Human Microbiome is the current project in Research field. The importance of Microorganisms in the human body, the importance and novel roe of the microorganisms on a human body is very effective and helpful. Fecal Transplantation is a unique and helpful technique to cure a dreadful disease naturally by means of microorganisms or introducing the normal flora in to the body again.
This presentation include microbiome involve in human health and disease. classification and categorization of microbiota is aslo given.Anatomical area in which these microbes present.
A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
This presentation include microbiome involve in human health and disease. classification and categorization of microbiota is aslo given.Anatomical area in which these microbes present.
A review report on detailed study of research endeavours, undertaken on Human Microbiome, its composition, its implications, applications, disease and other role.
These slides explores in general the discovery of the human microbiome, and the important roles they play in our well-being. Humans have evolved to live with microbes, this symbiotic relationship is crucial. Humans are in fact 'supra-organisms' that exhibit both human and microbial traits.
Mechanism of pathogenicity-Exotoxin and endotoxinaiswarya thomas
Brief description on mechanisms of pathogenicity, actions of toxins produced by various bacteria and notable endotoxins and exotoxins. Mechanism of action of some of the commonest endotoxins and exotoxins are explained.
These slides explores in general the discovery of the human microbiome, and the important roles they play in our well-being. Humans have evolved to live with microbes, this symbiotic relationship is crucial. Humans are in fact 'supra-organisms' that exhibit both human and microbial traits.
Mechanism of pathogenicity-Exotoxin and endotoxinaiswarya thomas
Brief description on mechanisms of pathogenicity, actions of toxins produced by various bacteria and notable endotoxins and exotoxins. Mechanism of action of some of the commonest endotoxins and exotoxins are explained.
Get started today with the Gut flora & probiotic 11 to enjoy good health and a 15% discount...:0)
Simply, copy and paste the link below at your web browser address barpelase visit the l
http://totalhealthnow.eu.nspshop.com/probiotic_eleven_%2890%29.htm
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system S'eclairer
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
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Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
Unit 9: Human Microbiome
LECTURE LEARNING GOALS
1. Describe the human microbiome: how many microbes there are, how you get your microbiome, who’s there, and how it changes over time and by region.
2. Describe the domain eukarya. List the five superkingdoms and a few notable species.
3. Explain how the human microbiome is related to health and disease.
The Emerging Personalized Medicine Paradigm of Time-Series Tracking of Mind, ...Larry Smarr
Invited Zoom Remote Lecture
For Sara Gottfried, MD Personalized Medicine for Mental Health Course
Integrative Psychiatry Institute
Recorded June 28, 2022
Ecological Disturbance of the Human Gut MicrobiomeAnne M. Estes
Set of slides discussing the importance of microbes for human health. Made to accompany the hands-on activity "Modeling the Dynamic Digestive System Microbiome" published: http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/jmbe/10.1128/jmbe.v16i2.908
Think Science: Microbiome - Dr. Lawrence HobermanNathan Cone
As presented at Texas Public Radio's Think Science live event at the Pearl Studio on May 19, 2017. Dr. Lawrence Hoberman on Leaky Gut and the human microbiome.
Dr. Heather Allen - The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and OutlookJohn Blue
The Swine Gut Microbiota: Status and Outlook - Dr. Heather Allen, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
Trillions of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi live in and around our bodies. Together, they make up the microbiome, which has been called the largest organ in the human body and been linked to a range of health issues, from asthma to diabetes to inflammatory bowel disease to obesity. Paul Kubes and Kathy McCoy, professors at UCalgary’s Cumming School of Medicine and researchers at the Western Canadian Microbiome Centre, share the science of the microbiome and why it holds the key to better health for all of us. Watch the full webinar at http://www.ucalgary.ca/explore/microbiome-why-few-trillion-germs-can-be-good-thing
Neutraceuticals - Probiotics, Prebiotics & SynbioticsMayur D. Chauhan
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Diet microbiota interactions: the mediterranean diet as a key to a healthy mi...Fabio Piccini
Lecture for: The Mediterranean Diet from an Italian Perspective
“Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”
A knowledge and application-based continuing education activity for US pharmacists and dietitians
Florence, Italy - November 6-9, 2018
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Human Microbiome
1.
2. OUTLINE OF TALK
What is meant by Human Microbiome
Describe the factors and processes that influence
community assembly and composition
Importance of Human microbiome
Gut Microbiota and its importance
Clostridium difficile
Fecal Transplantation
Conclusion
3. Goal of my Talk
• To make you all generally conversant in the
language of microbiomes and metagenomics
• To provide examples of how microbial
communities affect health and cure diseases
• To give practical examples of how medical
interventions interact with the microbiome and
change outcomes
5. What is the Human Microbiome
Microbe : Tiny living organism, such as
bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or virus
Microbiome : Collectively all the microbes in
the human body; a community of microbes
Biofilm : A community of microbes that live
together on a surface
A metagenome: the collection of genes/genomes
in an environmental
6.
