This document discusses health, illness, and disease. It defines health using the WHO definition of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Illness is defined as a temporary or permanent loss of health. Diseases are then classified as infectious, caused by pathogens like bacteria and viruses, or non-infectious. Infectious diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly and the immune system provides defenses against infections through innate and adaptive responses. Prevention, treatment, and classifications of diseases are also covered.

1. UNIT 3
HEALTH AND ILLNESS

2. CONTENTS:
1.-What is health?
1.1.- Factors that determine health
2.- What is a disease? Classification of diseases
3.- Infectious and parasitic diseases. Agents
3.1.- Transmission of infectious diseases
3.2.- Stages of infectious diseases
3.3.- Defenses against infections: The immune system
4.- Non-infectious diseases: cardiovascular, respiratory,
neoplastic, immune diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative,
mental & behavioral disorders.
5.- Disease prevention
5.1.- Healthy lifestyles
5.2.- Vaccinations
6.- Treatment of diseases
6.1.- Medicines
6.2.- Surgery
6.3.- Other treatments

3. 1.-What is health?
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state
of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just
the absence of disease". Therefore, illness is a temporary or
permanent loss of this physical, mental or social welfare.
IMBALANCE
THE HEALTH TRIANGLE

4. MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH

6. SOCIAL HEALTH
This component has something to do with
interacting with others such as socializing with
friends, relatives, and others in a desirable way;
having Friends of all ages; and accepting
responsibility for others

7. PHYSICAL HEALTH
1) REGULAR PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
2) GOOD NUTRITION
3) ADEQUATE REST

9. 1.1.- FACTORS THAT DETRMINE HEALTH
Genetics factors: Some hereditary diseases
depend on genes. Ex. Huntington's disease.
But sometimes the inheritance does not
suppose the appearance of a disease, but the
predisposition to suffer it. Ex: diabetes,
hypertension
Environmental factors: They are external
elements that can exert some effect on health.
They can be :
• Physical: Noise, radiation
• Chemical: Contaminants from air, water or food
• Biological: pathogenic microorganisms
Personal and social factors: Age, sex, life
habits (eating, exercise, stress, drug
consumption, etc.), health care, poverty ....
ACTIVITY 1: This sound level meter
measures the intensity of the sound, do you
think that continued use of headphones is
harmful to health?
ACTIVITY 2:
The infant mortality
rate varies greatly from
country to country.
Look for information
on the main causes of
the death of African
and European children.
What conclusions do
you reach?

10. ACTIVITY 3:
a) In which region of Europe is there more NO2 air pollution? What are the
causes of the different contamination rates between one areas and others?
b) Environmental pollution (not just the atmospheric) is a factor of risk for multiple
diseases. Find information about them.

11. A disease can be defined as the continuous alteration of one or more organs,
which damages the physical and psychological well-being of the individual. This
alteration is manifested by symptoms (subjective manifestations of the disease) as
pain, tiredness, lack of appetite, nausea, etc., and characteristic signs (objective
manifestations of the disease) as fever, cough, diarrhea, vomits, skin spots, etc.
2.- WHAT IS A DISEASE?

12. Classification of diseases
TYPE OF DISEASE EXEMPLES
According to
their
duration
Acute
diseases
They manifest quickly but are of short duration Influenza,
myocardial
infarction
Chronicle
diseases
They develop slowly but last for a long time or
a lifetime
Diabetes,
epilepsy,
asthma
According to
the causative
factor
Infectious
and parasitic
diseases
They are caused by pathogenic microorganisms
that can be transmitted, and therefore they are
contagious
Influenza,
AIDS, cholera,
mycosis
Non
infectious
diseases
They are not caused by transmissible agents,
so they are not contagious
Cancer,
arthrosis,
Alzheimer
According to
its extension
Endemic
diseases
They only occur and persist in some regions Malaria,
dengue
Epidemic
diseases
They arise subtly and affect many people in a
short time
Ebola, plague,
bird flu
Pandemic
diseases
They occur simultaneously in several countries
and affect a large number of people
Influenza A,
AIDS

13. ACTIVITY 5:
a) Explain the differences between signs and symptoms
b) What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of a cold?
ACTIVIDAD 6:
Look for 3 examples of each type of illness
ACTIVITY 7:
What is life expectancy? Compare that of Spain with that of Japan and
Senegal. What do you think are the causes of the evolution of life expectancy
in Spain since 1900?
ACTIVITY 8:
The Ebola outbreak in Spain in 2014, was it a pandemic or an epidemic? What
kind of disease is it? What are your symptoms and signs?
ACTIVITY 4:
The Ulysses syndrome is an example of how the lack of social balance can
affect health. Explain what this syndrome is.

