Air microbiology study of microbes suspended in air. Microflora of air depend on the location and environmental condition at particular place. There are different types of air trapping devices like Slit Sampler, Andersons samplers, Impingers etc. Air borne diseases mainly spread by droplet infection, contact with infected things . Air borne diseases are discussed and concluded with control of air borne microbes.
Air Microbiology. Aerobiology is defined as the study of life present in the air. Aeromicrobiology relates to the study of environmentally relevant microorganisms. ... In dry whether the microbial load of air is high while in wet weather the rain washes the microorganisms from the air.
Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
Air Microbiology. Aerobiology is defined as the study of life present in the air. Aeromicrobiology relates to the study of environmentally relevant microorganisms. ... In dry whether the microbial load of air is high while in wet weather the rain washes the microorganisms from the air.
Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
Air sanitation is the system of removing the impurities present in air inside buildings to protect people from infections. Sanitation of air is essential in enclosed places like hospitals and operation rooms.
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Physical & chemical parameters of air do not support the growth and multiplication of microorganisms. Microbes present in the troposphere are actually liberated into air from other sources like soil, water, plant & animal surfaces and human beings. Air acts mainly as a medium for dispersion and transmission of microorganisms. Several infectious diseases are transmitted through air.
Microbiology of Air
Aero-microbiology
Airborne diseases.
Sources of microorganisms in Air
Microbes in atmosphere
Bioaerosol
“Study of living microbes suspended in air”
Various layers present in the atmosphere at height of 1000km
Nearest to earth is troposphere
troposphere contains heavy load of microorganisms
Boundary layer responsible for transport of particles both short and long distances
Bio Aerosol
“particles release from terrestrial and marine ecosystem into the atmosphere they consist of both living and non living components
including organisms, dispersal method of organisms and excretion
In air sampling the separation of particles from air can be achieved by
1. Settling under gravity
Hesse's Tube
Settle Plate Method
2. Centrifugal action
Air Centrifuge
Reuter centrifugal air sampler
3. Filtration
Tube sampler
Millipore filter
4. Impingement
Impingement into liquids
Raised impinger
Bead - bubbler device
Lemon Sampler
Impingement onto solids.
Hollaender & Dalla Valle Sampler
Slit Sampler
Sieve Sampler
5. Electrostatic Precipitation
Air sanitation is the system of removing the impurities present in air inside buildings to protect people from infections. Sanitation of air is essential in enclosed places like hospitals and operation rooms.
Air microbiology is a scientific discipline that concerns the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, in the atmospheric air. It is a subdiscipline of environmental microbiology.
air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Physical & chemical parameters of air do not support the growth and multiplication of microorganisms. Microbes present in the troposphere are actually liberated into air from other sources like soil, water, plant & animal surfaces and human beings. Air acts mainly as a medium for dispersion and transmission of microorganisms. Several infectious diseases are transmitted through air.
Microbiology of Air
Aero-microbiology
Airborne diseases.
Sources of microorganisms in Air
Microbes in atmosphere
Bioaerosol
“Study of living microbes suspended in air”
Various layers present in the atmosphere at height of 1000km
Nearest to earth is troposphere
troposphere contains heavy load of microorganisms
Boundary layer responsible for transport of particles both short and long distances
Bio Aerosol
“particles release from terrestrial and marine ecosystem into the atmosphere they consist of both living and non living components
including organisms, dispersal method of organisms and excretion
In air sampling the separation of particles from air can be achieved by
1. Settling under gravity
Hesse's Tube
Settle Plate Method
2. Centrifugal action
Air Centrifuge
Reuter centrifugal air sampler
3. Filtration
Tube sampler
Millipore filter
4. Impingement
Impingement into liquids
Raised impinger
Bead - bubbler device
Lemon Sampler
Impingement onto solids.
Hollaender & Dalla Valle Sampler
Slit Sampler
Sieve Sampler
5. Electrostatic Precipitation
A SEMINAR REPORT ON AIR MICROFLORA.
