Physiology is the study of life from biochemical reactions to coordinated cells in living animals. Animal cells have structures like the cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, and organelles that carry out specialized functions. The physiology of domesticated animals involves systems like the muscular, skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, nervous, sensory, reproductive, and lymphatic systems. Each system has organs that perform key functions necessary for the animal's life and reproduction. Reproductive hormones regulate sexual characteristics, gamete production, pregnancy, and other reproductive processes.