This document discusses various aspects of health and disease. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Maintaining good health requires a balanced diet, exercise, proper shelter, sleep and hygiene. Disease can be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors and can be acute, chronic, congenital or acquired. Infectious diseases spread via air, water, food, vectors or contact and common examples are provided. Prevention focuses on avoiding exposure and immunization, while treatment aims to reduce symptoms and kill microbes. Vaccination helps strengthen immunity against specific diseases. The main pathogens that cause infectious disease are viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and worms.

1. By Jahnvi Tanwar

2. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM HEALTH?
Health is described s the state of complete physical ,
mental and social well being. Being healthy is far
more than just being free from diseases.
For maintaining a healthy life cycle, a person needs
to:
• Have a balanced diet
• Needs to exercise
• Live regularly in a proper shelter
• Get enough sleep
Maintaining a good hygiene also reduces the chances
of developing an infection.

3. FAILURE OF HEALTH
Our health is affected not only by unbalanced
diet but also by disease carrying organisms
which may be water-borne, air-borne and
food-borne.
Some disease are caused by infection through
microorganisms, insects and parasites.
Infection develops when germs/microbes or
some pathogenic organisms enter human
body.

4. DISEASE
The term disease means dis-ease or without ease or
comfort
Disease can also be defined as an impairment of the
normal state of the living organism that disturbs or
modifies the performance of the vital functions.
Disease may be response to:
• Environmental factors (such as changing climate)
• Specific infective agents(such as worms, protozoan)
• Inherent defects of the organisms (as genetic
anomalies)
• Combination of these factors

5. SOURCES OF DISEASE
Intrinsic Factors
The disease causing factors which exist within the human
body are called intrinsic factors. These factors are:
• Malfunctioning of various body parts.
• Genetic disorder
• Hormonal Imbalances
• Malfunctioning of immune system.
The disease caused by intrinsic sources are called organic or
metabolic diseases. Some of the diseases caused by intrinsic
factors are:1.myopia,2.Cardiac failure, 3.Osteoporosis,
4.Arthritis , 5.Cancer, 6.Anaemia, 7.dwarfism, 8.Diabetes.

6. Extrinsic Factors
The disease causing external agents which enter the human
body from outside are called extrinsic factors. Some of the
factors are:
• Unbalanced diet
• Disease casing microorganisms
• Environmental pollutants
• Tobacco, alcohol and narcotic drugs.
The most important diseases caused by extrinsic factors are:
1.Beri-beri, 2.Pellagra, 3.Denus, 4. AIDS, 5. Food poisoning,
6.Goitre, 7.Fluorosis, 8.Chickenpox.

7. TYPES OF DISEASES
The humans are broadly classified into following four categories:
1. Acute diseases
Some diseases last for only very short periods of time, and
these are called acute diseases. We all know from experience
that the common cold lasts only a few days.
2. Chronic diseases
Other ailments can last for a long time, even as much as a
lifetime, and are called chronic diseases. An example is
elephantiasis
3. Congenital diseases
These diseases are present since birth. They are caused due to
genetic abnormalities or due to metabolic disorders or
malfunctioning of any organ. They are permanent, generally
not easily curable and may be passed on to the children.

8. 4. Acquired diseases
These diseases are those which develop after birth. Acquired
diseases can be broadly classified into two types:
• Infectious disease: Infectious diseases are disorders caused by
organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.
Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally
harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some
organisms may cause disease. E.g.- cold, flu, AIDS, Cholera,
Malaria, Dysentery etc.
• Non-Infectious diseases: These include above described
organic or metabolic diseases. These are non-communicable
diseases. E.g.- .myopia, Cardiac failure, Osteoporosis, Arthritis,
Cancer, Anemia, dwarfism, Diabetes etc.

9. MEANS OF SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious diseases spread from an infected person to a
healthy person through air, water, food, vectors, physical
contact and sexual contact.
i) Through air :- Common cod, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia etc.
ii) Through water :- Cholera, Amoebic dysentery etc.
ii) Through vectors :- Mosquitoes :- Malaria, Dengue, Yellow
fever etc. Flies :- Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Diarrhea,
Dysentery etc.
iv) Through sexual contact :- Syphilis, AIDS. AIDS virus can
also spread though blood transfusion and from the mother
to her child during pregnancy and through breast feeding

10. PRINCIPLE OF PREVENTION OF DISEASES
Prevention of diseases is better than their cure. Two ways of prevention
are general, and specific ways of prevention.
(i) General ways: General ways involve preventing exposure. For air-born
microbes we can prevent exposure by avoiding overcrowded places. For
water-borne microbes we can prevent exposure by providing safe
drinking water. For vector-borne infections we can provide clean
environment. Our immune system also plays an important role in killing
off microbes. So, proper nourishment is necessary for better functioning
of our immune system. This is also a kind of prevention.
(ii) Specific ways: Suffering from a disease once is a means of preventing
subsequent attacks by the same pathogen. In case of any infection for the
first time our immune system responds against it specifically. Next time
when the same microbe enters our body the immune system responds
with greater vigor which eliminates the infection more quickly than the
first time. So, immunization is done to prevent diseases.

11. PRINCIPLE OF TREATMENT
The treatment of infectious diseases consists of two steps.
They are to reduce the effects of the disease (symptoms) and
to kill the microbes which caused the disease
i) To reduce the effects of the disease :- This can be done by
taking medicines to bring down the effects of the disease like
fever, pain or loose motions etc. and by taking bed rest to
conserve our energy.
ii) To kill the microbes :- This can be done by taking suitable
antibiotics and drugs which kills the microbes and the disease
is cured.

12. VACCINATION
Vaccines to prevent many diseases are now
available for a whole range of diseases of the
public health programme of childhood
immunization for preventing infectious
diseases is run by government. Children are
vaccinated against tetanus, diphtheria,
whooping cough, measles, polio etc.

13. IMMUNIZATION
The process of immunization make a person’s immune
strengthen against an immunogen. The person is given antigen
against which antibodies develop in patient’s body. When the
immunogen attacks the person a second time body’s immune
system recognizes the antigen and a much stronger and longer
immune response is generated which eliminates the antigen.
Vaccination is the common way of immunization where
microorganisms in an inactive form causing a specific disease
are injected into healthy person. These inactive
microorganisms prepare the body to fight against disease and
prevent the infection.

14. INFECTIOUS DISEASES
The agents which cause infectious diseases are called
pathogens. These are Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi,
Protozoans and worms.
Infectious
Agents
Diseases
Viruses Common cold, Influenza, Dengue fever
Bacteria Typhoid fever, Cholera, Anthrax
Fungi Athlete’s foot, Ringworm
Protozoa Malaria, Dysentery, Kala-azar
Worm Elephantiasis

15. DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA
Malaria Kala-azar
Dysentry

16. DISEASE CAUSED BY VIRUSES
Influenza
Jaundice
Rabies Polio
AIDS

17. DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA
Typhoid Cholera
Anthrax

18. DISEASES CAUSED BY FUNGI
Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Candidiasis

19. DISEASES CAUSED BY WORM
Ascariasis
Hookworm
Elephantiasis

20. THANK
YOU