In addition to gases, dust particles and water vapour, air also contains microorganisms. There are vegetative cells and spores of bacteria, fungi and algae, viruses and protozoan cysts (Rintala et al., 2018).
Since air is often exposed to sunlight, it has a higher temperature and less moisture. So, if not protected from desiccation, most of these microbial forms will die. Air is mainly it transport or dispersal medium for microorganisms (Rintala et al., 2018).
They occur in relatively small numbers in air when compared with soil or water. The microflora of air can be studied under two headings outdoor and indoor microflora (Rintala et al., 2018).
The use of high efficient particulate air filters and immunization should be employed to control the spread of these airborne diseases. Obviously, the presence of a good ventilation system inside buildings eliminates to some extent the influence of indoor and outdoor sources. Proper ventilation helps to dilute the negative effects of indoor and outdoor air.
About the path to the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska screenshot of the uska
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPOR...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
pneumonias made very easy for medical students and doctors.stress given on history taking and to arrive at correct diagnosis.EMAIL-drbashir123@gmail.com
PNEUMONIAS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIRProf Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
pneumonias made very easy for medical students and doctors.stress given on history taking and to arrive at correct diagnosis.EMAIL-drbashir123@gmail.com
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
3. Aerobiology coined by F.C.Meier in 1930.
• Study of microbes suspended in air.
• Microbes present in air as:
1. Bioaerosol: Aerosol of biological
origin.example bacteria.
2.Droplet nuclei: Dry residues formed by
evaporation of droplets coughed or sneezed
into atmosphere.
4. AIR MICROFLORA
In air we have allochthonous populations.
(transient)
INDOOR AIR MICROFLORA
Air inside building is indoor air.
• Common Fungi Penicillium, Aspergillus.
• Common Bacteria Staphylococcus ,Bacillus,
Clostridium
• Hospital: important indoor environment for
spread of pathogens Candida and
Mycobacterium
• Library: Cellulose degrading fungi like
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus
Trichoderma.
5. OUTDOOR AIR MICROFLORA
• Air in atmosphere found outside buildings is
outside air.
• The number and kinds of microbes in air
vary from place to place depending on
human population , location etc.
• Fungi: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria,
basidiospores and ascospores of yeasts.
• Bacteria: Bacillus,Clostridium,Micrococcus
and Staphlococcus.
6. AIR SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Based on principle of Sedimentation
a. Gravity Slide Method
Glass slide coated with petroleum jelly and
exposed to air for 24 hrs.
Then observed directly under microscope
for pollens and microbes.
This gives Total count.
7. b. Settle Plate Method
Petriplate containing Agar medium
exposed to air for 10 mins at different
places and incubated.
After incubation number of colonies are
counted.
This gives Viable count.
8. Impactors
Solid surface is used for particle collection.
a. Slit sampler:
Air is drawn through narrow slit and
particles are impacted on Agar medium.
After incubation colonies are counted.
9. b. Burkard Spore Trap.
Air is passed through a slit orifice and
impacted on adhesive tape supported on a
clock driven drum.
Drum makes one complete revolution in
seven days.
After seven days tape removed and cut
and observed under microscope.
10. c. Rotorod
Portable air sampler made of pair of rods
mounted on a shaft.
Battery operated motor rotates it at
constant speed.
Outer surface of rod is covered with cello
tape smeared petroleum jelly.
After exposure strips cut and observed
under microscope.
11. d. Andersons sampler
This apparatus consists of series of six plates
through which air sample is passed through a
circular opening.
Each plate has 400 holes .
Below the perforated plate lies a Petriplate with
Agar medium .
After certain time plates are removed and
incubated and observed for the development of
colonies.
12. Impingers
Air borne particles are collected by
bubbling sampled air through a liquid.
a.Porton Impinger
Narrow glass flask with a glass stopper.
Stopper bears a side arm to which suction
is applied.
Through apex of stopper an intake tube
terminate in a jet.
0.5 to 1 micrometer diameter cells
collected in porton impinger.
13. b . Preimpinger:
Glass bulb with half filled collecting fluid.