7. The Problem :
Who am I Vs. Who are we
The Human Genome Project
started in 1990
Provides a basis to understand
how the human genome relates
to health and disease
However, the number of
microbial cells is 10 times
more than human cells in a
human being
8. MICROBES ARE ALL OVER US
There are millions of microbes
per square inch on your body
Thousands of different species on
the skin alone some thrive on dry
patches of the elbow, others thrive in
moist environment of armpit
It is estimated that there are more microbes
in your intestine there are human cells in
your body
9. Sites that harbor a normal flora:
Skin and mucous
membranes
Upper respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Outer opening of urethra
External genitalia
Vagina
External ear canal
External eye (lids,
conjunctiva)
10. We are Covered with
Microbes ?
How dense they are?
External Ear
Nose
Who are they?
Sinuses
Where did they come from?
Eyes
Mouth
Do they all matter?
Pharynx
Democracy? Dictatorship?
Skin
Socialism
Enteric tract
Can they be moved?
Vagina
Transplanted? Adjusted?
Do they change when I am
sick?
When they change do they
make me sick?
13. HOW MANY DIFFERENT ORGANISMS
ARE NORMALLY IN OUR BODY?
• Mouth ; > 600 Species
• Skin : > 600 Species
• Intestine : (Cecum/ colon) : 8,000
genera
• Vagina : > 200 Species
14. A microbe’s view of us
Skin
Bacterial cells
outnumber your body
cells 10:1 and comprise
up to 4-6 lbs of your
body mass
15. Benefits of the normal flora
1. Synthesize and excrete vitamins
Vitamin K and Vitamin B12
2. Prevent colonization by pathogens
competing for attachment sites or for essential nutrients
3. May antagonize other bacteria
the production of substances which inhibit or kill non-indigenous
species(nonspecific fatty acids, peroxides, bacteriocins).
4. Stimulate the development of certain tissues
i.e., intestines, certain lymphatic tissues, capillary density
5. Stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies.
Low levels of antibodies produced against components of the
normal flora are known to cross react with certain related
pathogens, and thereby prevent infection or invasion.
17. • Microbes can communicate each other by chemical
language
• They interact each other by signals and respond to the
signals by using chemical language
• This Phenomenon is called “ Quorum Sensing”
• Quorum Sensing signals are called auto inducers
• All auto inducers are chemical language signals to one
another.
• Quorum Sensing is a system of stimulus and response
correlated to population density. Many species of
bacteria use quorum sensing to coordinate gene
expression according to the density of their local
population .(wiki)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. GOALS OF THE HUMAN MICROBIOME
PROJECT
• Determine if there are sets of microbes
common to each human
• Understand if changes in our microbiota
result in different states of health or disease
• Develop new technologies for studying
complex microbial and studying complex
microbial systems within their natural
environments
• •Begin to deal with the legal ethical and
social complications that may arise with
human microbiome
24. WHAT DO THE MICROBES DO
FOR US?
• Provide the ability to harvest nutrients and
• Produce additional energy otherwise
inaccessible to the host.
• Produce vitamins
• Metabolize xenobiotics
• Provide resistance to tumor and cancer leading
neoplasms
• Assist in developing a mature immune system
25. Let’s focus on the microbial community in the gut:
How is the community assembled?
How does community composition affect function?
26. INTESTINAL MICROBIOME
•
>1,000 species but most in adults are
from 2 phyla: Firmicutes and
Bacteroidetes
• Outnumber human somatic cells by
factor of 102
• Total Weight: 1-2 kg
• 60% of total fecal content
• Concentration: ~1012/gram in colon
• •Total #: ~1014
27. Where are all the organisms?
O’Hara and Shanahan (2006) EMBO Reports
28. THE HUMAN GUT FLORA
DiBiase, et al. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:460-469
29. When Microbes entered in the
humans body?
Is it starts in the Mother’s
Womb?
Or? after the birth ?
