Normal microbial flora
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In a healthy animal, the internal tissues, e.g. blood, brain, muscle, etc., are normally free of microorganisms. However, the surface tissues, i.e., skin and mucous membranes, are constantly in contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by various microbial species. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
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normal microbial flora
This document summarizes the normal microbial flora that inhabit the human body. It describes the different bacteria found in various parts of the body like the skin, oral cavity, intestines, urogenital tract. The document also discusses the benefits these normal flora provide, as well as potential issues like opportunistic infections when the normal flora is disrupted due to factors like antibiotic abuse, immune suppression, surgery or radiation. It introduces concepts like microeubiosis, microdysbiosis, and nosocomial infections.
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The normal flora are microorganisms that commonly live on and inside the healthy human body in different areas without causing issues. They can be divided into transient microbes that vary over time and resident microbes that persist. The types of microbes vary by body site, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus on the skin, Streptococcus and anaerobes in the mouth, and a diverse array of bacteria including E. coli in the large intestine. The composition of the normal flora is influenced by factors like age, hygiene, and diet.
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Gram negative bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae)
Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
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Gram negative bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae)
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Most species are normal flora of the GI tract. Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia are not normal GI flora.
Major cause of nosocomial infections
Diseases include UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia, food poisoning, wound infections, peritonitis, pneumonia, and meningitis
The family exhibits four serological characteristics:
O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
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Chapter 11 micro
The document summarizes several important bacterial genera and orders. It describes bacteria that are enteric (found in the intestines), including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and others. It also discusses Pseudomonas, Rickettsia, Legionella, Campylobacter, and the distinctions between Gram-positive Firmicutes like Bacillus and Staphylococcus versus Actinobacteria. The Archaea domain includes extremophiles that live in high salt or acidic, hot environments.
Bohomolets Microbiology Lecture #20
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and spreads through airborne droplets. It causes local inflammation and can lead to complications affecting the heart, nerves, and kidneys if toxins spread through the bloodstream. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through inhaling airborne droplets from infected individuals. It primarily affects the lungs and can spread to other organs. Both diseases are diagnosed through culture identification and microscopy, and can be prevented through vaccination programs.
Infections on surfaces.pptx
The document discusses normal flora and pathogenic bacteria that can infect surfaces in the body. It describes how different bacteria normally inhabit different body sites like the skin, oral cavity, intestines and urogenital tract. It also discusses sterile body sites. When bacteria spread from their normal sites and infect other surfaces, it can lead to diseases like endocarditis, osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infections. Bacteria can form biofilms on surfaces, which makes surface infections difficult to treat.
Normal flora of Skin
Normal flora are microorganisms that reside harmlessly in various areas of the human body. The document discusses the normal flora found in different body sites like skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Key organisms that commonly constitute normal flora include Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes on the skin, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans in the mouth, Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium species in the gastrointestinal tract, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina. Normal flora play important roles like protecting the host from pathogens and aiding nutrient absorption.
Normal flora of human body by Pranzly.pptx
Types of Normal flora
Association between human and normal flora .
Characteristics of normal flora
Tissue specificity
Specific aadherence
Biofilm formation
Normal flora of skin
Normal flora of oral cavity
Normal flora of conjunctiva
Normal flora of respiratory tract
Normal flora of gastro intestinal tract
Normal flora of urogenital tract
Beneficial effect of normal flora
Harmful effect of normal flora
Disease caused by normal flora
Microflora upto respiratory tract.pptx
The document discusses the normal flora, or microorganisms, that naturally inhabit the human body. It describes how the normal flora originates shortly after birth and provides a beneficial relationship with the host. The flora is distributed across different areas of the body, including the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal system. While generally beneficial to health, the flora can also potentially cause harm under certain conditions if an imbalance occurs. Factors like diet, antibiotics, and stress can influence the composition and function of an individual's normal flora.
Fungal infections
This document discusses fungal infections of the oral cavity, specifically those caused by Candida species. It covers topics like the introduction, terminology, morphology and carriage vs infection of Candida. It also discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of Candidal infections, including factors like adherence, invasion, dimorphism and evasion of the host immune system. Predisposing factors to Candidal infections include local changes to the oral mucosa as well as systemic factors that compromise the host's defenses. The document outlines various clinical presentations of oral Candidal infections.
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Normal microbial flora
- 1. NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA OF HUMAN BODY C.SWAMINATHAN Assistant Professor of Microbiology Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences (Autonomous) for Women Tiruchengode – 637 205 Tamilnadu, South India
- 2. The term ‘normal flora’ denotes the population of microorganisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membrane of normal healthy individuals 1) Resident Flora: Constitute a constant population Cannot be removed completely 2) Transient Flora: Consists of non-pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microbes Derived from the environment Inhabit the skin or mucous membrane for hours, days or weeks
- 3. ROLE OF NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORAAdvantages They prevent or suppress the entry of pathogens Produce vitamin K and vitamin B Raise the overall immune status of the host against pathogens having related or shared antigens The antibiotic substance produced by some, for example, colicins have a harmful effect on pathogens Endotoxins liberated by normal flora may help the defence mechanism of the body
- 4. Disadvantages They become pathogenic when the immunity is lowered Act as pathogens in tissues outside their habitat. e.g. normal flora of intestine may cause UTI Cause confusion in diagnosis due to their ubiquitous presence and their resemblance to some of the pathogens
- 5. SKIN Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus hominis Staphylococcus haemolyticus Staphylococcus capitis Streptococcus pyogenes Micrococcus luteus Corynebacterium xerosis Peptostreptococcus spp Propionibacterium spp Clostridium perfringens Candida albicans Malassezia furfur
- 6. CONJUNCTIVA Relatively free from microorganisms due to the flushing action of tears and presence of lysozyme in tears Corynebacterium xerosis Moraxella spp Staphylococcus spp Non haemolytic Streptococci
- 7. NOSE, NASOPHARYNX AND SINUSES Corynebacterium spp Staphylococcus spp Streptococcus spp Haemophilus spp Moraxella lacunata P.aeruginosa, E.coli, Proteus spp – occasionally found
- 8. MOUTH AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACTMouth Pigmented and non pigmented micrococci Gram+ aerobic spore bearing bacilli Coliforms, Proteus, Lactobacilli Gum pockets and Tonsils Anaerobic micrococci, Anaerobic streptococci Vibrios, Fusiform bacilli, Corynebacterium spp Actinomyces, Mycoplasma Neisseria, Bacteroides
- 9. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT GI of foetus is sterile. It becomes contaminated with organism shortly after birth Breast fed children Lactobacillus bifidus Enterococci Colon bacilli Staphylococci Bottle fed children Lactobacillus acidophilus Enterococci Colon bacilli
- 10. Stomach – pH is low – sterile Small intestine Lactobacilli Streptococci Enterobacteria Bacteroides Large intestine Anaerobic streptococci Anaerobic lactobacilli Clostridium spp, Bacteroides spp, Coliforms Enterococci Proteus Pseudomonas Candida
- 11. GENITOURINARY TRACT M.smegmatis – genitalia of male and female Microflora of genitalia of men Lactobacilli Gardnerella vaginalis Alpha haemolytic streptococci Bacteroides spp Chlamydia trachomatis Ureaplasma urealyticum Microflora of vagina Lactobacilli, Bifidobacterium Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium Staphylococcus, Streptococcus Corynebacterium, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Enterobacteriaceae Non pathogenic Treponema Candida spp