When connected to porton impinger
particles upto 4 micrometer diameter
penetrates the preimpinger.
14. Filteration
Air is filtered through a membrane filter
and observed under microscope
or the filter disc is placed on Agar
medium and incubated and no of
colonies are counted.
15.
16. AIR BORNE DISEASES
Mainly transmitted by dust containing
infectious agent or droplet nuclei .
Bacterial air borne disease
1.Diptheria - Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Bacteria produce diphtheria toxin which
cause formation of thick gray membrane
covering throat and tonsils.
2.Tuberculosis- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
In lungs bacteria becomes sealed to form a
calcified nodule called tubercle .
17. 3.WhoopingCough -Bordetella pertussis
Coughing with a distinctive whooping
sound when breathing in.
4.Bacterial meningitis– Streptococcus
pneumoniae , Neisseria mengitidis
It causes inflammation of membrane of
brain and spinal cord.
19. Bacterial disease acquired by inhaling
particles from environment.
1.Legionellosis -Legionella pneumophila
Spread from mist and from air conditioning
unit .
Causes Bronchopneumonia.
2.Psittacosis -Chlamydia psittaci
Spread from droppings of infected birds.
Inflammatory illness of lungs.
20. Viral Air Borne diseases
Viral disease spread by droplet nuclei
and direct contact.
1.Influenza(Flu)
Influenza virus classified under
orthomyxovirus .
Virus bind through hemagglutinin on
to surface of epithelial cells in nose, throat
and lungs.
The main target of virus are columnar
epithelial cells of respiratory tract.
21. 2.Measles
Rubeola virus
classified under paramyxovirus.
Virus enters through respiratory tract or
conjunctiva of eyes.
Lesions found in skin, conjunctiva and
mucous membrane of nasopharynx
bronchi and intestinal tract.
Kopliks spots seen.
22. 3.German measles
Rubella virus classified under Togavirus.
Virus transmitted under respiratory route and
replicates in nasopharynx and lymph nodes.
Fever ,swollen lymph nodes and rashes seen.
4.Small pox
Variola virus classified under orthopoxvirus.
Characteristic feature rash progresses to
raised bump and pus filled blister that crust
and scab and fall after about three weeks
leaving scar.
23. 5.Chicken pox
Varicella virus classified in herpes family.
Characterized by pleomorphic eruption of
skin and mucous membrane.
Eruptions passes through stages of
macule, papule, vesicle and pustule.
6.Mumps
Mumps virus belonging to paramyxovirus.
Characterized by swelling of parotid
glands occasionally swelling of sub
lingual glands.
24. Fungal Air Borne Diseases
Mainly occurs by inhalation of spores.
Initial infection is in lungs and spread to
other organs by blood stream.
Treatment is mainly Amphotericin B and
Ketaconazole.
25. 1.Blastomycosis
Blastomycosis dermatitidis
If only lungs involved its Pulmonary
Blastomycosis.
Initial infection in lungs then spread to skin
where cutaneous ulcers occur.
2.Coccidiomycosis:
Coccidioides immitis
Affects lungs ,bones, skin and meninges
Some people develop painful erythematous
nodular lesions called Erythema nodosum.
26. 3.Histoplasmosis
Histoplama capsulatum
Disease of reticulo endothelium system
Cause the formation of Granulomas
Can necrotize and become calcified.
4.Cryptococcis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Affects lungs, spread to skin ,bones and
Central nervous systems.
Once in central nervous system Cryptococcal
meningitis occurs.
27. Control of Air Borne Microbes.
1.Dust control
Dry vacuum pick up followed by application
of suitable detergent
Oiling floors ,bed clothes etc.
2.UV radiation
Germicidal lamps
250nm -260nm radiations shows
bactericidal effect.
28. 3. Laminar Air Flow system
Air passes through HEPA filters and
removes particles as small as
0.3micrometer.
4.Chemical techniques
Indoor air microbial population reduced by
vapourizing or spraying of propylene
glycol, Propionolactone and triethylene
glycol.