction ToBiomedical Instrumentation; Mandeep Singh
Principles of Medical Electronics and Biomedical Instrumentation; C. Raja Rao,
Sujoy K. Guha
http://www.healthline.com/health
http://www.derangedphysiology.com/main/core-topics-intensive-care/
https://www.scribd.com/doc/38873437/BIOMEDICAL-INSTRUMENTATION-TIC-801
26