14. 3.- INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES
They are produced by pathogens: microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi,
protozoa), worms and arthropods. Pathogens get into the body, multiply within and
lead to various disorders. In addition the agents that cause them can be transmitted
from one person to another, this way, the disease spreads.
Bacteria
Prokaryotic single-celled organisms.
Most are harmless or beneficial. Only a
minority causes disease. Ex. Cholera,
tetanus, pneumonia, salmonellosis
We have inside of our body more
microorganisms than cells. They live with
us, protect us from many pathogens and
help us in many functions. They are
called the human microbioma
Virus
Acellular agents that need living cells to
develop their life cycle. They are forced
parasites
Ex. Smallpox, flu, herpes, rabies

16. Prions
Protein particles that cause
neurological disorders, such as
bovine spongiform encephalopathy,
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.
Fungi
Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes.
Most are beneficial, but some are nail
and skin parasites.
Ex. Athlete’s foot
Protozoa
Eukaryotic unicellular organisms that live in
Humid environments. Some are parasites and
cause diseases such as malaria, amoebic
dysentery or sleeping sickness

17. Worms
Especially nematodes and
flatworms, which develop in
the interior of the body and
cause various diseases such
as trichinosis, anisakiasis,
intestinal worms, tapeworm
Arthropods
Some arachnids and insects such as ticks, lice
or fleas can cause diseases or be carriers of a
pathogenic microorganism. Live outside the
body
tick lice
flea
In these two cases, we call them infestations, not infections
It is called infestation to the invasion of a living organism by external or internal
parasitic agents. The fundamental difference with the term infection is that the
latter is applied exclusively to microorganisms whose purpose is to reproduce it in
the infected organism, whereas the objective of the parasites is their survival at the
expense of parasitizing host.

18. ACTIVITY 11: Classify the following diseases according to the pathogen.
Allergy to dust, pneumonia, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, measles (sarampión), scabies
(sarna), malaria, dysentery, intestinal worms, pediculosis, syphilis, smallpox (viruela),
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, poliomyelitis, tetanus, mumps (paperas), anisakiasis, tapeworm,
candidiasis, herpes, rabies, athlete's foot.
BACTERIA VIRUS PRIONS FUNGI PROTOZOA WORMS ARTHROPODS
ACTIVITY 9:
Form groups and each one will
elaborate a presentation on the
form of action of one of the
pathogens: bacteria, fungi,
protozoa, viruses, prions,
arthropods, worms.
ACTIVITY 10:
a) Is infection the same as infestation?
Explain your answer
b) What is a parasite?
c) Why are viruses considered
parasites?

19. 3.1.- TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Ways of transmission of pathogens: Contagion definition_ the communication of
disease by direct or indirect contact.
Direct contagion: by contact between two people, a carrier individual of the
disease transmits pathogens, without intermediaries, to another healthy person.
Examples: touching, kissing, through sexual intercourse, coughing, sneezing,
between the mother and the fetus through the placenta.
Indirect contagion: The transmission from the carrier individual to the healthy one
is through contaminated elements, such as water, blood, food, utensils, animals
(vector-borne diseases).
Match each
picture with
direct or
indirect
contagion

20. SOME VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
The tsetse fly
transmits the
African
sleeping
sickness,
caused by a
protozoo
The Anopheles mosquito
transmits the Malaria
disease, caused by another
protozoo
Livestock with
brucellosis
can transmit
the bacteria to
people
Mammals
with rabies
can transmit
the virus to
people with
their bite

21. The ENTRANCE WAYS into the organism can be:
Cutaneous: through wounds, fissures in the skin, insect
bites, animal bites
Respiratory: through the breathing air
Digestive: through ingestion of contaminated food or
water (food-borne infections)
Genital: through sexual contact

22. ACTIVITY 13:
Answer the following questions
about the ANISAKIS:
a) What is the parasite?
b) What is its morphology?
c) How is the parasite found in
humans?
d) Where is the parasite in the
human being?
e) What effects does the parasite
have on humans?
f) Are there any more parasites
that have the same pathway?
ACTIVITY 12: Find information about the agent and how the following diseases are
transmitted: kiss disease, influenza, salmonellosis, malaria or malaria, tuberculosis,
cholera, trichinosis, hydatidosis, ebola
Infections such as HIV and hepatitis can be
spread through the blood, so it is advisable to
avoid any type of procedure (tattoos, piercing or
acupuncture) where sterilization of the
instruments is suspect

23. ACTIVITY 14: Athlete's foot is a frequent
mycosis.
Find information on this disease and its
prevention.
ACTIVITY 16:
a) What are STDs?
b) Which are the risk factors
c) Find information on:
1.- Causative agent
2.- Symptoms
3.- Prevention
Of the following STDs: PAPILOMA, HEPATITIS B, SYPHILIS, GONORRHEA,
GENITAL HERPES
ACTIVITY 17 : SIDA
a) What is the causative agent? How does it work?
b) How is it transmitted? How is it prevented?
c) Why is it more difficult to control it in African countries?
ACTIVITY 15.- All people in whom the yeast Candida
albicans is found suffer from candidiasis. Explain why
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STD)

27. 1.- Infection: The pathogen reaches the organism, penetrates and begins to
reproduce
2.- Incubation period: it is the time that elapses from the infection until the
symptoms and signs begin to appear.
3.- Illness: symptoms and signs are fully manifested
4.- Convalescence: The symptoms and signs have disappeared, is the period of
time necessary to recover completely.
3.2.- STAGES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
ACTIVITY 18: Explains these stages in
chickenpox (varicela), a virus-caused
disease.
ACTIVITY 19: Smallpox (viruela) is a
viral disease that has already been
eradicated.
What does it mean that a disease is
eradicated?
What are the main actions to be
taken to achieve this?

