Lesson 8 of Physical Education for Grade XII students of CBSE Board. Covers all new subtopics.

1. Lesson 8
Lesson 8
Physiology and Sports

2. Physiology and Sports
Lesson 8

3. 8.1 Gender Differences in Physical and Physiological Parameters
8.2 Physiological Factors Determining the Components of
Physical Fitness
8.3 Effects of Exercises on Cardio-Vascular System
8.4 Effects of Exercises on Respiratory System
8.5 Effects of Exercises on Muscular System
8.6 Physiological Changes due to Ageing and Role of Physical
Activity in Maintaining Functional Fitness in Aged Population
Overview

4. 8.1 Gender Differences in Physical
and Physiological Parameters

5. MajorPhysical DifferencesRelatedToAppearanceIn MenAndWomenBodyStructure
Male Female
1 Height: Gain height up to 20-22 years
. Males are taller than Females
Gain height up to 18-20 years
2 Weight: Males are heavier
3 Shorter trunk, long legs so C.G. is
high
Shorter limbs , upper body large so
C.G. is low
4 Joints are larger and skeleton is more
rigid because of greater bone density.
Ossification of bones starts earlier.
5 Broad and strong shoulders Narrow and weaker in strength

6. MajorPhysical DifferencesRelatedToAppearanceIn MenAndWomenBodyStructure
Male Female
6 Broad chest and small thorax
7 Smaller abdominal cavity Larger abdominal cavity due to
additional reproduction organs
8 Longer upper arms and lower arms
9 Narrower pelvis Pelvic region is more open and
wide
10 Males carry more fat in the upper
area of the body and abdominal
region
More fat due to accumulation of
adipose tissues at various parts

7. Physiological Difference
Cardiovascular
System
Male Female
Size of heart: Larger in size. Better blood
circulation. Slow pulse rate
Smaller in size. Faster
pulse rate
Stroke volume More in Males Less in Females
Blood pressure Systolic & diastolic BP is more
O₂ carrying
capacity
More RBC count & Haemoglobin Less RBC count &
Haemoglobin

8. Physiological Difference
Respiratory
system
Male Female
Tidal volume More in Males ( amount of air
inhaled during normal breathing)
Less in Females
Vital
capacity
More in Males ( amount of air one
can inhale after forceful
exhalation)
Less in Females
Residual
volume
More in Males (volume of air still
remaining in lungs after expiratory
reserve volume exhaled )
Lower lung capacity

9. Physiological Difference
MALE FEMALE
Muscular
differences
More muscle power due to
large muscle structure
Biological
changes
During puberty biological
changes happen like release
of ovum.
Reaction time Better in males
Metabolic
difference
BMR better in males : 3000
kcal
BMR is 2400 kcal

10. 8.2 Physiological Factors
Determining the Components of
Physical Fitness

11. Components of Physical Fitness

12. 1. Muscle size: Strength of the muscle depends on size of the
muscles. Force produced by same size of muscle in males
and females is approximately same. Can be improved through
training
2. Body weight: Individuals who are heavier are stronger
than the light weight individuals.
3. Muscle composition: Muscular system is composed of
white muscle & red muscle fibre. The percentage of these
muscles is genetically determined and cannot be changed
through training.
4. Nerve impulse: Speed of nerves impulse determines
strength. Can not be improved through training
Physiological Factors Determining Strength

13. 1. Mobility of the nervous system: Contraction and
relaxation of muscles is controlled by nervous system.
Frequency of contraction and relaxation of muscles is
determined by excitability of nerve impulse
2. Muscle composition: The percentage of white muscle &
red muscle fibre is genetically determined and cannot be
changed through training.
3. Explosive strength: Depends on muscle composition,
muscle size, muscle coordination and metabolic process.
Except muscle composition the other factors can be improved
through training.
Physiological Factors Determining Speed

14. 4. Flexibility: Maximum range of movement of any muscle or
joint. Freedom of movement enables muscles to move at
faster rate & complete utilization of explosive strength.
5. Bio chemical reserves and metabolic power: For
maximum speed performance the muscles require more
amount of energy at a very high rate of consumption. For this
purpose ATP and CP stores should be enough. If the store is
less the muscle contractions due to insufficient energy supply
becomes slow after a short time.
Physiological Factors Determining Speed

15. 1. Aerobic Capacity: energy required by the muscles can
be supplied in the presence of oxygen. Hence supply of oxygen
to working muscles is important for endurance performance.
a) Oxygen Intake: can be improved through training.
b) Oxygen Transport : can be improved through training
c) Oxygen Uptake: can be improved through training.
d) Energy reserves: can be improved through training.
.
Physiological Factors Determining Endurance

16. 2. Lactic Acid Tolerance: It is important for activities
lasting > 40 seconds & determines anaerobic
capacity. Can be improved through training.
3. Movement Economy: For apex performance,
body movements should be economical. Good
technique saves energy & improve endurance.
4. Muscle Composition: The percentage of white
muscle & red muscle fibre is genetically determined
and cannot be changed through training.
.
Physiological Factors Determining Endurance

17. 1.Muscle strength: Weak muscles cannot exert
sufficient force to achieve full range of movement.
Muscle strength is highly trainable.
2.Joint Structure: Structure of joint is a limiting factor
for flexibility. Some of the joints intrinsically have a
greater range of motion than others.
3.Age and Gender: Flexibility is maximum during
childhood and decreases with the advancement of
age. It can be enhanced with training. Females tend
to be more flexible than males.
Physiological Factors Determining Flexibility