30. THE MICROBIOME: WHO’S THERE?
• Early gut colonization has four phases
• Phase 1: Sterile gut
• Phase 2: Initial acquisition: vagina, feces, hospital
• Phase 3: Breast feeding or bottle-feeding (different)
• Breast fed more bifidobacteria (up to 90% of flora)
• Bottle fed more diverse; more Bacteroides , and
Clostridial species
• Phase 4: Start of solids; move to adult flora
• Bifidobacteria remain key flora into adulthood
Ley, Peterson, Gordon. Cell 2006 ;124:837
Ley, et al. PNAS. 2005, 102: 11070
Edwards, et al. Br J Nutr. 2002
33. MATURATION OF THE MICROBIOME
DURING THE 1ST YEAR OF LIFE
Development of the Human Infant Intestinal Microbiota
Palmer C,Bik EM,DiGiulio DB,Relman
34. THE MICROBIOME: WHO’S THERE?
• Adult Microbiome:
− Increasing diversity of flora as we age
− In some newer PCR (16S rRNA) studies, up to 92%
of the flora in adults were “novel” species
• Serial stool collections show remarkable stability by
an individual
− Greatest concordance with twins
− Less concordance with households
− Host genetic influence unexplored.
McCartney and Gibson in Gastrointestinal
Microbiology, 51-73, 2006
35. METABOLOMICS
• Study of the metabolites and small molecules
that the body and gut bacteria produce.
• New area of science
• Broader than proteomics
• Includes bacteria products with our own genetic
products
• Pioneered by Jeremy Nicholson and Jeff Gordon
36. GUT FLORA AND
METABOLISM
• Microbial genomes enhance our metabolic
activity
• May indirectly or directly effect our
metabolism
• The colon is very active metabolically
• 20-70 gms of carbons and 5-20 gms of
protein/day
• Over 100 kcal per day!
• Mass of colonic microbiome = single kidney
• Metabolically as active as the liver
Hooper, et al. Annu Rev Nutr, 2002
37. GUT FLORA AND THE BRAIN
Collins and Bercik in GASTRO 2009;136:2003–2014
39. Clostridium difficile also known as "CDF/cdf", or "C. diff",
is a species of Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that
is best known for causing antibiotic-associated
diarrhea(AAD).
While it can be a minor normal component of colonic flora,
the bacterium is thought to cause disease when competing
bacteria in the gut have been wiped out by antibiotic
treatment.
In severe cases, C. difficile can cause "pseudomembranous
colitis," a severe inflammation of the colon.
40. Inflammation
Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues
to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants
The classical signs of acute inflammation are pain, heat, redness, swelling,
and loss of function. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to
remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process.
41. LITTLE-KNOWN FECAL TRANSPLANT
CURES WOMAN'S BACTERIAL
INFECTION
“After surviving a near-fatal car accident, Kaitlin Hunter found herself
battling a devastating bacterial infection in her colon that also threatened her
life.
The persistent infection was beaten through a little-known technique involving
the transplant of fecal matter from Hunter's mother...
Following the July procedure, "I've been so happy," said Hunter, 20, of
Marietta, Georgia. "I'm cured."
Why did
this work?
What
happened
in Katie’s
colon?
42. Procedure:
FMT
TJ.BOOD ET.AL
Donar History (Similar to blood donation )
Obtain stool sample, homogenize with saline and filter
How to Administer
Nasogastric Tube
Enema
Colonoscope
Perform 6-24 hrs of obtaining the sample
Future: Frozen Samples, Lyophilized Powders, Capsules..??
43. • Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) also
known as a stool transplant is the process of
transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy
individual into a recipient. It has been proven to be a
highly effective treatment for patients suffering from
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), which
produces effects ranging from diarrhea to
pseudomembranous colitis.
44. BACTERIOTHERAPY
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD)
- usually results from prior antibiotic treatment
and persistant disruption of gut microbiota
- can be severe, even causing death
J Clin Gastroenterology (2010) 44:354-360
45. CONCLUSIONS
• The human microbiome and the Microbiome
Project: research just beginning…
• Gut flora by their genes, by-products, and
metabolic activity influence our metabolism,
weight, activity, immunity, health and
disease.
• Manipulation of gut flora may be an integral
part of weight loss programs and different
disease treatments in the future.
46. CONCLUSIONS
• Future studies must focus on the mechanisms
that influence of our gut flora.
• Studies must be place to controlled and high
quality research should be done.
• Truly need translational science to work at
the levels of the petri dish, genomics, and
clinical outcomes.
• Hope much much more to come!
Editor's Notes
There are 4 Concepts included in Human Microbiome
Dispersal, abiotic, biotic
What are some problems with this analogy? Maybe better to be MI, closer, dispersal possible
The rationale behind FMT is simple: antibiotics and other factors disrupt the normal balance of colonic flora and reduce “colonization resistance,” allowing pathogenic C. difficile strains to grow, leading to the typical clinical presentations of diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis; by reintroducing normal flora via donor feces, the imbalance can be corrected, the cycle interrupted, and normal bowel function re-established.