28. 3.3.- DEFENSES OF THE ORGANISMS AGAINST INFECTIONS:
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
The immune system is responsible for
protecting the body from invasions of
pathogenic microorganisms. It is distributed
throughout the body and includes three lines
of defense:

29. Our organism
has
Two types of defenses
EXTERNAL DEFENSES INTERNAL DEFENSES
SKIN MUCOSAS
(mucous
membranes
lining the
inside of
cavities)
SECRETIONS
(fluids that
contain
antimicrobial
substances)
INTESTINAL or
GUT FLORA
MACROFAGOS ANTIBODIES and
CELL RESPONSE
Microorganisms
that live inside
our intestines
White blood
cells that eat
microbes
Lymphocytes
activity and
Proteins
synthesized by
lymphocytes
External
dead cells
Urinary, digestive,
respiratory and sexual tract
Saliva, tears,
earwax, gastric
juice, vaginal fluids
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM or
NON-SPECIFIC SYSTEM
ADAPTATIVE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
or SPECIFIC SYSTEM
IMMUNE SYSTEM
It is
called
They together are called
3.3.- DEFENSES OF THE
ORGANISMS AGAINST
INFECTIONS
Our body has a series of
defenses that prevent the entry
of pathogens and once they have
entered they are responsible for
destroying them.

30. INNATE:
Innate or in-born immunity originates
during the embryonic development,
regardless of the presence of
pathogens (they are always present)
NON-SPECÍFIC: They act against any pathogen
ACQUIRED: Acquired or adaptive
immunity is not present at birth. It is
learned when facing an antigen or
pathogen
SPECIFIC: for each
pathogen (antigen)
there is a different
antibody.

31. Spermina in semen
Secretions of sebaceous
and sweat glands
Normal bacterial flora
Intestinal defenses
Acids and Digestive Enzymes
Lysozyme (tears, saliva
and nasal mucus)
Earwax
Coatings Epithelia (SKIN)
Ciliary epithelium
CHEMICAL ACTION
PHYSICAL ACTION
MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTION
A) EXTERNAL DEFENSES
They are innate and non-specific

32. B) INTERNAL DEFENSES
The internal defense is carried out by white blood cells, they may be:
non-specific (macrophages or phagocytes) and specific (lymphocytes)
They act indiscriminately against any type of microorganism or foreign particle
which penetrates the body. It is carried out by PHAGOCYTES (a type of white
blood cell)
They are innate (in-born)
B.1.) NON-SPECIFIC INTERNAL
DEFENSES:
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

33. Steps of the
phagocytosis
process
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
OF INFLAMMATION:
• HEAT
• REDNESS
• SWELLING
• PAIN
• LOSS FUCTION
• (PUS)

34. B.2) SPECIFIC INTERNAL
DEFENSES:
HUMORAL (ANTIBODIES) AND
CELLULAR RESPONSE
They act selectively against concrete microorganisms or
strange particles to the organism. They involve another type
of white blood cells called LYMPHOCYTES. There are two
types:
- LYMPHOCYTES B, which produce a special type of
proteins, called antibodies, to destroy or disabled the
microbe.
- LYMPHOCYTES T, which, when activated by a particular
microbe, destroy it.
They are adaptive,
non-in-born or
acquired
throughout life
WHAT ARE ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES?
An ANTIGEN is any substance that causes your immune system to
produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize
the substance, and is trying to fight it off.
Antigens are specific molecules
which are on the surface of
bacteria, viruses, or fungi that our
immune system recognize as foreign
to the organism and attack them.

35. ANTIBODIES are large Y-shaped proteins.
They are produce by lymphocytes B to
destroy or neutralize foreign objects like
bacteria and viruses.
They are specific
to each antigen.
This means that
each antibody only
matches to one
antigen, like a key
in a lock, because it
has been produced
to measure to that
antigen.

36. HUMORAL RESPONSE:
LYMPHOCYTES B produce SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES against the microbe
A B cell is triggered when encounter its matching antigen. Then it stars to
divide forming two different types of cells:
PLASMA CELLS
that released into
blood produce
specific
antibodies. These
antibodies lock the
matching antigen
and neutralize
them
MEMORY CELLS that persist in
the bloodstream, ready to
produce antibodies should re-
infection occur.

37. CELLULAR RESPONSE:
LYMPHOCYTES T react to an specific antigen and divide into two types of T
cells: KILLER T CELLS which destroy the infected cells and MEMORY T CELLS
KILLER T CELL release
proteins that “punch”
holes in the cell
membrane of infected
cells
Another clone of cells
are MEMORY T CELLS.
They persist in
bloodstream to protect
against future infections

38. MEMORY LYMPHOCYTES remain in the organism for life. If the same
microorganism re-enters the body, these lymphocytes detect them quickly and
neutralize it, without the disease being manifested. We say that the organism is
immunized and the disease is not contracted again
If the characteristics of the pathogenic
microorganism change, as in the case of
influenza, memory lymphocytes do not
recognize them and we can re-contract the
disease
IMMUNE MEMORY

39. CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIFIC INTERNAL DEFENSES (ADAPTIVE)
- Memory: after the first response to an antigen its ability to respond in the future
against the same antigen increases.
- Diversity: capable of recognizing 109 types of molecules (antigens)
- Self-elimination: is programmed to stop when the antigen disappears

41. INNATE (IN-BORN) RESPONSE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE
Present from the birth It is activated with the presence of antibodies
It is a non-specific response It is a specific response
It is immediate It is not immediate (there is delay between exposure and
maximum response)
Without memory With memory (the response is greater, in speed and
intensity, in successive exposures to the same antigen)