18. 4. Stretchability of Muscles: Limits the range of
movements. Stretchability can be improved by
training.
5. Body temperature: Has a positive correlation with
body flexibility. Warm up before any sports activity
is highly advisable.
6. Previous Injury: Injuries to connective tissues and
muscles can lead to thickening on the affected area
leading to reduced flexibility. Rehabilitation
exercises are must after healing of injury.
Physiological Factors Determining Flexibility

19. 8.3 Effects of Exercises on Cardio-Vascular
System

20. 1. Increase in heart rate: Heart rate increases in
anticipation called as anticipatory response. Increases as
per the intensity and duration of the exercise.
2. Increase in stroke volume: The amount of blood
ejected per beat from the left ventricle ( stroke volume)
increases 2-3 times during intensive exercises.
3. Increase in Cardiac output: Cardiac output = stroke
volume X heart rate. At rest the cardiac out put is 5L/Min
which can increase to 20 to 40 L / Min during intense
exercises.
Immediate Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System

21. 4. Increase in blood flow: more blood is sent to tissues which
have immediate demand. At rest 15 to 20 % blood to skeletal muscle .
During intensive exercises 80 to 85 % to skeletal muscle. Less blood to
liver, kidneys and intestine and redirected to skin to enhance heat loss.
5. Increase in Blood Pressure: During exercise the systolic BP
can increase by 50 to 70 mm Hg. Diastolic BP generally remains
unchanged
6. Increase in Body Temperature: waste products are
released in to the blood by muscles. Blood carries these waste products to
lungs, kidney etc. for elimination. The chemical reactions produce heat in
the body, some of it is utilized in performing activity and the rest raises the
body temperature.
Immediate Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System

22. 1. Increase in the size of Heart: muscles of the heart
increase in size and strength. The left ventricle adapts to the
greatest extent. Heart walls grow stronger and thicker.
2. Decrease in resting heart rate: Regular exercise
decreases the resting heart rate. Resting heart rate 72
beat/min can go down to 30 to 40 beat/minute in highly
conditioned athlete.
3. Stroke volume increases at rest: In an untrained
individual stroke volume at rest is 50 to70 ml / beat which
increases to 70 to 90 ml / beat as an effect of regular exercise.
Long Term Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System

23. 4. Increased blood flow: To supply the muscles with extra
oxygen during exercise, the body increases its number of
capillaries. Existing capillaries open wider. The blood
redistribution more efficient & effective.
5. Decrease in Blood Pressure: Decreases BP by up to
10 mmHg at rest.
6. Increase in Blood Volume: Increases the blood volume
due to increase in plasma volume. Body produces more RBC
to supply extra oxygen to muscles during intensive exercise.
.
Long Term Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System

24. 7. Increase in cardiac output
Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate
8. Quicker Recovery Rate: Quickens the recovery
rate. Rate of respiration also becomes normal
quickly.
9. Reduced risk of Heart Disease: Reduces stress
related hormone from circulating in the blood. This in
turn lowers the risk of buildup of plaque in the blood
vessel.
Long Term Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System

25. 8.4 Effects of Exercises on Respiratory System

26. 1. Decrease in Rate of Respiration
2. Strengthens Diaphragm and Muscles
3. Avoids Second Wind
4. Unused Alveoles become active
5. Increase in Endurance
.
Effects Of Exercises On Respiratory System

27. 6. Increase in Residual Air Volume
7. Increase in size of Lungs and Chest
8. Tidal Volume Increases
9. Increase in Vital Air capacity
.
Effects Of Exercises On Respiratory System

28. 8.5 Effects of Exercises on Muscular System

29. 1. Change in Shape
and Size of Muscle
2. Formation of more
Capillaries
3. Controls extra fat
4. Change in the
connective tissues
.
Effects Of Exercises On Muscular System

30. 5. Efficiency in the
movement of muscles
6. Delays fatigue
7. Non functioning
fibres become active
.
Effects Of Exercises On Muscular System

31. 8. Body Posture remains correct
9. Improves Reflexes
10. Improves Lactic Acid tolerance
.
Effects Of Exercises On Muscular System

32. 8.6 Physiological Changes due to Ageing and Role of
Physical Activity in Maintaining Functional Fitness in
Aged Population

33. 1. Changes in muscle size
and strength
2. Changes in Metabolism
and body composition
3. Changes in Bone
Density
4. Changes in Respiratory
System
.
Physiological Changes Due To
Ageing

34. 5. Changes in Cardio
vascular System
6. Changes in Nervous
System
7. Changes in the Gastro
Intestinal System
8. Changes in Urinary
System
9. Changes in Flexibility.
Physiological Changes Due To Ageing

35. 10. Changes in senses
a. Change in vision
b. Change in hearing
c. Change in taste
d. Change in smell
.
Physiological Changes Due To Ageing

36. 1. Reduces the loss of muscle
mass
2. Helps in maintain bone
density
3. Slows down brain ageing
4. Releases the risk of age
related diseases
5. Improves muscular strength
.
Physical Activity & Functional Fitness Of Aged
Population

37. 6. Enhances the capacity of lungs
7. Improves the flexibility
8. Reduces stress and tension
9. Improves balance and
coordination
Physical Activity & Functional Fitness Of Aged
Population