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maraming SALAMAT PO!
In summary, the human body is made of 11 important organ systems, including the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous and endocrine systems. They also include the immune, integumentary, skeletal, muscle and reproductive systems. The systems work together to maintain a functioning human body
Introduction to human body, Definition of anatomy and physiology and its branches, Levels of Structural Organization like Chemical level,
Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level. Systems Of The Human Body like Integumentary System/ Exocrine System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine system,
Cardiovascular system/circulatory system, Lymphatic system and immunity system,
Respiratory system,
Digestive system,
Urinary system and renal system,
Reproductive system and its structure and functions.
Characteristics of the living human organism, Basic life processes like Metabolism, Responsivenes, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction. Homeostasis and Feedback system and its three basic components: Sensor, control center and an effector. Anatomical terminology like prone and supine position. Regional names lie Head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs.
Directional terms like Anterior and posterior. Planes and Sections like Sagittal plane, midsagittal or median plane, parasagittal, Frontal plane, Transverse or horizontal plane, Body Cavity like ventral and dorsal cavity, thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, cranial cavity and spinal cavity. Serous membrane like Parietal layer Visceral layer.
Abdominopelvic region and quadrants: four quadrants and nine areas like right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants and the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right illiac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left illiac divisions.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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kung may katanungan po kayo maari lamang na mag email sa account na ito:
asa.net2015@gmail.com
asa.net2014@yahoo.com
maraming SALAMAT PO!
In summary, the human body is made of 11 important organ systems, including the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous and endocrine systems. They also include the immune, integumentary, skeletal, muscle and reproductive systems. The systems work together to maintain a functioning human body
Introduction to human body, Definition of anatomy and physiology and its branches, Levels of Structural Organization like Chemical level,
Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level. Systems Of The Human Body like Integumentary System/ Exocrine System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine system,
Cardiovascular system/circulatory system, Lymphatic system and immunity system,
Respiratory system,
Digestive system,
Urinary system and renal system,
Reproductive system and its structure and functions.
Characteristics of the living human organism, Basic life processes like Metabolism, Responsivenes, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction. Homeostasis and Feedback system and its three basic components: Sensor, control center and an effector. Anatomical terminology like prone and supine position. Regional names lie Head, neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs.
Directional terms like Anterior and posterior. Planes and Sections like Sagittal plane, midsagittal or median plane, parasagittal, Frontal plane, Transverse or horizontal plane, Body Cavity like ventral and dorsal cavity, thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, cranial cavity and spinal cavity. Serous membrane like Parietal layer Visceral layer.
Abdominopelvic region and quadrants: four quadrants and nine areas like right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants and the right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right illiac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left illiac divisions.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Basic physiology
Human physiology is the branch of biology that focuses on understanding the functions
and processes of the human body. It involves the study of how various systems and
organs within the human body work together to maintain health and carry out essential
functions.
3. Cells: A cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of all living organisms.
Cells are the smallest entities that can
carry out the processes necessary for
life. They are often referred to as the
building blocks of life.
Tissue: is a group or collection of
similar cells that work together to
perform a specific function within an
organism.
Organs: groups of organs that perform
a specific purpose in the human body.
4. The Digestive System
Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler
macromolecules that can be absorbed into the
bloodstream and used by the body Major Organs
and their Functions:
Mouth - to chew and grind up food , saliva also
begins the chemical breakdown
Esophagus - pipe connecting mouth to stomach.
Stomach - secretes an extraordinarily strong acid
(pH = 2) that leads to breakdown of food once the
food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with
digestive juices.
5.
6. The Excretory System
Purpose: to rid the body of wastes, including
excess water and salts.
Major Organs and Their Functions :
Kidneys - the main organs of the excretory
system
Blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters
out urea, excess water and other waste products,
which eventually travel out of the kidney as
urine.
Rectum - solid (food) waste travels out of the
body through the rectum.
Skin - sweat glands remove excess water and
salts from the body.
Lungs - expel the waste gas carbon dioxide.
7. The Respiratory System
Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration
and remove the waste product carbon dioxide.
Major Organs and Their Functions:
Nose - internal entry and exit point for air
Pharynx - serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat
Larynx - your "voice box", as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak
Trachea - the "windpipe", or what connects your pharynx to your lungs.
a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow,
preventing food from entering.
Bronchi - the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one
for each lung)
8. Lungs -The primary function of the lungs is to facilitate the exchange of gases,
specifically oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with the bloodstream.
Oxygen from the air is taken in, and carbon dioxide, a waste product of
metabolism, is expelled.