42. ACTIVITY 20:
a) Define IMMUNE SYSTEM. Where is it located?
b) Name:
- External defenses
- Internal defenses
- Innate non-specific defenses (remember that there are internal and external ones)
- Adaptive specific defenses
c) Explain the difference between innate and adaptive defenses
d) Explain the difference between specific and non-specific defenses
MECHANISM OF DEFENSE TYPE OF CELL INVOLVED DESCRIBE THE ACTIVITY
Barrier defense
Inflammatory response
Humoral response
Cell-mediated response
ACTIVITY 21: Complete the following chart:

43. ACTIVITY 22:
Very often fever and
inflammation occur during
the course of the disease.
Explains the relationship
between immune response,
inflammation and fever
ACTIVITY 24:
Explain why it is common for
untreated AIDS patients to die of
tuberculosis.
ACTIVITY 25:
Find information on probiotic foods and explain what benefits your consumption can
bring to our health. Would it be correct to say that they help our immune system?
Why?
ACTIVITY 26:
Difference between food allergy and food intolerance.
What problem do celiac sufferers have?
ACTIVITY 23:
In saliva there is an
enzyme, lysozyme, which
destroys numerous
bacteria. What kind of
defense is it?

44. 4.- NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
They are diseases that are not caused by
communicable pathogens, and therefore they are
not contagious. They include: cardiovascular,
respiratory, traumatic, mental and behavioral
diseases, neurodegenerative, endocrine,
autoimmune, neoplastic diseases, etc..
ACTIVITY 27:
Classify the following non-infectious diseases: atherosclerosis, asthma, depression,
bulimia, stroke (or cerebrovascular accident, CVA), myocardial infarction (heart
attack), diabetes, multiple sclerosis, angina pectoris, Alzheimer's disease, COPD
(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), anorexia

45. 4.1.- CARDIOVASCULAR NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
They AFFECT THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM and are the main cause of death
in the world. Most of them are a result of UNHEALTHY HABITS
MAIN FACTORS OF RISKS:
SEDENTARY
LIFESTYLE
EXCESSIVE
FAT INTAKE
Atherosclerosis, stroke
(CVA) and heart attack
are the most frequent
ones

46. HYPERTENSION
(HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)
ESFINGOMANOMET
ER
Blood pressure is
the measurement
of force applied to
the artery walls

47. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
(Hardening of the arteries)
It is the leading cause of heart attacks,
stroke, and peripheral vascular disease
Finally, when the plaque ruptures,
blood clots form, which leads to a
totally blocked blood flow
This process may occur in heart
arteries (heart attack), brain arteries
(CVA) or legs and arms arteries.
Cause: Fatty substances
(cholesterol) form a deposit or plaque
on the inner lining of arterial walls. As
a result, the artery wall thickens and
blood flow become difficult (partly
blocked blood vessel)

48. GOOD AND BAD
CHOLESTEROL

50. GOD FATS/ OILS (UNSATURATED FATS)
Fats from: VEGETABLES (Ex. Avocado)
NUTS (Ex. walnuts, almonds, peanuts, etc.)
FATTY FISH (salmon, sardine, trout, etc.)
BAD FATS (SATURATED and HYDROGENATED FATS)
Fats from: ANIMALS
PROCESSED BAKERY

51. HEART ATTACK It is caused by PARTIAL OR TOTAL
OBSTRUCTION of the CORONARY ARTERIES,
which carry oxygenated blood and nutrients to the
cardiac muscle (myocardium)
It is manifested by an intense
and oppressive chest pain,
called ANGINA PECTORIS,
which extends to the left arm
and lasts up to 15 minutes. It is a
warning that enough blood does
not reach the heart muscle
If the situation continues, the cardiac
cells die and a part of the heart wall is
destroyed. Then, a MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION has occurred.

52. STROKE OR
CEREBROVASCULAR
ACCIDENT (CVA)
It is a SUDDEN ALTERATION OF BLOOD
CIRCULATION IN THE BRAIN. It may have two causes:
B) The
obstruction of a
blood vessel: in
this case the
affected zone
fails to receive
oxygen and
nutrients and
may die. It is
called Ischemic
stroke or
cerebral
infarction.
A) The rupture
of a blood
vessel: In this
case the blood
damages the
brain tissue. It
is called
Hemorrhagic
stroke.

53. In both cases symptoms depend on the cerebral area affected.

54. ACTIVITY 28
What are cardiovascular diseases? Name
the main risk factors for these diseases
and how can we prevent them.
ACTIVITY 29
a) Explain what happens in the
atherosclerosis
b) Differences between “good and bad”
cholesterol
ACTIVITY 31
What is a stroke or CVA? Explain
its causes
ACTIVITY 30
Explain the differences between
heart attack and angina
pectoris

55. 4.2.- RESPIRATORY NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
They AFFECT THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Tobacco use, pollution, poor
ventilation and exposure to chemicals are risk factors for this type of disease
In this group of diseases ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE (COPD) stand out by their frequency of appearance and severity

56. ASTHMA It is characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles
in response to various stimuli: Cold, chemicals, stress,
colds, etc. The wall of the bronchioles thickens and
narrows the airways leading to difficulty in breathing.
Asthma causes recurring periods of
wheezing (a whistling sound when you
breathe), chest tightness, shortness of
breath, and coughing. The coughing
often occurs at night or early in the
morning.

