The document summarizes the major microbial hotspots in the human body, including the nose, oral cavity, skin, gut, and urogenital areas. It provides examples of some common microbes found in each site, such as Staphylococcus and Aspergillus in the nose, Streptococcus and Prevotella in the mouth, Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus on the skin, and Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Escherichia coli in the gut and urogenital tract. The document also notes that an individual's microbiome can vary in terms of species and amounts of microbes present.

1. Human Microbiota

2. Microbes are normally found in and on the
human body
The following sites are “hotspots” for microbial life
Let’s
explore
these five
regions
Some microbes are native,
normally found in the body
Some microbes are
introduced, suddenly
arriving at a new residence
in the body

3. Nose
The interior lining of the nose contains mucus secreting glands. A
wide variety of microbes are normally found there. Here’s a few:
• Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria forms a biofilm that coats
the mucosal lining
• Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is fine when kept under control
by a protease found in S. epidermidis, but if left to grow out of
control, S. aureus can become pathogenic and cause infection

4. Nose
• Aspergillus fungal spores are often inhaled through the nose.
If the immune system fails to clear these, mold can grow in the
lungs
• Corynebacterium accolens bacteria is rarely a pathogen, but
if it enters the bloodstream due to a torn blood vessel, it can
cause serious infections

5. Oral Cavity
The oral cavity has a wide variety of microbes normally
found there. Here’s a few:
• Fusobacterium sp. bacteria is a larger bacteria that helps form
a scaffold for many other bacteria in the oral biofilm.
• Streptococcus mitis bacteria typically forms a biofilm on the
hard enamel surfaces of the teeth. If gums get inflamed,
it can enter the bloodstream and cause infection

6. Oral Cavity
• Prevotella sp. bacteria have natural antibiotic resistance genes.They can
attach to epithelial cells or other bacteria and cause larger infections in
inflamed areas.
• Candida albicans fungus can cause oral infection known as thrush

7. Skin
• Propionibacterium acnes
• Staphylococcus epidermidis
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Trichophyton and Microsporum fungi feast on keratin in the skin
and cause ringworm fungal infections

8. Gut
• Ruminococcus sp. bacteria can be found in significantly
high numbers in the gut flora.They break down
cellulose in the gut, helping with digestion.
• Helicobacter pylori, is a Gram-
negative, microaerophilic bacterium found in the
stomach, and may be present in other parts of the
body, such as the eye

9. • Clostridium
• Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus
• The currently known genera of fungi of the gut flora
include Candida , Saccharomyces , Aspergillus and
Penicillium
Gut

10. Urogenital
• Lactobacillus normally maintain low pH while other
species are kept in small numbers in the vagina
• Candida albicans can take over and cause a yeast
infection
• Gardnerella vaginalis can grow too much and cause
bacterial vaginosis.

11. Urine sample infected with E. coli Urine sample infected with E. coli
Urogenital
Escherichia coli from GI tract can infect urinary tract due to poor hygiene
and contamination from nearby GI tract opening.

12. The Microbiome of one person can be different than others in
species and relative amounts

13. • By :
Ameera Ameer
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