The document provides an overview of the major human body systems, including: - The anatomy and physiology of each system and their basic functions. The systems covered include: respiratory, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, and urinary. - Descriptions of key organs within each system and their roles in essential biological processes like gas exchange, nutrient transport, hormone production, defense against pathogens, fluid transport, movement, and waste removal. - Reproductive cycles and gamete production in the male and female systems.

1. HUMAN -ANATOMY

2. HUMAN ANATOMY
Human anatomy:
It is the part of biology
mainly concerned with the
study of the structure of
organisms and their parts.
It is one of the basic
essential sciences of body.
Types of anatomy are:
1. Macoscopic or gross
anatomy.
2. Microscopic anatomy.

3. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Human physiology:
It is the study of normal
mechanisms and their
interactions which works
within a living system.
It may include functions
like mechanical, physical and
biochemical.

4. List of systems of human body
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Immune system
Lymphatic system
Musculoskeletal system
Nervous system
Reproductive system
Urinary system

5. Respiratory system
Respiratory system is a biological
system which is used for the
exchange of gases.
The anatomy of respiratory system
is respiratory tract.
It is divided into upper and lower
respiratory tract.
Upper tract: nose, nasal cavity,
pharynx.
Lower tract: larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

6. Circulatory system
Also called cardiovascular or vascular system.
It is an organ system that permits blood to
circulate and transmit nutrients(amino acids,
hormones, carbon dioxide.
It includes- pulmonary circulation:- a loop
through the lungs where blood is oxygenated .
systemic circulation :- a loop through the rest of
the body to provide oxygenated blood.
four chambers in total: left atrium, left
ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle.
The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body
and deoxygenated blood to the lungs
The coronary circulation system provides a blood
supply to the heart muscle itself. The coronary
circulation begins near the origin of the aorta by
two coronary arteries: the right coronary artery and
the left coronary artery.

7. Digestive system
In this system, the process of digestion has
many stages, the first of which starts in
the mouth.
 Digestion involves the breakdown of food
into smaller and smaller components, until
they can be absorbed and assimilated into the
body.
Chewing in which food is mixed
with saliva begins the process of digestion.
Saliva also contains a catalytic enzyme
called amylase which starts to act on food in
the mouth.
There are several organs and other
components involved in the digestion of food.

8. Endocrine system
The endocrine system-the pituitary gland,
thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands,
pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testicles (in
males).
The collection of glands that produce hormones
that regulate metabolism, growth and
development, tissue function, sexual function,
reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other
things.
 Function of endocrine glands- secrete
hormones directly into the bloodstream. In
essence, hormones serve as messengers,
controlling and coordinating activities throughout
the body.

9. Immune system
The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs
that work together to defend the body against “foreign” invaders.
Important cells -white blood cells, also called leukocytes,
destroy disease-causing organisms or substances.
Parts of immune system:-
Bone marrow : produces defense cells(t- lymphocytes).
Capable of recognising non- self proteins(antigens).
Thymus:defense cells -T lymphocytes, or T cells for short,
among other things, are responsible for coordinating the innate
and the adaptive immune system.
Lymph nodes: work like biological filter stations. They contain
different defense cells, which trap pathogens and activate
the production of Abs.
Spleen: The spleen is situated in the left upper abdomen,
beneath the diaphragm.
responsible for removing red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Blood platelets(thrombocytes), which are responsible for blood
clotting together, are stored and removed in the spleen.

10. Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system extracts, transports and
metabolizes lymph. the fluid found in between
cells.
 The lymphatic system is similar to the
circulatory system in terms of both its structure
and its most basic function, to carry a body
fluid.
3 parts of are:lymph vessels , lymph nodes
and lymph fluids.
Functions:
 transports clean fluids back to blood.
Drains excess fluids from tissues.
removes debris from the cell of the body.
Transports fats from digestive system.

11. Musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton (which
includes bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) and attached muscles.
 It gives the body basic structure and the ability for movement. In addition to their structural
role, the larger bones in the body contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells.
 Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate. This system can be split up
into the muscular system and the skeletal system.
Functions: movement of the body
•Maintenance of the posture
•Respiration
•Constriction of organs and vessels.

12. Nervous system

13. Contd..
 The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal
cord) and the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside
the brain and spinal cord.
 The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, memory, and sensory processing, and
serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions.
 The special senses consist of vision, hearing, taste, and smell. The eyes,
ears, tongue, and nose gather information about the body's environment.
Functions:
 Collection of sensoy input: identifies changes occuring inside and outside the cell.
 Integration: pocesses, analyses and interepts the decision and makes decisions.
 Motor input: it then effects a response by activating the muscles or glands.

14. Female Reproductive system
The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva,
mammary glands and breasts.
These organs are involved in the production and transportation of gametes and the production
of sex hormones.
The female reproductive system also facilitates the fertilization of ova by sperm and supports
the development of offspring during pregnancy and infancy.
The Reproductive Cycle
The female reproductive cycle is the process of producing an ovum and readying the uterus to
receive a fertilized ovum to begin pregnancy.
 If an ovum is produced but not fertilized and implanted in the uterine wall, the reproductive
cycle resets itself through menstruation. The entire reproductive cycle takes about 28 days on
average, but may be as short as 24 days or as long as 36 days for some women.

15. Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex glands, and
penis. These organs work together to produce sperm, the male gamete, and the other components
of semen.
These organs also work together to deliver semen out of the body and into the vagina where it
can fertilize egg cells to produce offspring....
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process of producing sperm and takes place in the testes and epididymis
of adult males. Prior to puberty, there is no spermatogenesis due to the lack of hormonal triggers.
 At puberty, spermatogenesis begins when luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) are produced.
LH triggers the production of testosterone by the testes while FSH triggers the maturation of
germ cells. Testosterone stimulates stem cells in the testes known as spermatogonium to undergo
the process of developing into spermatocytes.
After spermiogenesis, the cell is finally a sperm cell, or spermatozoa. The spermatozoa are
released into the epididymis where they complete their maturation and become able to move on
their own.

16. Urinary system
The urinary system consists of
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
 It removes toxic materials from the blood to
produce urine, which carries a variety of waste
molecules and excess ions and water out of the
body.
Urine is formed in the kidneys through a
filtration of blood. The urine is then passed
through the ureters to the bladder, where it is
stored. During urination, the urine is passed from
the bladder through the urethra to the outside of
the body.
800–2,000 milliliters (mL) of urine are normally
produced every day in a healthy human. This
amount varies according to fluid intake and
kidney function.