58. Asthma affects people of all ages,
but it most often starts during
childhood. In the United States,
more than 25 million people are
known to have asthma. About
7 million of these people are
children.
WHAT TO DO DIRUNG AN ASTHMA ATTACK

59. ASTHMA DISTRIBUTION

60. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
It is the name for a group of lung conditions that cause breathing
difficulties. It includes:
•emphysema – damage to the air sacs in the lungs
•chronic bronchitis – long-term inflammation of the airways
COPD causes:
• airways narrowing
• inflammation
• mucous production

61. COPD is a common condition that mainly
AFFECTS MIDDLE-AGED OR OLDER
ADULTS WHO SMOKE. Many people don't
realize they have it.
The breathing problems tend to get
gradually worse over time and can limit
your normal activities, although treatment
can help keep the condition under control.
CIGARRETTE COMPONENTS
DO YOU STILL WANT TO SMOKING?

62. http://
ACTIVITY 32:
What are the main risk factors of respiratory non-infectious
diseases for asthma and COPD? Explain both diseases

63. 4.3.- NEOPLASTIC DISEASES: CANCER Neoplastic diseases includes over
200 diseases caused by the
uncontrolled proliferation of a
cellular dome called TUMOR
- A TUMOR IS BENIGN when its growth is
slow, is located in an area and does not
invade other tissues
- A TUMOR IS MALIGNANT or
CANCEROUS if its cells multiply rapidly,
invading other tissues and organs, in
which new tumors appear (METASTASIS)
For a cancer to start, certain mutations in
DNA take place within the genes of a cell or a
group of cells. The changes make cells start to
grow and multiply too much, out of control.
The human body is made up of many types of cells
that are constantly dividing to produce new, younger
cells that can "take over" for aging or damaged cells.
Through this process, the body heals its injuries and
keeps tissues healthy. Sometimes, this process gets
out of control, and new cells continue to be produced
even when they are not needed, forming a clump of
extra tissue, a tumor.
There are two types of tumors:

64. The CAUSES OF CANCER are
diverse. There are genetic factors,
but also many environmental
factors are CANCEROUS AGENTS:
• certain radiations,
• some viruses
• some chemicals
• alcohol
• tobacco
• some foods
CANCER PROGRESSION

65. WHAT IS METASTASIS?
Metastases (the
plural form of
metastasis) most
commonly develop
when cancer cells
break away from
the main tumor and
enter the
bloodstream or
lymphatic system.
This means that the
cancer cells can
travel far from the
original tumor and
form new tumors
when they settle
and grow in a
different part of
the body
Doctors give a metastasis the same name as the original cancer.
So a breast cancer that spreads to the liver, for example, is
referred to as “metastatic breast cancer,” not liver cancer.
Metastasis is the medical term for cancer that
spreads to a different part of the body from where
it started.

66. The most effective
measures are
PREVENTION and
EARLY DETECTION
ACTIVITY 33:
a) How does a tumor
begin? Explain the
difference between a
benign and a malignant
or cancerous tumor.
b) why is it important the
early detection of it?
c) Name the main
carcinogen agents.
d) What can we do to
prevent cancer?

68. 4.4.- IMMUNITARY DISEASES
A normally harmless material,
such as grass pollen, food
particles, mold or pet dander, is
mistaken for a severe threat
and attacked. Ex. allergic
rhinitis, asthma, and eczema
They are a result of an immune disorder,
in other words, a dysfunction of
the immune system.
The most common are:
• Allergies
• Autoimmune diseases
• Immunodeficiency
A) ALLERGIC
DISEASES
The particles
that triggers the
symptoms are
called
ALLERGENS.
They can act
by contact, by
inhalation or
by ingestion,
causing skin,
respiratory or
digestive
symptoms

70. Autoimmune diseases
results from a
hyperactive immune
system attacking
normal tissues as if
they were foreign
bodies
Common autoimmune diseases
include Hashimoto's thyroiditis
(hypothyroidism), rheumatoid
arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1
and systemic lupus
erythematosus.
B) AUTOINMMUNE DISEASES

71. Gut Bacteria Can Ease
Autoimmune Diseases
As part of the digestive system
the human gut flora contains
more bacteria than any other
part of the body. Alterations in
gut bacteria are one cause of the
autoimmune condition.
Scientists already knew that the
gut microbiome and the
immune system are constantly
engaged in dynamic interaction

72. Immunodeficiency can either be the result
of a genetic disease such as severe
combined immunodeficiency, acquired
conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or through
the use of immunosuppressive
medication.
Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune
system is not as strong as normal, resulting
in recurring and life-threatening infections
C) INMMUNODEFICIENCY
is the transfer of
human cells, tissues or organs from a
donor to a recipient with the aim of
restoring function(s) in the body. In order to
not refuse the new organ,
immunosuppressive medication is
prescribed to the patient, but it implies a
high the risk of infections

73. ACTIVITY 35:
a) Why do allergies occur?
b) What are allergens? Name the
most common ones
ACTIVITY 36:
a) What are autoimmune diseases?
b) Name the most common ones
c) Explain one of them.
ACTIVITY 37:
a) What is immunodeficiency?
b) Explain what conditions can result in it
CAN YOU EXPLAIN THESE
PICTURES?

74. 4.5.- DIABETES MELLITUS
(HYPERGLYCEMIA):
TYPE 1, TYPE 2 AND
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes (T1D): It is also called
insulin-dependent diabetes. It used to
be called juvenile-onset diabetes,
because it often begins in childhood.
It is an autoimmune condition. It's caused by the body attacking its
own pancreas with antibodies. The damaged pancreas doesn't make insulin
or produces too little to regulate blood glucose level..
Treatment for type 1
diabetes involves taking
insulin, which needs to be
injected through
the skin into the fatty tissue
below.

