A brief introduction to anatomy

1. Class:1
MANSOOR ANI NAJEEB
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
ANATOMY

2. Learning Objectives
Introduction to anatomy
Various systems
Vital Organs
Senses
Pathological conditions

3. What is ANATOMY ????
 Anatomy (from the Greek word anatomia, from ana:
separate, and temnein, to cut open.)
 Is a branch of biology and medicine that is the
consideration of the structure of living things
 Anatomy –The study of structure
 Macroscopic (Gross)
 Regional, Systemic
 Microscopic
 Cytology (Cells), Histology (Tissues)
 Developmental
 Embryology
 Physiology –The study of function

4. Directional Terms
 Directional terms describe the positions of
structures relative to other structures or locations
in the body.
 Superior
 Inferior
 Anterior
 Posterior
 Medial
 Lateral
 Proximal
 Distal
 Superficial
 Deep

5. SKELETAL SYSTEM

6. BONES
 Bones are rigid organs that form part of
the endoskeleton of vertebrates.
 They function to move, support, and protect the
various organs of the body, produce red and white
blood cells and store minerals.
 Because bones come in a variety of shapes and
have a complex internal and external structure they
are lightweight, yet strong and hard, in addition to
fulfilling their many other functions.
 Osseous tissue, also called bone tissue, that gives it
rigidity and a honeycomb-like three-dimensional
internal structure.
 Other types of tissue found in bones
include marrow, endosteum and periosteum,nerves, b
lood vessels and cartilage.
 There are 206 bones in the adult human body and
270 in an infant

7. Functions
Bones have eleven main functions:
Mechanical
 Protection — Bones can serve to protect internal
organs, such as the skull protecting the brain or
the ribs protecting the heart and lungs.
 Shape — Bones provide a frame to keep the
body supported.
 Movement — Bones, skeletal,
muscles, tendons, ligaments
 Sound transduction — Bones are important in the
mechanical aspect of overshadowed hearing

8. Synthetic
 Blood production — The marrow, located within
the medullary cavity of long bones, produces
blood cells in a process called haematopoiesis.
Metabolic
 Mineral storage — Bones act as reserves of
minerals important for the body, most
notably calcium and phosphorus.
 Growth factor storage — Mineralized bone matrix
stores important growth factors such as insulin-
like growth factors.

9.  Fat Storage — The yellow bone marrow acts as a
storage reserve of fatty acids.
 Acid-base balance — Bone buffers the blood against
excessive pH changes by absorbing or
releasing alkaline salts.
 Detoxification — Bone tissues can also store heavy
metals and other foreign elements, removing them
from the blood and reducing their effects on other
tissues.
 Endocrine organ — Bone
controls phosphate metabolism by releasing fibroblast
growth factor - 23 (FGF-23), which acts on kidneys to
reduce phosphate reabsorption. Bone cells also
release a hormone called osteocalcin, which
contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose)

12. BONES OF UPPER LIMB
 Clavicle
 Scapula
 Humerus
 Radius
 Ulna
 Carpal bones
 Metacarpals
 Phalanges

15. BONES OF LOWER LIMB
 hip bone (1)
 femur (1)
 patella (1)
 tibia (1)
 fibula (1)
 tarsals (8)
 metatarsals (5)
 proximal phalanges (5)
 intermediate phalanges (5)
 distal phalanges (4)

19.  Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1–C7)
C1 is known as "atlas" and supports
the head, C2 is known as "axis", C7 is
known as "vertabra prominens"
 Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1–T12)
 Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1–L5)
 Sacral: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1–S5)
 Coccygeal: 4 (3–5) (fused) vertebrae
(Tailbone)

23. THANK YOU