This document discusses human health and diseases. It covers several topics: 1. It defines health as physical, mental and social wellbeing, while disease is any change from the normal state that causes discomfort, disability or impairs health. 2. Diseases are classified as infectious, non-infectious, or congenital. Common infectious diseases discussed include typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria, amoebiasis, ringworm, ascariasis, and filariasis. 3. These diseases are caused by various pathogens like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and helminths. The document provides details on the causative agent, affected organ, symptoms, transmission

1. Human Health & Diseases
Class XII NCERT/ CBSE
Shubhadeep Bhattacharjee

2. Unit Split up:
EXAM MARKS (PREDICTED)
AISSCE (CBSE) 12
NEET 20

3. Hitlist:
 Health & Disease
 Common diseases in humans
 Concept of immunity
 AIDS
 Cancer
 Drugs & alcohol

4.  HEALTH: Physical, mental and social wellbeing
 DISEASE: Any functional or physical change from the normal state that
causes discomfort , or disability, or impairs the health of an organism is called
a disease.
DISEASES CAUSE DETEREORATION IN HEALTH
STATE?????

5. DISEASES
CONGENITALINFECTIOUS
NON- INFECTIOUS

6.  INFECTIOUS DISEASE
 NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE
 CONGENITAL DISEASE
• Common Cold
• Scurvy
• Arthritis
• Cardio Vascular Diseases
• Rickets
• Pneumonia
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Haemophilia
• COVID-19
• Diabetes

7. INFECTIOUS DISEASES:
 PATHOGENS: Micro organisms that can cause a disease
( Bacteria, Virus, Protozoans, Helminths, Fungi etc.)
PATHOGEN DISEASE
Bacteria Pneumonia, Typhoid
Virus Influenza, Small pox, Chicken pox
Protozoans Malaria, Amoebiasis
Helminths Ascariasis, Filariasis
Fungi Ringworm, Athlete’s foot

8. Typhoid:
 Pathogen: Salmonella typhi
 Organ Effected: Small intestines
 Spread: Contaminated food and water
 Diagnostic Test: Widal Test
 Extreme Cases: Intestinal perforations and death
 Symptoms:
1. Sustained high fever
2. Constipation
3. Loss of Appetite
4. Stomach pain
5. Weakness
6. Headache

9. Pneumonia:
 Pathogen: Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae
 Organ effected: Alveoli and lungs
 Spread: Aerosol droplet, Sharing contaminated glasses
 Diagnosis: Alveoli filled with fluid
 Extreme cases: Lips and fingernails turn bluish
 Symptoms:
 1. Chills and fever
 2. Cough and headache

10. Common Cold:
 Pathogen: Rhinovirus
 Organ Effected: Nose and upper respiratory tract
 Spread: Aerosols and contaminated objects
 Lasts for 3-7 days
 Symptoms:
 1. Hoarseness of throat
 2. Nasal congestion and discharge
 3. Headache
 4. Tiredness

11. • Are all micro organisms
pathogenic?
• Are all pathogens micro
organisms?

12. Malaria:
 Pathogen: Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malaria, P. falciparum)
 Vector: Female Anopheles mosquito
 Organ Effected: Liver & RBCs
 Symptoms:
 High fever after an incubation period of 14 days
 Restlessness
 Loss of appetite Early Symptoms
 Sleeplessness
 Muscular pain
 Headache Late Symptoms
 Chills

13.  As a response to the chills the body temperature keeps rising till it reaches
106F (height of fever). The patient sweats a lot and the temperature steadily
goes down to normal, till the next attack takes place after 48 hours.

14. Plasmodium has two life stages:
1. Asexual Stages: Sporozoites (Human Host)
2. Sexual Stages: Gametocytes (Anopheles Host)
• Sporozoites divide asexually to give rise to
more sporozoites
• Male and female gametocyte fuse together to
form sporozoites

15.  Anti malarial drugs: quinine, chloroquine
 Killing of mosquitoes by spraying DDT, BHC etc., and use of insect repellents,
mosquito nets etc., the disease can be controlled
• Sporozoites initially multiply in the liver and then
attack the RBCs
• Rupture of RBCs releases a toxin called haemozoin,
which is responsible for high recurring fever

16. Amoebiasis:
 Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica
 Organ effected: Large intestine
 Carrier: Housefly
 Transmission: Contaminated food and water
 Symptoms:
 Abdominal Pain
 Constipation
 Cramps
 Stool with excess mucous and blood clots

17. Ringworms:
 Pathogen: fungi like Microsporum,
Trichophyton and Epidermophyton
 Transmission: Physical contact with an
effected individual or from soil.
Sharing towel, clothes, combs etc. with
infected person.
 Symptoms:
a. Dry and scaly lesions on skin, nails and scalp
b. Lesions are accompanied by itching.

18. Ascariasis:
 Pathogen: intestinal endoparasite of man, Ascaris
lumbricoides (Roundworm)
 Transmission: Contaminated vegetables, fruits and
water.
 Symptoms:
a. Abdominal pain
b. indigestion
c. internal bleeding
d. muscular pain
e. fever
f. anemia
g. nausea and headache
h. blockage of the intestinal passage.

19. Filariasis/
Elephantiasis:
 Pathogen: Wuchereria bancrofti and
Wuchereria malayi (filarial worm)
 Vector: female Culex mosquito
 Cause inflammation of the organs in which
they live for many years
 Affect the lymph vessels of the lower
limbs.
 Blocked lymph nodes results in swelling of
the legs.
 External genitalia may also be affected
leading to gross deformities.

20. Prevention & Control of Infectious Diseases:
 Maintenance of personal hygiene
 Maintenance of public hygiene
 Eradication of vectors and their breeding places
 Vaccination and immunization programs for diseases like polio, diptheria,
tetanus etc.
 Use of antibiotics and drugs to treat the infected person.

21. Quick Revision:
 Health
 Disease
 Types of diseases
 Pathogens/ vectors/ carriers
 Bacterial diseases ( Typhoid & Pneumonia)
 Viral disease ( Common cold)
 Protozoan disease ( Malaria & Amoebiasis)
 Fungal Disease ( Ringworm)
 Helminthic Disease ( Ascariasis & Filariasis)
 Prevention & control of infectious diseases