75. People who are obese -- more than 20%
over their ideal body weight for their
height -- are at particularly high risk of
developing type 2 diabetes and its
related medical problems. Obese people
have insulin resistance. With insulin
resistance, the pancreas has to work
overly hard to produce more insulin. But
even then, there is not enough insulin to
keep sugars normal.
With Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas
usually produces some insulin. But either
the amount produced is not enough for the
body's needs, or the body's cells are
resistant to it. Insulin resistance, or lack
of sensitivity to insulin, happens
primarily in fat, liver, and muscle cells.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) used to be called adult-onset diabetes, but with the
epidemic of obese and overweight kids, more teenagers are now developing
type 2 diabetes. It was also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

77. ACTIVITY 34:
a) What is diabetes?
b) Why do diabetics inject insulin?
c) Differences between type I, type II and
gestational diabetes

78. 4.6.-
NEURODEGENERATIVE
DISEASES
Examples of neurodegenerative
diseases include:
• Parkinson’s,
• Alzheimer’s,
• Huntington's disease and
• Motor neuron disease (MND).
Neurons normally don’t
reproduce or replace
themselves, so when they
become damaged or die
they cannot be replaced
by the body
Neurodegenerative disease are conditions which
primarily affect the neurons.
Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system
which includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves
Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and
debilitating conditions that result in progressive
degeneration and / or death of nerve cells. This
causes problems with movement (called ataxias), or
mental functioning (called dementias).
ACTIVITY 38:
a) What are neurodegenerative diseases?
b) Why are they progressive?
c) Do they have treatment?
d) What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
in the initial, intermediate and advanced stages?

79. ACTIVIDAD 39
1.- Identifica la enfermedad que probablemente tiene la
chica de la foto.
2.- Busca información sobre esta enfermedad y sobre
otros trastornos relacionados con la alimentación
3.- ¿Qué podrían hacer las empresas de moda para
combatir estas enfermedades?
3.- Debate sobre como afecta la imagen de mujer ideal
que transmiten algunos medios de comunicación
audiovisual y su incidencia en este tipo de enfermedades
4.4.- MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS

80. 5.- DIAGNÓSTICO DE ENFERMEDADES
El diagnóstico médico es el procedimiento para identificar una enfermedad y así
poder prescribir el tratamiento más adecuado .El diagnóstico se basa en la
recogida y el análisis de datos que se obtienen en tres etapas:
ANAMNESIS: el médico plantea preguntas al paciente para obtener información
sobre enfermedades anteriores, antecedentes, operaciones, etc. (Historia clínica)
EXPLORACIÓN FÍSICA: el médico valora el estado del paciente usando los
sentidos (inspección ocular, palpación) e instrumentos (auscultación, tensión,
etc)
PRUEBAS COMPLEMENTARIAS: análisis clínicos , técnica de diagnóstico por
imagen, electrocardiogramas, biopsias, citologías, endoscopias, etc.
Estas técnicas
permiten
examinar el
interior del
cuerpo sin tener
que intervenir
quirúrgicamente.

81. ACTIVIDAD 40
Investigad para qué y como se utiliza cada una de las técnicas de
imagen que se usan habitualmente. Luego comparadla con la manera
en que se diagnosticaba ese mismo problema hace un siglo.
ACTIVIDAD 41
Interpretación de análisis de sangre y orina
http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/1bachillerato/animal/analis.htm
ACTIVIDAD 43
Investiga por qué en una
radiografía los huesos se ven
blancos, el hígado gris y los
pulmones negros.
ACTIVIDAD 42:
a) ¿Qué tipo de prueba sería útil para saber si hay
una fractura?
b) ¿Y para saber la cantidad de glucosa en sangre
c) ¿Qué es una colonoscopia?

82. 6.- PREVENCIÓN DE ENFERMEDADES
La mejor forma de combatir las enfermedades consiste en evitar su aparición
mediante una prevención adecuada
Algunas medidas preventivas son generales, como los hábitos de vida
saludables .Otras medidas son específicas, están orientadas a impedir la
aparición de enfermedades concretas, como son las vacunas.
6.1.- HABITOS DE VIDA SALUDABLES
La salud depende de factores que no podemos controlar. Pero también es el resultado de
una responsabilidad personal, adoptar un estilo de vida saludable es básico para vivir más
y mejor. Muchas de las enfermedades más frecuentes se deben a hábitos poco saludables,
como consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, tabaco y otras drogas, dieta no equilibrada,
sedentarismo, prácticas sexuales de riesgo, higiene personal deficiente, etc
ACTIVIDAD 44:
Dibuja la pirámide alimentaria correspondiente a tus
propios hábitos de alimentación. Compárala con la
pirámide alimentaria del dibujo ¿Hay diferencias?
ACTIVIDAD 45:
Numerosos estudios relacionan la protección frente a
enfermedades cardiovasculares y algunos cánceres
con la dieta mediterránea . Explica en qué consiste
esta dieta.