9. Circulatory System
The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system. It
includes our heart, blood vessels and blood. Major function of circulatory
system are:
10. Heart- The primary function of the heart is to pump blood
throughout the circulatory system. It receives oxygen-poor blood
from the body's tissues and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.
It then receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it
out to supply the body's organs and tissues.
Blood - the cells that flow through the circulatory system
-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, carries oxygen.
-- white blood cells function in the immune system.
-- platelets help in blood clotting.
Blood Vessels:
Arteries: These carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to
various parts of the body.
Veins: These return deoxygenated blood from the body to the
heart.
Capillaries: These are tiny, thin-walled vessels that connect
arteries and veins at the cellular level. They facilitate the
exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the
blood and body tissues.
11. Nervous System
• It includes the brain, spinal cord, autonomic and
somatic nerves and all sensory organs.
• Five main function of nervous system are:
i. To collect sensory input from the body and
external environment.
ii. To process and interpret the sensory input.
iii. To respond appropriately to the sensory input.
iv. Establishing and maintaining mental activity.
V. Controlling all 3 muscle type and glands.
13. It is composed of bones,
joints, cartilage, ligaments
and tendons.
Major function of Skeletal
system are:
i. Supports the body.
ii. Facilitates movement
iii. Protects internal organs
iv. Produces blood cells.
V. Stores and releases
minerals and fat.
Skeletal System
14. • It is consist of Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle and Cardiac Muscle.
primary functions of muscular system are:
i Movement of body. ii. Maintain body temperature.
iii. Maintain posture and body position. iv. Protects the organs.
V. Ensure the blood flow.
Muscular System
15. The endocrine system
The endocrine system in the human body that plays a crucial role in controlling
various physiological processes and maintaining overall homeostasis (internal
balance). It consists of glands and organs that produce and release hormones,
which are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells
or tissues to regulate their functions.
Endocrine Glands: The endocrine system includes several major endocrine
glands, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and
gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females). These glands secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream.
Pituitary Gland: Often referred to as the "master gland," the pituitary gland is
located at the base of the brain. It controls the functions of many other endocrine
glands by releasing hormones that stimulate or inhibit their activities.
Thyroid Gland: The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces hormones that
regulate metabolism and influence the body's energy production and use.
Adrenal Glands: The adrenal glands, situated on top of each kidney, produce
hormones like cortisol (related to stress response) and adrenaline (epinephrine),
which prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response.
17. Pancreas: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. It produces
insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. Imbalances in
these hormones can lead to diabetes.
Reproductive Organs: In males, the testes produce testosterone, which is
responsible for male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions. In
females, the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which control the
menstrual cycle and regulate pregnancy.
Homeostasis: The endocrine system helps maintain internal balance by
regulating various physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, blood
sugar levels, and body temperature. Hormonal feedback mechanisms ensure
that these parameters stay within a narrow range.
Development and Growth: Hormones play a crucial role in the growth and
development of the body, influencing processes like bone growth, puberty, and
the maturation of secondary sexual characteristics.
The endocrine system is a vital part of the body's regulatory machinery. It uses
hormones to communicate and coordinate various physiological processes,
ensuring that the body functions optimally and adapts to changing conditions.
18. Reproductive System
The reproductive system is a system of sex organ which consists of
Urethra, Testicles, Vagina, Uterus.
The reproductive system is vital for the creation and continuation of life
in humans. Reproductive system ensures the survival and continuation of
the human species.
The reproductive system produces sex hormones (estrogen and
progesterone in females, testosterone in males) that influence secondary
sexual characteristics, regulate the menstrual cycle, and impact the
development of reproductive organs.
• Four major function of reproductive system are:
To produce egg and sperm cells.
To transport and sustain these cells.
To nurture the developing offspring.
To produce hormones.
19. In males, it produces sperm and testosterone, which are essential
for fertilization and male secondary sexual characteristics.
In females, it produces eggs and hormones (estrogen and
progesterone) that regulate the menstrual cycle and support
pregnancy
20. Immune System
The immune system is complex network of cells, tissues, and
organs in the human body that plays a crucial role in protecting
the body from harmful invaders, such as pathogens (like bacteria,
viruses, and fungi) and foreign substances.
i. Prevent pathogens from entering.
ii. Eliminates pathogens from body.
iii. Collect fluid lost from blood vessels.
iv. Return the fluid to the circulatory system.
Skin - also called the integumentary system, the skin is the body's
first line of defense.
White Blood Cells - recognize disease agents (antigens) and
create antibodies to tag and remove these antigens
.