83. ACTIVIDAD 46:
a) ¿Por qué nos engorda la
televisión?
b)Uno de los problemas de
nuestro tiempo es el
aumento del consumo de
las calorías vacías.
¿De qué alimentos
estamos hablando?
ACTIVIDAD 47: LA OBESIDAD
Es una enfermedad relacionada con el
estilo de vida, se caracteriza por una
alteración de la composición corporal
debido al aumento del contenido graso.
Es el resultado de un desequilibrio
entre la energía que se ingiere y la que
se gasta .
a) Causas de la obesidad
b) ¿Qué otras patologías puede causar
la obesidad?
ACTIVIDAD 48:
Una dieta equilibrada debe, cuidar de que
obtengamos las cantidades adecuadas de glúcidos,
lípidos y proteínas. Completa la tabla:
ALIMENTOS BENEFICIOS
GLÚCIDOS 60%
PROTEÍNAS 15%
LÍPIDOS 10%

84. ACTIVIDAD 4 9 :
a) El informe NAOS
recomienda que haya
entre el 50% y el 60%
de cereales, patatas y
legumbres en la dieta
diaria, pero aconseja
que se reduzca la
ingesta de dulces y
refrescos. Da una
explicación ,
pensando en los
nutrientes que aporta
cada alimento.
b) ¿Qué alimentos
contienen grasas
insaturadas ? ¿Y
saturadas? ¿Por qué
hay que reducir las
grasas saturadas y
aumentar las
insaturadas?
c) ¿Qué es la fibra? ¿Qué alimentos la aportan? ¿Qué
funciones tiene?

85. ACTIVIDAD 50:
a.- ¿Qué es el alcoholismo?
b.- Define Tasa de alcoholemia
c.- Un sábado por la noche Juan toma 2 cervezas de 250ml y 4 cubatas con 80 ml de
vodka cada uno ¿Cuántos gramos de alcohol puro ha ingerido?
Si Juan pesa 80 kg ¿Cuál será su tasa de alcoholemia?
Imagina que su novia de 50kg toma lo mismo ¿Cuál sería su tasa de alcoholemia?
¿Podrían conducir?
d.-Investiga sobre los efectos físicos y psicológicos del alcohol
e.- a)Investiga la relación de las paraplejias con los accidentes de tráfico .
b) Aporta datos como ingresos por año en la comunidad, estancia media del
periodo de rehabilitación en un hospital, tipos de especialistas que los tratan, etc
Fermentadas Vino 12o Cerveza 6o Sidra 5o
Destiladas Wiski 40o Vodka 37o Ron 37o Anís 35o

86. ACTIVIDAD 51
1.- Realiza un estudio sobre el tabaquismo y
analiza los efectos del consumo de tabaco para
la salud .
2.-Coincidencias entre drogas legalizadas y las
que no lo están
ACTIVIDAD 52
Formad 4 grupos: cannabis, cocaína, heroína, drogas de síntesis
Preparad una exposición en la que se explique qué tipo de droga es,
los efectos y daños que produce, cuál es su consumo en España y los
mitos que hay sobre ella
www.hablemosdedrogas.org/guia drogas pdf (anexo)
ACTIVIDAD54:
Explica los beneficios del ejercicio físico
ACTIVIDAD 53:
Las adicciones se caracterizan por una dependencia conductual, física i/o psíquica a sustancias
tóxicas, objetos o actividades . ¿Qué adicciones conoces?

87. ACTIVIDAD 55: LA CARA OSCURA DEL DEPORTE
VIGOREXIA
1.- ¿ Que es la vigorexia?
2.- ¿Cómo es la alimentación de las personas con vigorexia?
2.- ¿Qué efectos secundarios tienen los esteroides anabolizantes ?
EL DOPAJE
1.- Nuestro organismo produce de manera natural
eritropoyetina((EPO) , que estimula la producción de glóbulos rojos.
¿Por qué crees que se utiliza EPO como sustancia dopante. ? ¿Por qué
es peligroso para la salud?
2. – ¿Por qué se utiliza testosterona como sustancia dopante?
¿Diferencias entre testosterona exógena y endógena?

88. Una vacuna es un preparado que contiene los agentes patógenos debilitados o
muertos. Se inoculan a individuos sanos y estimulan la fabricación de anticuerpos. Así
se desencadena una respuesta inmunitaria y ante una nueva infección por el mismo
agente, se activa la memoria inmunitaria obteniéndose una respuesta rápida
ACTIVIDAD 56: a) ¿Contra que
enfermedades te has vacunado?
b)¿Qué vacunas necesitan dosis de
refuerzo y por qué?
ACTIVIDAD 57:
La vacunación proporciona una
inmunidad artificial activa y los
sueros una inmunidad artificial
pasiva ¿Cuál es la diferencia?
6.2.- VACUNAS
VACUNAS
SUEROS

89. 7.- TRATAMIENTO DE LAS ENFERMEDADES
Cuando la prevención no resulta eficaz y aparece la enfermedad, es necesario
recurrir a medidas curativas o terapéuticas, como el empleo de medicamentos,
cirugía, la radioterapia o la psicoterapia.
7.1.- Los medicamentos
Son compuestos químicos con propiedades curativas (eliminan el agente causante),
supresivas ( eliminan síntomas) o preventivas que ayuda al organismo a recuperarse
de las enfermedades. Se pueden clasificar según distintos criterios: ORIGEN, FORMA
FARMACEÚTICA, EFECTO.
NATURALES O
ARTIFICIALES
EFECTO FORMAS FARMACEÚTICAS ORIGEN

90. Los medicamentos contienen dos tipos de sustancias:
PRINCIPIO ACTIVO: es la sustancia responsable del efecto del medicamentos
sobre la enfermedad o sus síntomas
EXCIPIENTES: son azúcares, colorantes y otras sustancias que se añaden al
principio activo para facilitar su procesado, no actúan sobre la enfermedad

91. ACTIVIDAD 58:
Explica la función de los siguientes medicamentos :ANALGÉSICOS,
ANTIPIRÉTICOS, DIURÉTICOS, PSICOTROPOS,
ACTIVIDAD 59
Consigue dos prospectos y busca en ellos la siguiente información:
-Nombre del principio activo y cantidad
-Nombre de los excipientes y cantidad
-Quien lo fabrica
-Marca comercial
-Acción
-Indicaciones
-Posología
-Precauciones
-Efectos
-Interacciones

92. ANTIBIÓTICOS
Los antibióticos son medicamentos que matan bacterias o impiden su división. El
abuso o el mal uso de antibióticos favorece la aparición de resistencias en las
poblaciones bacterianas. Así se desarrollan variedades de la enfermedad que no
responden a los antibióticos existentes. Por eso hay que seguir las pautas que nos
indique el médico, completar los tratamientos y no automedicarse.

93. ACTIVIDAD 61:
Explica la relación entre las bacterias resistentes con
el mal uso de los antibióticos
ACTIVIDAD 60:
a) ¿Qué son los antibióticos?
b) ¿Cuándo debe una persona
tomar antibióticos?
c) ¿Es importante completar el
tratamiento o se debe dejar de
tomar cuando nos encontramos
bien? Justifícalo
d) Justifica la expresión: “ La gripe
se cura en una semana con
antibióticos y en 7 días sin
antibióticos”
1
2
34
ACTIVIDAD 62:
¿Cuál es el antibiótico (indica
el número) más eficaz contra
la bacteria de la foto?
Explícalo

94. ACTIVIDAD 63 : LA GRIPE
En 1007 apareció en Asia una nueva variedad
del virus de la gripe aviar, conocida como
H5N1. Aunque la nueva variedad no es , de
momento, contagiosa entre humanos,
algunas personas fueron infectadas por
inhalación de polvo procedentes de
excrementos de aves enfermas. La
mortalidad fue del 72%. Los expertos alertan
de una posible pandemia causada por una
futura variante de este virus.
a) La gripe es una enfermedad del aparato respiratorio ¿Cuál es el agente causante?
b) ¿Cómo se transmite?
c) ¿Cuáles son los síntomas?
d) ¿Cuál es el tratamiento?
e) ¿Cómo se puede prevenir?
f) ¿Por qué las personas con riesgo de contraerla tienen que vacunarse cada año?
ACTIVIDAD 64: LA GRIPE AVIAR
a) ¿Por qué en mercados como el de la fotografía es más fácil el contagio de la gripe aviar que
en un mercado de nuestro país?
b) Si el virus H5N1 no se contagia entre humanos, por qué los expertos tienen miedo a que se
produzca una pandemia?

95. LA INVESTIGACIÓN Y LA INDUSTRIA DE LOS MEDICAMENTOS
Los medicamentos son sustancias que han de superar muchos controles antes de llegar a
las farmacias. Una vez se ha comprobado en el laboratorio su eficacia y también sus
posibles efectos secundarios aún han de pasar por varios fases de estudio en seres
humanos. Así el proceso de desarrollo de un nuevo medicamento es costoso y largo.
Una patente farmacéutica es
un conjunto de derechos que
concede un Estado al
laboratorio inventor de un
medicamento innovador y que
le dan exclusividad para
fabricar y comercializar ese
producto y, por tanto libertad
para fijar su precio. La
duración de una patente suele
ser de 20 años. Una vez
vencida, otros laboratorios
pueden fabricar el
medicamento, produciendo
medicamentos genéricos, con
el mismo principio activo y la
misma cantidad pero a un
precio menor

96. ACTIVIDAD 65
¿Qué es una patente?
¿Por qué son importantes los medicamentos genéricos?

97. 7.2.- LA CIRUGÍA
La cirugía es una intervención médica en la que, con ayuda de instrumentoal
quirúrgico, se manipulan las estructuras anatómicas del individuo para tratar o
diagnosticar una enfermedad.
Ha experimentado un desarrollo enorme superando tres problemas importantes:
-El dolor, se emplean anestésicos.
-Las hemorragias se controlan con pinzamientos, coagulantes, transfusiones.
-Las infecciones se evitan realizando las intervenciones en quirófanos estériles y
utilizando antibióticos y otros medicamentos.
Un trasplante consiste en sustituir un órgano enfermo de un paciente receptor
por otro sano procedente de un donante, también se trasplantan tejidos(
injerto) o grupos de células.
TRANSPLANTES
ACTIVIDAD 66:
Averigua qué es la laparoscopia, la cirugía con laser y la cirugía endoscópica

98. ACTIVIDAD 67:
¿Qué es el rechazo?
¿Cómo se puede prevenir?
ACTIVIDAD 68:
¿Qué son las células madre? Explica la
diferencia entre los distintos tipos.

99. 7.3.- OTROS TRATAMIENTOS
RADIOTERAPIA:
Se basa en el empleo dé radiación de alta energía para combatir el
cáncer. Este tipo de radiación daña las células tumorales, impidiendo
su crecimiento y reproducción. Las células sanas también se ven
afectadas, pero suelen recuperarse después del tratamiento.
PSICOTERAPIA:
Consiste en el tratamiento de pacientes con trastornos mentales
mediante un proceso de comunicación con un especialista. Se
realizan en sesiones individuales, de grupo, de familia.
ACTIVIDAD 69:
Indica por qué descubrimiento son conocidos cada uno de estos científicos:
a)Fleming b) Jenner c) Pasteur